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38-553: Parker Ranch is a working cattle ranch on the Island of Hawaii in the U.S. state of Hawaii, now run by a charitable trust . The ranch was founded in 1847 and is one of the oldest ranches in the United States, pre-dating many mainland ranches in Texas and other southwestern states by more than 30 years. The founder of the ranch was John Palmer Parker who assisted Kamehameha I in ridding

76-706: A 9.0 magnitude earthquake off the east coast of Japan again created a tsunami that caused minor damage in Hawaii. The estimated damage to public buildings was about US$ 3 million. In the Kona area this tsunami washed a house into Kealakekua Bay , destroyed a yacht club and tour boat offices in Keauhou Bay , caused extensive damage in Kailua Kona , flooded the ground floor of the King Kamehameha Hotel, and temporarily closed

114-562: A buttress and that this buttress may tend to reduce the likelihood of catastrophic detachment. On 2 April 1868, an earthquake with a magnitude estimated between 7.25 and 7.9 rocked the southeast coast of Hawaii. This was the most destructive earthquake in the Hawaii's recorded history. It triggered a landslide on Mauna Loa, 5 miles (8 km) north of Pahala , killing 31 people. A tsunami claimed 46 more lives. The villages of Punaluʻu , Nīnole , Kawaʻa, Honuʻapo, and Keauhou Landing were severely damaged. The tsunami reportedly rolled over

152-690: A depth of up to 3,000 feet (910 m), as well as pristine sea surface water and almost constant sunshine. A 2012 study by the University of Hawaiʻi Economic Research Organization reported that the total economic impact of activities at NELHA was $ 87.7 million and created 583 jobs. Three routes connect the two major towns, Hilo on the east coast and Kailua-Kona on the west coast: State highways 270 ( Kawaihae – Hawi ) and 180 (the " Kona coffee road", connect Honalo to State highway 190), South Point Road (Highway 11 to South Point ), etc. The three Hawaii Scenic Byways are: Rental car offices are at

190-408: A party that completed a tour of the island, descriptions of which were later published in his journal. According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 5,086 square miles (13,170 km ), of which 4,028 sq mi (10,430 km ) is land and 1,058 sq mi (2,740 km ) (20.8%) is water. The county's land area comprises 62.7 percent of the state's land area. It

228-502: A racetrack are located off the Hawaii Belt Road at coordinates 20°0′34″N 155°40′17″W  /  20.00944°N 155.67139°W  / 20.00944; -155.67139 . The Ranch holds its annual July 4 Rodeo and Horses races at this Historic location. Hawaii (island) Hawaii ( / h ə ˈ w aɪ . i / hə- WY -ee ; Hawaiian : Hawaiʻi Hawaiian pronunciation: [həˈvɐjʔi] )

266-519: Is called a paniolo ( Hawaiian language pronunciation of Spanish: Español ), since the first cowboys were Spanish-speaking and came from Mexico. The Hawaiian language does not have the "s" sound. Two of the ranch's historic homes, Puuopelu and Mana Hale, are open for free self guided tours at 66-1304 Mamalahoa Highway about one mile outside of Waimea town. This is also the location of the Corporate Headquarters. The Parker Ranch Arena and

304-403: Is said to be the name of an ancient chief. Another definition is "the bearer" (ke-a-we). Hawaii County is the local administrative unit. As of the 2020 census , the population was 200,629. The county seat and largest town is Hilo . Hawaiʻi County has no incorporated cities . Hawaii is allegedly named after Hawaiʻiloa , a legendary Polynesian navigator who is said to have discovered

342-571: Is the largest island in the United States , located in the eponymous state of Hawaii . It is the southeasternmost of the Hawaiian Islands , a chain of volcanic islands in the North Pacific Ocean . With an area of 4,028 square miles (10,430 km ), it has 63% of the Hawaiian archipelago 's combined landmass. However, it has only 13% of the archipelago's population. The island of Hawaiʻi

380-439: Is the highest percentage by any county in the United States. Delaware 's Sussex County comes in second at 48.0 percent, while Rhode Island 's Providence County is third at 39.6 percent. At its greatest dimension, the island is 93 miles (150 km) across. Measured from its sea floor base to its highest peak, Mauna Kea at 10,000 metres (33,000 ft) is the world's tallest mountain, taller than even Mount Everest , since

418-574: Is the state's largest. The island is home to one of the United States' largest cattle ranches : Parker Ranch , on 175,000 acres (708 km ) in Waimea . The island is known for astronomy , with numerous telescopes positioned on the summit of Mauna Kea at the Mauna Kea Observatories , where atmospheric clarity is excellent and little light pollution intrudes. Astronomy has become somewhat controversial, given accusations of mismanagement by

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456-490: Is the third largest island in Polynesia , behind the north and south islands of New Zealand. The island is often referred to as the Island of Hawaii or Hawaii Island to distinguish it from the state. It is also referred to as The Big Island , due to its size relative to the other islands. In Hawaiian , the island is sometimes called Moku o Keawe . The word keawe has several meanings. One definition, "southern cross",

494-441: The 2018 lower Puna eruption . Mauna Loa erupted in 2022, 38 years after the prior activity. Some geologists also count two undersea volcanoes in the base of the island. Māhukona off the northwest corner of the island has eroded below the ocean surface. Kamaʻehuakanaloa (formerly Lōʻihi) is under water 22 miles (35 km) southeast of Hawaii. It is an erupting seamount that has grown to reach 3,200 feet (980 m) below

532-505: The COVID-19 pandemic Parker Ranch canceled their annual 4 July rodeo in 2020. They donated 6,500 pounds of grass-fed, ground beef to needy Hawaiians in Waimea. The Food Basket food bank gives it away at various locations in their Ohana Drops. Spread across approximately 130,000 acres (53,000 ha) of the island, Parker Ranch is among the nation's largest cattle ranches. A cowboy on the ranch

570-535: The earthquake of 1868 nor that of 1975 caused a measurable change in the Great Crack, lava welled out of its lower 6 miles (10 km) in 1823. Trails, rock walls, and archaeological sites from as old as the 12th century exist near the Great Crack. In August 2018, the National Park Service purchased nearly 2,000 acres (810 ha) of private land adjacent to Hawaii Volcanoes National Park , claiming that

608-555: The islands of the South Pacific Ocean , where low islands are found on the fringing reefs that surround most volcanic islands. Volcanic islands normally rise above a hotspot or subduction zone . Volcanic islands usually range in size between 1 and 104 square kilometres (0.4 and 40 sq mi). Islands above a certain size usually have fresh groundwater , while low islands often do not, so volcanic islands are more likely to be habitable. Many volcanic islands emerge from

646-496: The "Sandwich Islands" after his patron, the Earl of Sandwich . Hawaii was the home island of Paiʻea Kamehameha, later known as Kamehameha the Great . Kamehameha forcibly united most of the Hawaiian islands under his rule in 1795, after several years of war , and gave the kingdom and the island chain the name of his native island. In 1822, missionary William Ellis arrived and was one of

684-584: The Kona Village Resort. In early May 2018, hundreds of small earthquakes were detected on Kīlauea's East rift zone , leading officials to issue evacuation warnings. On 3 May 2018, the volcano erupted in Puna after a 5.0 earthquake earlier in the day, causing evacuations of Leilani Estates and Lanipuna Gardens subdivisions. A seemingly related 5.3 magnitude quake and a subsequent 6.9 magnitude earthquake occurred on 4 May. Vog (volcanic fog) can envelop

722-405: The area had important geological features to be studied and preserved. The Hilina Slump is a 4,760-cubic-mile (19,800 km ) section of the south slope of Kīlauea that is moving away from the island. Between 1990 and 1993, Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements showed a southward displacement of about 4 inches (10 cm) per year. Undersea measurements show a "bench" that has formed

760-580: The base of Mount Everest is above sea level. Ka Lae , the southernmost point in the 50 states of the United States , is on Hawaii. The nearest landfall to the south is the Line Islands . To the northwest of the island of Hawaii is the island of Maui , whose Haleakalā volcano is visible from Hawaii across the Alenuihaha Channel . The island of Hawaiʻi is built from five separate shield volcanoes that erupted somewhat sequentially, one overlapping

798-443: The deep abyss of the ocean, and feature rough or mountainous landscapes in their interiors and a diverse array of summit elevations. Researchers have observed that the island will often be covered by dense tropical forest. These limit settlement on the interior of many islands, forcing communities to develop along the coast. Larger islands may have rivers, resulting in flood hazards. Rivers deliver sediment downstream, which can dominate

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836-566: The east coast are: The larger hotels on the west coast, from north ( Puako ) to south ( Captain Cook ): Volcanic island There are a number of volcanic islands that rise no more than 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) above sea level , often classified as islets or rocks, while some low islands, such as Banaba , Henderson Island , Makatea , Nauru , and Niue , rise over 50 metres (160 ft) above sea level. The two types of islands are often found in proximity to each other, especially among

874-454: The international airports. Taxi service is also available. Island-wide bus service is provided by the Hele-On Bus . Two commercial airports serve Hawaiʻi Island: The private airports are: The major commercial ports are Hilo on the east side and Kawaihae on the west side. Cruise ships often stop at Kailua-Kona (90 times in 2017) and Hilo (108 times in 2017). The larger hotels on

912-504: The island of Hawaii when Kilauea is active. Since the termination of volcanic activity in September 2018, vog has largely disappeared on the west side of the island. The gas plumes created a blanket of vog that the trade winds mostly deflect toward the Kona coast. Vog can damage the health of plants, humans, and other animals. Most of the aerosols are acidic and of a size where they can remain in

950-433: The island of feral bulls and was granted land on which he established the ranch. From 1899 to 1937 it was managed by Alfred Wellington Carter (1867–1949). During World War II , part of the ranch was used as a United States Marine Corps training base called Camp Tarawa . The Second and Fifth Marine Divisions conducted training maneuvers there in preparation for the assault of Iwo Jima . The Mauna Kea Beach Hotel ,

988-507: The island's last plantation closed. Most of the island's economy depends on tourism , centered primarily in resort areas on the western coast of the island in the North Kona and South Kohala districts. Sustainable tourism is increasing. Diversified agriculture is a growth sector. Major crops include macadamia nuts , papaya , flowers, tropical and temperate vegetables, aquaculture , and coffee beans . The island's orchid production

1026-513: The island. Other accounts attribute the name to the legendary realm of Hawaiki , a place from which some Polynesians are said to have originated, the place where they transition to in the afterlife, or the realm of the gods and goddesses. James Cook , the English explorer and navigator who captained the first European expedition to reach the Hawaiian Islands, called it O-Why-hee (from Hawaiian) and

1064-535: The launch of the Paniolo Cattle Company, a joint venture aimed at statewide local beef production in March 2014. Paniolo Cattle Company began with 1,400 head of cattle to be raised at Parker Ranch. This represented the largest commitment of grass-fed beef by a single ranch in the state and increased the supply of grass-fed steers to the market by nearly 35 percent. According to president and CEO Dutch Kuyper, due to

1102-425: The lungs to damage them. Flu-like symptoms and general lethargy are reported, and are especially pronounced in people with respiratory conditions. The island hosts many specialized ecosystems/microclimates, including many protected by federal designation: Sugarcane was the backbone of the island economy for more than a century. In the mid-20th century, sugarcane plantations began to downsize, and in 1995

1140-473: The observatory manager, the University of Hawaii. The proposed addition of the Thirty Meter Telescope generated protests that stalled the project and led to the transfer of management responsibility to a Governor-appointed body. NELHA (Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority), a 675-acre (273 ha) state developed site, is a green economic development ocean science and technology park on

1178-512: The ocean surface, and it is forecast to break the surface in 10,000 to 100,000 years. The Great Crack is an eight-mile-long (13,000 m), 60-foot-wide (18 m) and 60-foot-deep (18 m) fissure in the island, in the district of Ka'u . According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS), the Great Crack is the result of crustal dilation from magmatic intrusions into the southwest rift zone of Kilauea. While neither

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1216-526: The other. Because Mauna Loa and Kīlauea are active volcanoes, the island is growing. Between January 1983 and September 2002, lava flows added 543 acres (220 ha) to the island. Lava flowing from Kīlauea destroyed several towns, including Kapoho in 1960 and again in 2018, and Kalapana and Kaimū in 1990. In 1987 lava filled in "Queen's Bath", a large, L-shaped, freshwater pool in the Kalapana area. Another 875 acres were added between May and July 2018 by

1254-655: The other. These are (from oldest to youngest): Geological evidence from exposures of old surfaces on the south and west flanks of Mauna Loa led to the proposal that two ancient volcanic shields (named Ninole and Kulani) were all but buried by the younger Mauna Loa. Geologists now consider these "outcrops" to be part of Mauna Loa. Based on geochemical (including trace elements ) and isotope differences in their eruptive products, Hawaiian volcanoes fall into two families. The differences are believed due to their separate magma systems. Hualālai and Mauna Loa are members of one family, while Kohala, Mauna Kea, and Kilauea are members of

1292-473: The shape of the coast and contribute to erosion. Tall volcanic islands are often surrounded by protective fringing or barrier reefs, creating lagoons. The unique geological and geographical characteristics of volcanic islands make them prone to many natural hazards, which are expected to worsen due to climate change . These include volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, and severe weather events like hurricanes or typhoons. Studies have highlighted

1330-468: The tops of the coconut trees up to 60 feet (18 m) high, and it reached inland a distance of a quarter of a mile (400 meters) in some places. On 29 November 1975, a 37-mile-wide (60 km) section of the Hilina Slump dropped 11.5 feet (3.5 m) and slid 26 feet (7.9 m) toward the ocean. This movement caused a 7.2 magnitude earthquake and a 48-foot-high (15 m) tsunami. Oceanfront property

1368-404: The west side of the island. It provides resources and facilities for energy and ocean-related research, education, and commercial activities in an environmentally sound and culturally sensitive manner. Business tenants on this coastal site include microalgae farms, aquaculture , solar technology and marine biotech . Tenants have access to three sets of pipelines delivering deep-sea water from

1406-689: Was developed and constructed by Laurance S. Rockefeller , on land purchased from Parker Ranch. The last owner of the ranch, the actor Richard Smart , died in 1992. Since then the Ranch has been governed by the Parker Ranch Foundation Trust. The trust benefits the North Hawaii Community Hospital, Hawaii Preparatory Academy , Hawaii Community Foundation, and Parker School . Following a successful grass-fed beef trial on Hawaii Island, Parker Ranch and Ulupono Initiative announced

1444-567: Was washed off its foundations in Punaluu. Two deaths were reported at Halape, and 19 other people were injured. The island suffered damage from a tsunami caused by earthquakes in Alaska on 1 April 1946, and in Chile on 23 May 1960. Downtown Hilo was damaged by both tsunamis, with many lives lost. Just north of Hilo, Laupāhoehoe lost 16 schoolchildren and five teachers in the tsunami of 1946. In March 2011,

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