In agriculture , the yield is a measurement of the amount of a crop grown, or product such as wool, meat or milk produced, per unit area of land. The seed ratio is another way of calculating yields.
11-520: The Park Grass Experiment is a biological study originally set up to test the effect of fertilizers and manures on hay yields . The scientific experiment is located at the Rothamsted Research in the English county of Hertfordshire , and is notable as one of the longest-running experiments of modern science, as it was initiated in 1856 and has been continually monitored ever since. The experiment
22-442: A farm; this increases the well-being of farming families. Surplus crops beyond the needs of subsistence agriculture can be sold or bartered. The more grain or fodder a farmer can produce, the more draft animals such as horses and oxen could be supported and harnessed for labour and production of manure . Increased crop yields also means fewer hands are needed on farm, freeing them for industry and commerce . This, in turn, led to
33-414: A few percent, for example with an extremely expensive fertilizer , but if that cost is so high that it does not produce a comparative return on investment , his profits decline, and the higher yield can mean a lower agricultural productivity in this case. A yield is a 'partial measure of productivity', because it may fail to accurately measure the actual productivity of the farming operation by not including
44-485: The Green Revolution . Each technological advance increasing the crop yield also reduces the society's ecological footprint . Yields are related to agricultural productivity , but are not synonymous. Agricultural productivity is measured in money produced per unit of land, but yields are measured in the weight of the crop produced per unit of land. A farmer can invest a large amount of money to increase his yields by
55-831: The Indian Council of Agricultural Research. Alexander Mitscherlich studied crop yields in 1909 and articulated a "law of physiological relations". It was compared to the law of diminishing returns in 1942, when Liebig's law of the minimum and the limiting factors of Frederick Blackman were also noted: The relation was reviewed by Hans Schneeberger in 2009. Ritchie, Hannah; Rosado, Pablo; Roser, Max (2022). "Crop yields" . Our World in Data . Retrieved 2024-04-20 . Alexander Mitscherlich (chemist) Alexander Mitscherlich (28 May 1836 in Berlin – 31 May 1918 in Oberstdorf )
66-612: The formation and growth of cities, which then translated into an increased demand for foodstuffs or other agricultural products. The units by which the yield of a crop is usually measured today are kilograms per hectare or bushels per acre . Long-term cereal yields in the United Kingdom were some 500 kg/ha in Medieval times, jumping to 2000 kg/ha in the Industrial Revolution, and jumping again to 8000 kg/ha in
77-462: The grower, or for livestock feed. In parts of Europe the seed ratio during the 9th century was merely 1:2.5, in the Low Countries it improved to 1:14 with the introduction of the three-field system of crop rotation around the 14th century. Seed multiplication ratio is variable, subject to several factors. Agricultural improvements can raise the ratio, and revisions were recommended in 2018 by
88-431: The totality of the inputs. The seed multiplication ratio is the ratio between the investment in seed versus the yield. For example, if three grains are harvested for each grain seeded, the resulting multiplication ratio is 1:3, which is considered by some agronomists as the minimum required to sustain human life. One of the three seeds must be set aside for the next planting season, the remaining two either consumed by
99-418: The wide range of plants that most meadows probably contained hundreds of years ago. Over its history, Park Grass has: Crop yield Innovations, such as the use of fertilizer , the creation of better farming tools, new methods of farming and improved crop varieties , have improved yields. The higher the yield and more intensive use of the farmland, the higher the productivity and profitability of
110-423: Was a German chemist and son of Eilhard Mitscherlich . He studied at University of Göttingen , where he also became member of Burschenschaft Hannovera (fraternity). His most important work was in the field of processing wood to create cellulose . He patented an early version of the sulfite process in 1882. In 1909 Mitscherlich wrote on crop yields in agronomy . His results have been characterized as
121-431: Was originally designed to answer agricultural questions but has since proved an invaluable resource for studying natural selection and biodiversity . The treatments under study were found to be affecting the botanical make-up of the plots and the ecology of the 28,000-square-metre (6.9-acre) field and it has been studied ever since. In spring, the field is a colourful tapestry of flowers and grasses, some plots still having
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