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26-441: Up to the beginning of the 13th century there was no single structure for the order of the biblical books, and it was often presented in 4 volumes. The Paris Bible was unique for its time; it was a pandect (complete single volume) with a uniform order, which is similar to the order of the modern Bible used today. Between 1230 and 1280 AD this bible was copied more frequently and spread more widely across Europe than any other copy of

52-449: A commission of sixteen members to do the work—one government official, four professors, and eleven advocates. The commission was given the power to condense and alter the texts in order to simplify, clarify, and eliminate conflicts among them. The Digest's organization is complex: each of the fifty books is divided into several titles, each containing several extracts, and many of the extracts have several parts or paragraphs. Research in

78-576: A saddle or travelling bag or indeed a pocket. Scholars apply the term to bibles which possess a number of common characteristics. Each pandect contained the Deuterocanonical books (though not the apocryphal Epistle to the Laodiceans or the Fourth Book of Esdras ), 64 prologues mostly based on the commentaries of Jerome and most have an index of the interpretations of Hebrew names (IHN).  Whilst

104-823: Is a component of the Corpus Juris Civilis , the 6th-century codification of Roman law ordered by the Byzantine emperor Justinian I . It is largely based upon the Institutes of Gaius , a Roman jurist of the second century A.D. The other parts of the Corpus Juris Civilis are the Digest , the Codex Justinianus , and the Novellae Constitutiones ("New Constitutions" or "Novels"). Justinian's Institutes

130-452: Is arranged much like Gaius's work, being divided into three subjects in four books covering "persons," "things,", and "actions." The first book considers the legal status of persons (personae), the second and third deal with things (res), while the fourth discusses Roman civil procedure (actiones). Unlike the Digest, the extracts do not provide inscriptions indicating from whom the original material

156-722: Is evidence of highly decorated pages mid-way through a one volume bible it is evidence of a two-volume manuscript being rebound at a later date as one volume. The explosion of the mendicant orders of preaching friars, in particular the Franciscans and Dominicans , lead to innovation in manuscript Bible design and manufacture: Friars differed from monks in that they did not reside in closed communities but went out to live and preach in society. As they renounced possessions and travelled extensively to preach, they required small books which could be carried on their person. The orders of friars were remarkably successful, and as every preaching friar

182-454: Is that of Krüger, which is in volume one of the Krüger, Mommsen, Kroll and Schoell stereotype edition. There are several translations of Justinian's Institutes into English, the better of the older ones being those of J.B. Moyle and Thomas Collett Sandars . More recent translations by Birks & McLeod are also available as facing editions with Krüger's Latin. Samuel Parsons Scott translated

208-690: The Journal of the Institute of Actuaries in 1851 by future U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice Joseph P. Bradley (1870–1892), a former actuary for the Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Company . English translations have been published by Samuel Parsons Scott (1932) and Alan Watson (1985), the latter based on the Latin text published by Theodor Mommsen in 1878. Institutes of Justinian The Institutes ( Latin : Institutiones )

234-586: The Law of Citations ). The bulk of this new Institutes is the Institutes of Gaius , much of it taken verbatim; but it also uses material from the Institutes of Marcian, Florentinus, Ulpian , and perhaps Paulus (the other writers of "authority"). There is some debate over which of the commission members is responsible for what part of the new Institutes. Most recently it has been suggested that Theophilus and Dorotheus created

260-650: The Bible would change. One of the often-heard comments of the Paris Bible is that it was designed for studying the newly-introduced scholastic theology . Mendicant Orders also created schools ( studia ) which had, at the heart of the education program, an academic study of the scriptures. It was these changes which led to the desire to rearrange the format of the Bible in order that students, masters and preachers could retrieve information effectively. Adding reading aids like running headers and chapter numbers allowed readers to find

286-503: The Bible. Paris Bible is the name given to bibles produced by scribes mainly in Paris and areas of Northern France although examples are believed to have originated in England and Italy. However, scholars caution that the term is used too broadly as it is often confused with the 'pocket bible' which is applied to bibles produced from the 12th century onwards. These were small enough to be carried in

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312-498: The Books of the Bible and essential text. pandect#Noun The Digest ( Latin : Digesta ), also known as the Pandects ( Pandectae ; Ancient Greek : Πανδέκται , Pandéktai , "All-Containing"), was a compendium or digest of juristic writings on Roman law compiled by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I in 530–533 AD. It is divided into 50 books. The Digest

338-400: The elementary works, so that the raw intelligence of the student, nourished by a simple diet, may proceed more easily to advanced legal studies." Under the supervision of Tribonian , two law professors (Theophilus and Dorotheus) were assigned to extract statements about the basic institutions ("Institutiones") of Roman law from the teaching books created by writers of "authority" (as defined in

364-505: The extracts taken from the older works, while Tribonian revised and added new imperial laws. This new version of the Institutes was published on November 21, 533 and promulgated with the Digest on December 30, 533. These new Institutes were not only a textbook for first year law students, but, according to the decree that promulgated them (C. Tanta), they carried the force of law. First year law students used Justinian's Institutes as their textbook for centuries. The Institutes of Justinian

390-734: The first university in Europe, the University of Bologna (1088). The codified authorities often conflicted. Therefore, Justinian ordered these conflicts to be settled and fifty of these were published as the "quinquaginta decisiones" (fifty decisions). Soon after, he further decreed that the works of these ancient writers, which totalled over 1,500 books, be condensed into fifty books. These were to be entitled Digesta in Latin and Pandectae or Pandéktai ( Πανδέκται ) in Greek. In response to this order of December 15, 530 ("Deo auctore"), Tribonian created

416-424: The modern era has created a highly probable picture of how the commission carried out its task. Approximately two-fifths of the Digest consists of the writings of Ulpian , while some one-sixth belongs to Paulus . The work was declared to be the sole source of non-statute law: commentaries on the compilation were forbidden, or even the citing of the original works of the jurists for the explaining of ambiguities in

442-604: The purported Sea Peoples during the Greek Dark Ages ( c.  1100–750 BC ) that led to the proliferation of the Doric Greek dialect. The law of general average constitutes the fundamental principle that underlies all insurance . Also, in an opinion dated to approximately 220 AD during the reign of Elagabalus (218–222) of the Severan dynasty , Ulpian compiled a life table that would later be submitted in an article to

468-670: The text. One opinion written by Paulus at the beginning of the Crisis of the Third Century in 235 AD about the Lex Rhodia ("Rhodian law") articulates the general average principle of marine insurance established on the island of Rhodes in approximately 1000 to 800 BC as a member of the Doric Hexapolis , plausibly by the Phoenicians during the proposed Dorian invasion and emergence of

494-467: The thirteenth century bibles were divided into chapters, they were yet to include numbered verses. The bibles varied, especially by region, from almost 200mm by 120mm, to a small 130mm by 80mm. The smaller "pocket" versions were intended for traveling friars. Scholars have disputed the fact that all Paris Bibles were single volume manuscripts as several two volume bibles are still in existence. Several leading Book Historians have suggested that where there

520-569: The writings of Papinian , Paulus , Ulpian , Modestinus , and Gaius were made the primary juristic authorities who could be cited in court. Others cited by them also could be referred to, but their views had to be "informed by a comparison of manuscripts". The principal surviving manuscript is the Littera Florentina of the late sixth or early seventh century. In the Middle Ages, the Digest

546-506: Was divided into three parts, and most of the manuscripts contain only one of these parts. The entire Digest was first translated into English in 1985 by the Scottish legal scholar Alan Watson . The Digest was discovered in Amalfi in 1135, prompting a revival of learning of Roman law throughout Europe. Other sources claim it was discovered in 1070 and formed a major impetus for the founding of

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572-540: Was later collected separately as the Novellae Constitutiones (New Laws or, conventionally, the "Novels"). The original Codex Justinianus was promulgated in April of 529 by the C. "Summa". This made it the only source of imperial law, and repealed all earlier codifications. However, it permitted reference to ancient jurists whose writings had been regarded as authoritative. Under Theodosus II's Law of Citations ,

598-428: Was one part of his effort to codify Roman law and to reform legal education, of which the Digest also was a part. Whereas the Digest was to be used by advanced law students, Justinian's Institutes was to be a textbook for new students. The need for a new text for first year students was addressed as early as 530 in the constitution "Deo auctore," where reference is made to something "...which may be promulgated to replace

624-577: Was part of a reduction and codification of all Roman laws up to that time, which later came to be known as the Corpus Juris Civilis ( lit.   ' Body of Civil Law ' ). The other two parts were a collection of statutes, the Codex (Code) , which survives in a second edition, and an introductory textbook, the Institutes ; all three parts were given force of law. The set was intended to be complete, but Justinian passed further legislation, which

650-483: Was required to have a Bible, pocket Bibles would have been required, according to de Hamel, in their thousands – a fact which accounts for their relative prevalence today. 20,000 small-format Paris Bibles are estimated to have been produced in the 13th century alone, in France, Italy and England. The founding of a flurry of universities in the thirteenth century can be regarded as one of the major changes which determined how

676-611: Was taken. Justinian's Institutes was largely unknown in the West. The earliest known manuscript are fragments of a Veronese palimpsest of the ninth century. The first printed edition of Justinian's Institutes was Petrus Schoyff's in 1468. Scholars using the Veronese palimpsest suggested changes to the existing text, and these criticisms resulted in the definitive texts by Paul Krüger and Eduard Huschke in 1867 and 1868 respectively. The most frequently used modern version of Justinian's Institutes

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