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71-431: The style was first formalised in 19th century England. Procedural commentaries by members of parliament like John Hooker or William Hakewill or parliamentary clerks such as Henry Elsynge sr. and Henry Scobell recorded not just the rulebook but the manner of parliamentary debate. This manner was then expanded upon in the later commentaries of John Hatsell , Jeremy Bentham and Thomas Erskine May , which then spread

142-517: A coalition . They must therefore differentiate themselves from the other team on their side of the case in order to succeed in their own right. All speakers are expected to offer Points of Information (POIs) to their opponents. POIs are particularly important in British Parliamentary style, as it allows the first two teams to maintain their relevance during the course of the debate, and the last two teams to introduce their arguments early in

213-433: A 'model', often called a 'counter-model', but would only do so in particular circumstances. The first negative speaker should always make some points in rebuttal at this stage of the speech. However, such rebuttal should be kept short. The first speaker, whether affirmative or negative, should then outline the 'team split', that is, what each of the team's speakers will be discussing. This is very important, as it helps to guide

284-427: A 'reply speech' will be able to be made by one of the speakers after all speakers have spoken. The negative team will usually be allowed to make their reply speech first. Often, only the first or second speaker of a team is allowed to make the reply speech. Points for the reply speeches are worth only half of points scored in the substantive speeches. First speakers should first give a brief introduction, contextualising

355-537: A championship is the Tournament of Champions, hosted by the NPDL. It was started as a California championship, named "California Cup," but has been renamed the Tournament of Champions to represent the prestige of the high school tournament. The "NPDL Nationals," an annual online tournament held at the end of the year, is also hosted by NPDL. However, the rules for qualification differ between the two tournaments. Although Nationals

426-523: A few weeks, but he kept a journal in which he accurately recorded the proceedings. His experiences in the Irish and English parliaments led him to write a treatise on parliamentary practice, The Order and Usage how to Keepe a Parlement in England , which was published in two editions in 1572. One edition had a preface addressed to William FitzWilliam , Lord Deputy of Ireland and was clearly intended to bring order to

497-402: A model republican commonwealth worthy of emulation. In 1568, possibly because he regarded himself as underpaid for the work he was doing for Exeter, Hooker was persuaded by Sir Peter Carew to accompany him to Ireland as his legal adviser. He organised Carew's papers in support of his claim for the barony of Idrone, a task to which he committed himself so deeply that in 1569 he was returned to

568-580: A more academic and specific-knowledge style borrowed from Policy debate . Resolutions typically focus on current events, though the entrance of the Kritik to NPDA, and, to a lesser extent, to some high school circuits, introduced a philosophical element to parli. This style consists of a two-on-two debate, between the affirmative team, known as the Government or the Proposition, and the negative team, referred to as

639-578: A number of variations to the Australia–Asia style of debating. One variation is that there are four members on each team, the fourth member acting as an adviser to the other three. Another variation is that one of the three speakers in each team speaks an additional time after the Third Negative speaker. This is known as the Reply-Speaker format of debate. The order in which the additional speakers speak

710-411: A speaker presents their material and usually includes factors such as eye contact, gesturing and voice projection. Method is category that assesses the way in which a speaker structures their speech and includes factors such as dynamics (the way that a speaker responds to their opposition's strategy) and rebuttal. The specific assessment criteria of Matter, Manner and Method depends on the rules under which

781-527: A year. It is also commonly used at university level. Australia-Asia style debates consist of two teams who debate over an issue, more commonly called a topic (or proposition at WSDC level). The issue, by convention, is presented in the form of an affirmative statement beginning with "That", for example, "That cats are better than dogs," or "This House," for example "This House would establish a world government." The subject of topics can vary from region to region. The two teams in Australia–Asia debating are called

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852-514: Is a German competitive debating format. It was developed by the debate club Streitkultur Tübingen and was used for the first time in a tournament in 2001. It aims to combine the advantages of parliamentary debates and public audience debates: each of the two teams has three speakers, and in addition, the debate includes three independent "free speakers". Clubs using OPD exist in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and Italy. World Schools Style Debating combines

923-418: Is a ban on quoted evidence. Debaters may not bring in any material that was not prepared in the 20 minutes of preparation time and consult it during the round. APDA, Worlds and high school parli debate styles tend to take a more lay-friendly approach to debate, ensuring that debates are easy to understand no matter the audience member's expertise of the resolution. NPDA is more diverse, with some teams engaging in

994-624: Is also beginning to spread to the US, with the US Universities Debating Championship held annually at rotating universities. Chamber Debate is a modified form of Australia-Asia debating that sponsors three national tournaments annually using the 3-on-3 format of parliamentary debate Unlike other formats of parliamentary debate, Chamber Debate allows teams to use electronic devices via a 4th non-speaking member of each team who conducts fact-checking and other research for their team during

1065-401: Is competing in. For example, Year 6 debaters may have a speaking time of ~3 minutes, while Year 11 and 12 debaters usually speak for 8 minutes. There is no universally adopted speaking time. The adjudicator will usually ring a bell one or two minutes before the speaker's time expires as a first warning (such as at 6 minutes in an eight-minute speech). A second warning is then given at the end of

1136-533: Is dependent on the specific rules that the Affirmative and Negative Teams have agreed to debate under. Another variation used by The Australasian Intervarsity Debating Association is the Affirmative Action requirement, whereby the top three teams from each university must have at least three female members and one third of the entire contingent must be female. Another variation used at university level debates

1207-481: Is incorrect. Depending on the context in which a debate is being presented it may be appropriate for the audience to decide the winner of the debate. However, in formal debating, the adjudicator is responsible for deciding the winner of the debate. Each team comprises three members, each of whom is named according to their team and speaking position within his or her team. Each of the six speakers (three affirmative and three negative) speak in succession, beginning with

1278-462: Is it hosted at nationals. The first key feature uniting various formats of parliamentary debate in the US is their spontaneity. The resolutions alternate each round. They are announced, then participants are given 20 minutes of preparation time known as "prep". APDA is somewhat of an exception in the respect, with "loose link" rounds allowing the affirmative to run a case of their choosing, dealing with virtually any topic. The second key feature of parli

1349-621: Is no unique model in Brazil because many club debates were created before the creation of "Parli Brazil" and not all modified their rules. This is the case, for example, of the UFC Debate Society in Fortaleza ("Sociedade de Debates da UFC"), which was established in 2010. In 2013, UFRN Debate Society was created and implemented some changes based on the old "Clube de Debates de Natal". The model "Parli Brazil" only started its activities in 2014 with

1420-779: Is open to all, TOC is limited to teams that exceed a certain yearly points threshold. Oregon State Tournament ( OSAA ) added parliamentary debate (known in Oregon as Public debate ) in 2001, California State Tournament (CHSSA) followed suit in 2003, and Pennsylvania State Tournament (PHSSL) in 2010. Yale, ASU, Whitman, as well as a number of invitational tournaments in Oregon and California, the largest of them held at Stanford, James Logan HS, SCU, UOP, Willamette, University of Oregon, Pepperdine and Claremont HS also offer parli. The Kansas City, Missouri area has conducted monthly high school tournaments since 2002. The Kansas City Greater Metropolitan Parliamentary Debate League offers two-round contests during

1491-595: Is supported by a number of organizations in the United States at the tertiary and secondary levels. The most popular intercollegiate parliamentary debate style is supported by the National Parliamentary Debate Association (NPDA), which was born in western US in 1991. NPDA circuit consists of a loose confederation of local leagues and a number of invitational tournaments. The NPDA season culminates with two national tournaments – NPDA Nationals and

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1562-560: Is the 'secret topic' or 'short-preparation' debate, where debate topics and sides are allocated only an hour before the debate. This format is primarily used at a university level, and is used by SAAUCC for intercollege debates. It is, however, also used in some high school-level debates, such as in the New South Wales Premier's Debating Challenge , the Sydney ISDA Competition (Independent School's Debating Association),

1633-636: Is the most used competitive debating style used in Brazil; it is used at the official competitions of the Instituto Brasileiro de Debates (Brazilian Institute of Debates). At Parli Brasil, every speaker speaks for 7 minutes, with 15 seconds of tolerance after that. After the first minute and before the last minute, debaters from the opposite team may ask for Points of Information, which the speaker may accept or reject as they wish (although they are supposed to accept at least one). Another major difference between

1704-473: Is to refute the opposing team's case, and to conclude and summarise his or her own team's case. The third speaker cannot make 'new' arguments in favour of his or her position. The goal of the third speaker should not be simply to pick out technical and practical flaws in the opposing team's case, but to undermine the deepest, most basic philosophical premises of the opposing team's argument. Reply speakers should speak as if they are adjudicators passing judgment on

1775-593: Is very widespread. It has also been adopted as the official style of the World Universities Debating Championship and the European Universities Debating Championship (at which the speakers are given only fifteen minutes' notice of the motion). Speeches are usually between five and seven minutes in duration. The debate consists of four teams of two speakers, sometimes called factions , with two teams on either side of

1846-415: Is victorious in a debate has a higher team score than their opposition. In the event that there are several rounds, teams generally are given a preparation time ranging from several weeks to half an hour. Debates where teams have less than a day to prepare are called Short Preparation or Impromptu debates . In these particular formats teams are usually restricted in the material that they have access to. In

1917-590: The Irish parliament as member for Athenry . Hooker later wrote a biography of Carew, The dyscourse and dyscoverye of the lyffe of Sir Peter Carew , in which he almost certainly understated the deceit and aggression behind Carew's Irish venture. Until Carew's death in 1575, Hooker spent much time in Ireland, but he had also been returned to the English parliament in 1571 as one of the burgesses of Exeter. The session lasted only

1988-602: The National Parliamentary Tournament of Excellence (NPTE). NPDA Nationals (founded in 1994) is open to all and attracts about 200 teams each year. NPTE (founded in 2001) is qualification-only and invites the top 64 teams of the approximately 1000 teams that compete in NPDA/NPTE-sanctioned invitationals throughout the season. Phi Rho Pi Nationals for junior and community colleges have an NPDA-style division, as do Novice Nationals. The chief online forum for

2059-633: The Philippines , the format is also used alongside the British Parliamentary Format. The context in which the Australia-Asia style of debate is used varies, but it is commonly used in Australia at the primary and secondary school level, ranging from small informal one-off intra-school debates to larger more formal inter-school competitions with several rounds and a finals series which occur over

2130-422: The "Affirmative" and the "Negative". Each team refers to the other team as the "Opposition". The affirmative team agrees with the topic and presents arguments to demonstrate the truth of the topic. The negative team disagrees with the topic and presents arguments to disprove the truth of the topic. Each team must convince the adjudicator(s) (judge(s)) that their side of the topic is correct and that their opposition's

2201-540: The Bishops of Exeter . In 1570/71 he was MP for Exeter. At a time when it was deemed essential for cities and nations to have ancient lineage, Hooker described the supposed foundation of Exeter by Corinaeus, nephew of Brutus of Britain , son of Aeneas . He advocated emulating the governmental institutions of the Roman Republic, which in his opinion brought Rome to greatness, and held up the municipal government of Exeter as

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2272-504: The Brazilian scene and the Worlds is that Brazilian tournaments use to present themes weeks before the tournament, with the motion only being presented 15 minutes before the debate, as usual BP. Some tournaments, such as GV Debate and Open de Natal are changing this, too. The presence of themes makes some differences in the strategy in comparison to the general parliamentary debate. However, there

2343-657: The British Parliamentary and Australian formats, which results in a debate comprising eight speeches delivered by two three-member teams (the Proposition and the Opposition). Each speaker delivers an eight-minute speech – the first two are substantive matter and the third a rebuttal speech; then both teams deliver a "reply speech" lasting four minutes, with the last word being reserved for the Proposition. In junior debates, these limits are changed to about 5 minutes, and in some local competitions, speeches are 7 minutes. Between

2414-471: The British Parliamentary debate, the Brazilian debate uses the term "proposition", instead of "government", since [Brazil] has a congressional government rather than a [parliament]. Thus, teams can either support or oppose the topic in session on the Congress. Therefore, the speakers at the debate are called "First Member of Proposition", "First Member of Opposition", "Second Member of Proposition", and so on. It

2485-570: The Irish assembly; the other was addressed to the Exeter city authorities, presumably to aid his successor burgesses. In writing his treatise Hooker took much inspiration from the Modus Tenendi Parliamentum , a treatise from the early 14th century. In 1586 Hooker again represented Exeter in parliament. At this time he was one of the editors of the second edition of Raphael Holinshed 's Chronicles , published in 1587. Hooker's Order and Usage

2556-666: The NPDA circuit is Net-Benefits.net , started in 2002 by Jed Link. American Parliamentary Debate Association (APDA), the oldest intercollegiate parliamentary debate league in the US, was founded in 1982. APDA currently has around 40 member universities, primarily on the east coast. A number of smaller intercollegiate debate leagues, such as the Lincoln Parliamentary League (LPL) and International Public Debate Association (IPDA) also exist. The British Parliamentary Style (a.k.a. Worlds Debate, distinct from World Schools Style)

2627-782: The Opposition. Debater role names are borrowed from the British Parliament, with the judge being referred to as the Speaker. The round consists of six speeches, as follows: Specific rules and speech times vary slightly between organizations. NPDA, APDA and OSAA use the 7-8-8-8-4-5 format, CHSSA and the ASU Invitational use the Claremont 7-7-7-7-5-5 format, the SCU Invitational uses the 6-7-7-7-4-5 format, and Yale high school tournaments use

2698-466: The Osterweis 4-5-5-5-2-3 format. PHSSL borrows its 8 speeches 6-6-6-6-6-6-3-3 format from World Schools Style debate . Most variations of the style do not include a specialized cross-examination period, but allow debaters to make parliamentary points. The Brazilian Parliamentary Debate involves a "proposition team", that will support the motion, and an "opposition team", who will oppose the motion. Unlike

2769-471: The adjudicator. The first speaker should then proceed to make substantive arguments in favour of his or her position. The second speaker's role is both to refute the main arguments of the opposing first speaker, and to further advance his or her own team's case. New arguments should be introduced by the second speaker. The second speaker should spend about half of the speech rebutting the opposing team, and half advancing their own case. The third speaker's role

2840-453: The age of 76 and was buried at St Mary Major, Exeter. Australia-Asia debating Australia–Asia Debate , sometimes referred to as Australasian Debating or Australs Style , is a form of academic debate . In the past few years, this style of debating has increased in usage dramatically throughout Australia and New Zealand as well as the broader Asian region, but in the case of Asian countries including Singapore , Malaysia , and

2911-409: The allotted time, signalling that the debater ought to conclude as soon as possible (in many Australian schools, failure to conclude at this point will cause the speaker to lose points). Sometimes the second warning will be a double bell so as to distinguish between the first and second warnings. Some competition rules specify that a speaker must complete his or her speech within 30 seconds either side of

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2982-627: The case. Because of the style's origins in British parliamentary procedure , the two sides are called the Government and the Opposition , while the speakers take their titles from those of their parliamentary equivalents (such as the opening Government speaker, called the Prime Minister ). Furthermore, since this style is based on parliamentary debate, each faction is considered to be one of two parties in

3053-807: The county, including Thomas Westcote 's Survey of Devon (1630) and Tristram Risdon 's Chorographical Description or Survey of the County of Devon (c. 1632). He wrote an account of the Black Assize of Exeter in 1586 from which a virulent and deadly disease spread from prisoners in Exeter Prison to the courtroom in Exeter Castle and thence to the whole county. He married twice: In later life his health failed. He wrote: "...my sight waxeth Dymme my hyringe [hearing] very thycke my speache imperfecte and my memory very feeble". He died in Exeter on 8 November 1601 at

3124-715: The debate begins. There is not much room for re-definition, and squirreling is strictly prohibited. The World Schools Debating Championships is attended by many countries, and uses this format. A similar format, with 7-minute speeches and Points-of-Information, is known as the Asian Parliamentary Format and is used by the United Asian Debating Championships John Hooker (English constitutionalist) John Hooker (or "Hoker") alias John Vowell (c. 1527–1601) of Exeter in Devon,

3195-409: The debate is conducted. The score ranges that are used to score Matter, Manner and Method, again vary. Generally speaking the entire speech is scored out of a total of 100 points, with 40 points allocated to Matter and Manner respectively and 20 points allocated to Method. To allow consistency in scoring some programs have adopted another system derived from the 100 point system. This other system reduces

3266-411: The debate, although of course always looking favourably on their own side. In formal debating contexts speakers are scored according to three categories: Matter, Manner and Method. Matter is the category that assesses the content of a speaker's speech which includes the arguments and evidence that they present to support their team's side of the topic. Manner is the category that assesses the way in which

3337-426: The debate, and perhaps exploring the basic philosophical questions raised by the topic. Ordinarily, the first affirmative speaker would then explain the affirmative team's 'model', or 'mechanism'. It is not enough for a team simply to argue that they should implement some policy; they must also explain to us how the policy is going to be implemented. That explanation is the 'model'. The first negative speaker can also use

3408-509: The debate. The first and last minute of each speech is considered "protected time", during which no POI may be offered. Depending on the country, there are variations in speaking time, speaking order, and the number of speakers. For example, in New Zealand, both the leader of the Opposition and the Prime Minister offer a short summary as the last two speakers. American parliamentary debate

3479-467: The end of the first and the beginning of the last minute of an eight-minute speech, the opposing party may offer "points of information". Depending on the tournament rules, the speaker may refuse these, or may be mandated to take one (mandatory POI rule), but it is encouraged to take at least one or two points during his or her speech. No points of order or Privilege are used. Topics can be supplied long in advance, or may be given 45 minutes or an hour before

3550-422: The event of restricted materials the speaking times may be shortened. Impromptu debates are used in some programs as several debates are held on the same day, while others where rounds are held on different days over a longer period of time have Impromptu debates in one or more of the rounds to complement the prepared debates. Some programs call the day on which several debating rounds are held "Gala Day". There are

3621-403: The final bell, the warning bell acting only as a warning and not as an indicator that a speaker must stop speaking. Short interjections which can be questions, comments, or statements are called Points of Information. They are allowed between the first minute and the sixth minute of the speech, but the points of information are not allowed during the reply speech. When a team is delivering speech,

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3692-536: The first chamberlain of Exeter, a post he held until his death. As chamberlain he was responsible for the city's finances, he dealt with disputes between guilds and merchants, oversaw the rebuilding of the high school, planted many trees in the city, and collected and put in order the city's archives. He used these archives to compile his "Annals" of the City in which he details the characteristics of every Tudor mayor of Exeter, and in 1578 he wrote and published The Lives of

3763-479: The first affirmative speaker. The speaking order is therefore as follows: first affirmative, first negative, second affirmative, second negative, third affirmative, and finally third negative. At the National Schools Debating Championship (NSDC) and Australasian Intervarsity Debating Championships (Australs), fourth (reply) speakers are also commonplace. They speak for four minutes, with

3834-399: The negative reply speaker going first; a reply speaker must also be the team's first or second speaker. Points of information cannot be offered at reply. Each speaker has a set speaking time according to the rules agreed to by both teams. In formal debate contexts, such as school debating competitions in Australia, the speaking time is proportional to the school Year Level division that a team

3905-476: The other team can do the point of information by standing up and exclaiming a short interjection. The speaker can decide to accept or reject it. If it is accepted, the point of information can be said. Otherwise, the person making the points of information must sit down. Not all competitions include Points of Information, such as the Debating Association of Victoria's Schools competition. Under some rules,

3976-640: The pope "the sonne of sathan, and the manne of sinne, and the enimie unto the crosse of Christ, whose bloodthirstiness will never be quenched". a verye ancient towne ... and maye be equall with some cities for it is the cheffe emporium of that countrie and most inhabited with merchantes whose cheffest trade in tyme of peace was with Spayne ... it is a clene and sweete towne, very well paved... —Hooker, on Barnstaple, in Synopsis Corographical, 261–262 Hooker continued to serve Exeter in his later years, becoming coroner in 1583 and recorder in 1590. He

4047-431: The range of scores. Both Matter and Manner are reduced from 40 points to 32 points, with a minimum score of 28 points respectively. Method is reduced from 20 points to 16 points, with a minimum of 14 points. Thus the score range is 70 points to 80 points with an average of 75 points. Since there are three speakers on each team the team's score can range from 210 points to 240 points with an average of 225 points. The team that

4118-542: The realization of the I Brazilian Championship of Debates in the city of Belo Horizonte , making the second edition in the city of Fortaleza , and the third is scheduled to take place in the city of Florianópolis . Since then, they were also created UFSC Debate Society ("Sociedade de Debates da UFSC ") in 2014 and the UFRJ Debate Society ("Sociedade de Debates da UFRJ") on June 25, 2015, and others. The offene parlamentarische Debatte (Open Parliamentary Debate, OPD)

4189-578: The round. Parliamentary debate is offered through the High School Public Debate League ( http://highschooldebate.org ) and the National Parliamentary Debate League (NPDL) ( https://www.parliamentarydebate.org/ ). The other public school high school debate league, National Forensic League (NFL), does not offer parliamentary debate at its national tournament. It does, however, recognize parli competitions offered at

4260-522: The siege of Exeter, in The description of the citie of Excester , 1.67 During the Prayer Book Rebellion of 1549 Hooker experienced at first hand the siege of Exeter, and left a vivid manuscript account of its events in which he made no effort to conceal his anti-Catholic sympathies. From 1551 to 1553 he was employed by Myles Coverdale during his short incumbency as Bishop of Exeter . In 1555 he became

4331-444: The state level, albeit at a reduced points value. In 2010 NFL Nationals added Supplemental Debate, which bears some similarity to parliamentary debate. A number of attempts to organize a high school parli championship tournament have been made – National Parliamentary Caucus (2003–2005), NPDL Parli Grand Nationals (2006–2007) and IDEA Tournament of Champions (2005–2009, switched to world format in 2010). The current incarnation of such

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4402-457: The style of parliamentary debate throughout Europe and the world. Today, many organisations at the secondary and tertiary levels of education, such as schools, colleges or debate-clubs sponsor parliamentary debate teams. In the 1980s, global debating championships such as the World Universities Debating Championship and related formats were established, which all use variants of the parliamentary style of debate. British Parliamentary debate

4473-623: The week with a championship tournament at the end of the school year. High school parli is taught at several summer debate camps , including Stanford National Forensics Institute, ODI, CCPDI, and the POI Debate Institute at UC Berkeley. On the home school level, the home school debate league, Stoa , also promotes parliamentary debate in a number of its tournaments nationwide. Stoa also offers parliamentary debate at nationals ( NITOC ). The other home school debate league, NCFCA , does not offer parliamentary debate at any of its tournaments or

4544-431: Was also appointed as steward of Bradninch by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1587. By this time he was involved in the long task of organising and writing his historically-based description of his home county which he titled Synopsis Corographical of the county of Devon . He probably started work on this before his antiquary friend Richard Carew began writing his similar Survey of Cornwall . In writing his Synopsis , Hooker

4615-522: Was an English historian, writer, solicitor , antiquary , and civic administrator. From 1555 to his death he was Chamberlain of Exeter. He was twice MP for Exeter in 1570/1 and 1586, and for Athenry in Ireland in 1569 and wrote an influential treatise on parliamentary procedure. He wrote an eye-witness account of the siege of Exeter during the Prayer Book Rebellion in 1549. He spent several years in Ireland as legal adviser to Sir Peter Carew , and following Carew's death in 1575 wrote his biography. He

4686-568: Was born the family had been prominent in Exeter for several generations. Hooker received an excellent classical education, reading Roman law at Oxford followed by a period in Europe studying with leading Protestant divines, notably Pietro Martire Vermigli . [I denounce those who chose] to supporte the authoritie of the Idoll of Rome whome they never sawe in contempte of their trewe & lawfull kinge, whom they knewe and oughte to obeye. —Hooker, on

4757-504: Was included within it and he contributed an updated history of Ireland, with parts of his Life of Carew and a translation of Expugnatio Hibernica ("Conquest of Ireland") by Gerald of Wales . In his Irish section, he made his religious and political sympathies very clear, repeatedly denouncing the Catholicism of the native Irish, seeing it as the cause both of their poverty and rebelliousness. Rome he described as "the pestilent hydra " and

4828-617: Was influenced by the style and structure of William Harrison's Description of England , which had been published in 1577 as part of the first edition of Holinshed's Chronicles . Although Hooker revised his Synopsis many times, he probably never completed it to his satisfaction. The work survives today as two almost identical manuscripts, one in the British Library the other in the Devon Record Office , which were used as source material for many later topographical descriptions of

4899-492: Was one of the editors of the second edition of Raphael Holinshed 's Chronicles , published in 1587. His last, unpublished and probably uncompleted work was the first topographical description of the county of Devon. He founded a guild of Merchant Adventurers under a charter from Queen Mary. He was the uncle of Richard Hooker , the influential Anglican theologian. Hooker was born at Bourbridge Hall in Exeter , Devon, England. He

4970-459: Was possibly ap-Howell . Jenaph's son Jago Vowell married Alice Hooker, daughter and heiress of Richard Hooker of Hurst Castle , Southampton. Thus, as was commonly required in former times on receipt of an inheritance, the Vowell family assumed the name Hooker in the 15th century, but frequently retained the earlier name; in fact, John Hooker was known as John Vowell for much of his life. By the time he

5041-539: Was the second son and eventual heir of Robert Vowell (d.1538) of Exeter alias Hooker by his third wife Agnes Dobell (or Doble), daughter of John Dobell of Woodbridge in Suffolk. His grandfather was John Vowell alias Hooker (d.1493), MP for Exeter . The earliest recorded member of the Vowell family was Jenaph (or Seraph ) Vowell of Pembroke in Wales, from whom John Hooker (d.1601) was 6th in descent. The original Welsh name

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