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39-474: The Parnon Massif is divided into three parts. The northernmost, which is the highest, runs 30 kilometres (19 miles) from just north of Ano Doliana in North Kynouria , eastern Arcadia , southeast to Platanaki Pass. Platanaki, ancient Glyppia, is on the ancient route from Therapnes to South Kynouria between the peaks of Parnon, 1,935 metres (6,348 feet), and Psaris, 1,836 m (6,024 ft). Altitudes on

78-418: A liturgy . Due to its high altitude of 1.390 meters, it is also being used as a telecommunications hub for the wider region, with antennas transmitting signals for OTE , television, radio and mobile telephony. It is accessible by a 4 km long road that starts from Doliana. On 23 May 2015, the "Historical and Ethnographical Museum of Doliana" was inaugurated, dedicated to the historic battle that took place in

117-399: A 5 km race for less experienced runners and a 1000m race for children. It is an event that has been upgraded since 2017 and is under the auspices of SEGAS , Greece's governing body for amateur sports. The village has a grass football field, which is used by local football clubs for their summer pre-season training, as well as an open basketball court. The cobbled streets and paths of

156-409: A sacred pool, dropping into the water nuts that were eaten by salmon (a fish sacred to Druids ), which absorbed the wisdom. A Druid teacher, in his bid to become omniscient , caught one of these special salmon and asked a student to cook the fish, but not to eat it. While he was cooking it, a blister formed and the pupil used his thumb to burst it, which he naturally sucked to cool, thereby absorbing

195-441: A spectacle that is particularly interesting during autumn foliage of deciduous trees, fit for leaf peeping . The area is also home to various species of mushrooms . The fauna of the area consists of a plethora of non-migratory birds such as: European goldfinches , common blackbirds , Old World sparrows , true finches , white wagtails , calandra larks , European greenfinches and larks . Migratory birds that visit

234-501: A traditional building by the Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning and today operates as a traditional guesthouse. As a school, it used to operate during September and October of each school year, until the farmers would complete the harvest of chestnuts and other crops and move to the lowland settlement. It ceased its operation in October 1982. In late October to early November, when

273-532: Is Corylus johnsonii found as fossils in the Ypresian -age rocks of Ferry County, Washington . Chilean hazel ( Gevuina avellana ), despite its name, is not related to this genus. At least 21 species of fungus have a mutualistic relationship with hazel. Lactarius pyrogalus grows almost exclusively on hazel, and hazel is one of two kinds of host for the rare Hypocreopsis rhododendri . Several rare species of Graphidion lichen depend on hazel trees. In

312-458: Is -543 m) and the impressive vertical cave Propantes (-360m). South Kynouria (municipality) (16) Tripolis (municipality) (2) Evrotas (municipality) (1) Ano Doliana Ano Doliana (Ano meaning "upper", Greek : Άνω Δολιανά , Greek pronunciation: [ano ðolianaː] ) is a stone-built mountainous village in the municipality of North Kynouria , in eastern Arcadia , Greece. As of 2021 it had 62 inhabitants. It

351-554: Is a protected traditional settlement . It used to be the main residence of the settlers, but nowadays only a handful of them stay throughout the year, as most use it as their summer residence and instead overwinter in Kato Doliana because of the milder climate. In recent years it has emerged as a relatively popular tourist destination, with a significant number of visitors during the autumn and winter season weekends, as well as for hikers, especially during spring. The settlement

390-546: Is a traditional material used for making wattle , withy fencing, baskets, and the frames of coracle boats. The tree can be coppiced , and regenerating shoots allow for harvests every few years. There is a 7 year cycle (cut and grow) for hurdle (fence) making. Hazels are used as food plants by the larvae of various species of Lepidoptera including Eriocrania chrysolepidella . The Celts believed hazelnuts gave one wisdom and inspiration. There are numerous variations on an ancient tale that nine hazel trees grew around

429-403: Is based on old paths of the region and is currently under revival works by local volunteer groups. It crosses the whole Parnon range throughout the wider area of Cynuria , combining the mountain and the sea along its path. At an altitude of 1,100 meters and on the highest edge of the village, an artificial environmental settlement has been built by the local forestry authority with funding from

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468-404: Is located on the southern outskirts of the plain of Tripoli . It extends at an altitude of 900 to 1.150 meters, built amphitheatrically on the northern slopes of mount Parnon , filled with fir , chestnut , platanus and cherry trees, surrounded by creeks and small waterfalls . The village is spread in two neighborhoods and overlooks the plateau of Tripoli, with the visual horizon reaching

507-419: Is of significant commercial importance. A number of cultivars of the common hazel and filbert are grown as ornamental plants in gardens , including forms with contorted stems ( C. avellana 'Contorta', popularly known as "Corkscrew hazel" or " Harry Lauder 's walking stick" from its gnarled appearance); with weeping branches ( C. avellana 'Pendula'); and with purple leaves ( C. maxima 'Purpurea'). Hazel

546-516: Is the epicenter of Dasiko Horio , offering panoramic views of the Tripoli plateau and the surrounding region. A small theatre, built out of stone in 2000, is also located near the premises. South Kynouria (municipality) (16) Tripolis (municipality) (2) Evrotas (municipality) (1) Hazel See text for species. Lopima Dochnahl Hazels are plants of the genus Corylus of deciduous trees and large shrubs native to

585-523: The Flora of China differing in which taxa are accepted, within this region. WFO accepts 17 species while Flora of China accepts 20 species (including Corylus mandshurica ). Only those taxa accepted by both sources are listed below. The species are grouped as follows: Several hybrids exist, and they can occur between species in different sections of the genus, e.g. Corylus × colurnoides ( C. avellana × C. colurna ). The oldest confirmed hazel species

624-605: The Ministry of Agricultural Development . It is known as dasiko horio (literally translating to forest village ) by the locals. Its construction was part of the Ministry's broader effort to create infrastructure in remote mountainous forest regions of Greece, to facilitate short-term visitor stay in relative comfort close to the forest, for recreational and educational purposes. It consists of 20 wooden residences that are spread on an area of 29 acres and can accommodate up to 80 guests. A chalet, perched at an altitude of 1,090 meters,

663-543: The temperate Northern Hemisphere. The genus is usually placed in the birch family Betulaceae , though some botanists split the hazels (with the hornbeams and allied genera) into a separate family Corylaceae. The fruit of the hazel is the hazelnut . Hazels have simple, rounded leaves with double-serrate margins. The flowers are produced very early in spring before the leaves, and are monoecious , with single-sex catkins . The male catkins are pale yellow and 5–12 centimetres (2– 4 + 3 ⁄ 4 inches) long, and

702-453: The UK, five species of moth are specialised to feed on hazel including Parornix devoniella . Animals which eat hazelnuts include red deer , dormouse and red squirrel . The nuts of all hazels are edible. The common hazel is the species most extensively grown for its nuts, followed in importance by the filbert . Nuts are also harvested from the other species, but apart from the filbert, none

741-461: The area are: European turtle doves , common nightingales , swallows , Eurasian golden orioles and Eurasian hoopoes during spring throughout summer, but also thrushes and European robins during winter. Mammals include European hares , martens and bats. Wild boars have reappeared in recent years, while European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) are an even more recent reintroduction to mount Parnon , following their disappearance from

780-482: The area in the early 20th century. Other species in the area include reptiles such as snakes ( vipers , common European adders , Balkan whip snakes and others), Mediterranean house geckos and lizards. Finally, arthropods such as scorpions and spiders can often be found. The village was established as the primary residence of the settlers, who were mainly shepherds, leaving a pastoral life and herding livestock around open areas of land. Therefore, they settled on

819-404: The chestnut harvest from the trees that abound in the surrounding area is completed, the community organizes the so-called " Yorti Kastanou " (i.e. " Chestnut Feast ") where visitors have the opportunity to enjoy chestnut in many different recipes for food, sweets and liqueurs. On 23 April, along with the return of part of the settlers for the warm days of the year, the icon of the patron saint of

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858-644: The community, producing the homonymous " Doliana marble ", which was used -among others- in the construction of the Temple of Apollo Epicurius of Bassae , the Temple of Athena Alea in Tegea and possibly the Mantineia Base . The mountain top of Saint Elias , a name often given to mountain tops in Greece, rises above the village. Here, on 20 July, residents gather in the homonymous chapel, at an altitude of 1.280 meters and perform

897-407: The day of 14 and 15 August, the concentration of Dolianites (as they call themselves) in the settlement is peaking. During this time folk festivals and other events take place, such as a traditional feast on the central square, movie screenings, as well as Youth Festivals at the chapel of Saint John located on a slope that faces the village. Ancient marble quarries can be found in the vicinity of

936-429: The female ones are very small and largely concealed in the buds, with only the bright-red, 1-to-3 mm-long styles visible. The fruits are nuts 1–2.5 cm ( 1 ⁄ 2 –1 in) long and 1–2 cm diameter, surrounded by an involucre (husk) which partly to fully encloses the nut. The shape and structure of the involucre , and also the growth habit (whether a tree or a suckering shrub), are important in

975-568: The fish's wisdom. This boy was called Fionn Mac Cumhail (Fin McCool) and went on to become one of the most heroic leaders in Gaelic mythology . "The Hazel Branch" from Grimms' Fairy Tales claims that hazel branches offer the greatest protection from snakes and other things that creep on the earth. In the Grimm tale "Cinderella", a hazel branch is planted by the protagonist at her mother's grave and grows into

1014-643: The following cases: During the Greek War of Independence , a battle against the Turks took place in the village on 18 May 1821, known as the Battle of Doliana which was victorious for the Greeks. In this battle, Nikitaras with 300 men, managed to repel 4.000 Turks that attacked the village with artillery. It was on this day that he took on the nickname "Turkophagos" which later accompanied him, because according to tradition many of

1053-409: The identification of the different species of hazel. The pollen of hazel species, which are often the cause for allergies in late winter or early spring, can be identified under magnification (600×) by their characteristic granular exines bearing three conspicuous pores. Corylus has around 14–18 species. The circumscription of species in eastern Asia is disputed, with World Flora Online and

1092-413: The mountains of Mainalo , Artemisio , Helmos and Erymanthos . The village is overgrown with chestnut and platanus trees, while a natural fir forest starts at its northeastern tip. Sweet cherry trees thrive in the area, while there are sour cherry trees as well. One can also see apple trees, walnut trees, oak trees, almond-leaved pear trees, but also some hazel trees and pear trees, in

1131-404: The mountains. Doliana was used as a secondary settlement, in which the inhabitants migrated during the winter months to protect the animals from low temperatures and snow. At the same time, the mountain pastures were given time to rejuvenate. But with the modernization of life and the transformation of the main occupation of the inhabitants from livestock to cultivation, especially olive oil trees,

1170-402: The north rise from 1,100 m (3,600 ft) to 1,300 m (4,300 ft) increasing toward the peak to 1,600 m (5,200 ft) to 1,800 m (5,900 ft) with a tree line at 1,750 m (5,740 ft). Below it are forests of Black Pine and fir; above it, grasslands. Between the pass and Kounoupia to the south is 22 km (14 mi) of central Parnon, lower in altitude than

1209-588: The northern flank of Parnon to Gkoritsa in Therapnes (on the road to Platanaki Pass), which is 6 km (3.7 mi) to 15 km (9.3 mi), and southward into the Malea Peninsula, 3 km (1.9 mi) to 9 km (5.6 mi) wide. The nearest places are: The Parnon range is predominantly limestone . The mountain is home to the fifth deepest cave in Greece, the Peleta Sinkhole (depth as of 2006

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1248-524: The northern. The remaining 38 km (24 mi), even lower in altitude but still mountainous, runs from Kounouria to the sea at Epidaurus Limera, which is in Monemvasia . Parnon proper does not extend into the Malea Peninsula . In addition to the range of Parnon, two forelands can also be defined, east and west. Kynouria is located in the east foreland. In the west two lengths can be distinguished: from

1287-449: The opponents died of his hands. At the entrance of Doliana and specifically at the point where the main battle unfolded, named " Tsakonas ravine" , a honorable bust of Nikitaras has been erected. Traditionally, the main repatriation of the inhabitants of Kato Doliana , as well as internal migrants and expatriates , takes place the week of the feast of Virgin Mary . Especially on the eve and on

1326-425: The roles of the two settlements were reversed. Over the years and because of the abandonment of its role as a basic settlement of the inhabitants, the village has managed to maintain its graphic character relatively intact, avoiding the extensive human interventions of the modern era. Ancient marble quarries are located northwest of the community, dating back to the archaic-classical era. The homonymous Doliana marble

1365-415: The settlement regularly host the local downhill cycling championship, on a route that has been named "Doli Stone Stairs" by the organizers. The E4 European long distance path crosses right through Doliana, making it an adequate destination for hikers . Lying at the northernmost edge of mount Parnon, Doliana also serve as a starting point for Parnon Trail , a trekking path 200 kilometres long that

1404-589: The so-called "Representation of the Battle of Doliana ". It took place every four years in honor of the Greek revolution fighters and was attended by almost all residents of the village. The custom has diminished over the years, taking place for the last time in 2003. Nowadays it is limited to a simple ritual event of remembrance. The representation of the battle is expected to revive in 2021, on its 200 years anniversary. Since 2015, an annual mountain half marathon takes place, usually between late May to mid-June, alongside

1443-424: The village, Agios Georgios, is transferred here from the village of Kato Doliana by bus. On the first Sunday of November the icon returns to the lowland settlement. During the descent, the residents hand-carry the icon on a ritual hike that lasts several hours and passes through the old path that used to connect the two settlements before motorways were created. In the past, the local Cultural Association organized

1482-498: The village, but also to the wider folklore of everyday life in the area. It is located in Christofili's house , which was the house where Nikitaras and his klephts fort upped during the battle, thus it was named "To tampouri tou Nikitara" (i.e. "The bulwark of Nikitaras"). It is open to the public every Saturday and Sunday morning and is admission free. The old elementary school is of particular interest, as it has been declared

1521-521: Was and is still being extracted here. It is white in color, with a tone of light blue or blue. It is one of the highest quality marbles in the Peloponnese , showing similarities with the Pentelic marble of Attica , although it does not reach the qualitative characteristics of the latter. It was most primarily used as a building block in antiquity and rarer in sculpture. Among others, it has been used in

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