51-510: Parcoursup is a web portal designed by the French Ministry of Education and the French Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation , which manages the balance between undergraduate places in French universities and other higher education institutions, and the application of candidates with a high school diploma. The portal was released in 2018, and 666,000 candidates registered. In 2022,
102-701: A drought, and for social security. The package was not very popular, but was pursued with vigor. Giscard initially tried to project a less monarchical image than had been the case for past French presidents. He took a ride on the Métro , ate monthly dinners with ordinary Frenchmen, and even invited garbage men from Paris to have breakfast with him in the Élysée Palace . However, when he learned that most Frenchmen were somewhat cool to this display of informality, Giscard became so aloof and distant that his opponents frequently attacked him as being too far removed from ordinary citizens. In domestic policy, Giscard's reforms worried
153-416: A granddaughter of minister of state education Agénor Bardoux . Giscard had an elder sister, Sylvie, and younger siblings Olivier , Isabelle, and Marie-Laure. Despite the addition of "d'Estaing" to the family name by his grandfather, Giscard was not a male-line descendant of the extinct aristocratic family of Vice-Admiral d'Estaing . His connection to the D'Estaing family was very remote. His ancestress
204-581: A guest in Paris. Giscard continued de Gaulle's African policy, and sought to maintain good relations with Middle East Muslim countries so that they would continue delivering oil to France. Senegal, Ivory Coast, Gabon, and Cameroon were the largest and most reliable African allies, and received most of the investments. In 1977, in Opération Lamantin , he ordered fighter jets to deploy in Mauritania and suppress
255-521: A parliamentary proposal to reduce the length of a presidential term from seven to five years, a proposal that eventually won its referendum proposal by President Chirac. Following his retirement from the National Assembly his son Louis Giscard d'Estaing was elected in his former constituency. In 2003, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing was admitted to the Académie française . Following his narrow defeat in
306-454: A right-wing opposition line. In 1981, despite a high approval rating, he was defeated in a runoff against Mitterrand , with 48.2% of the vote. As president, Giscard d'Estaing promoted cooperation among the European nations, especially in tandem with West Germany , 1974—1982 ruled by the first , second and third cabinet under chancelor Helmut Schmidt ( SPD ). As a former president, he
357-549: A year in Montreal , Canada, where he worked as a teacher at Collège Stanislas . He graduated from the École Polytechnique and the École nationale d'administration (1949–1951) and chose to enter the prestigious Inspection des finances . He was admitted to the Tax and Revenue Service, then joined the staff of Prime Minister Edgar Faure (1955–1956). He was fluent in German. In 1956, he
408-484: Is France's largest employment domain, the ministry directs the work of more than half of the state civil servants . The position is therefore traditionally a strategic one. On 11 January 2024, with the installation of the Attal government , the ministry changed its name to Ministère de l'Éducation nationale, de la Jeunesse, des Sports et des Jeux Olympiques et Paralympiques (Ministry of National Education, Youth, Sports and
459-577: The Comité d'études sur les formations d'ingénieurs which studies the training and job placement of engineers in France. Val%C3%A9ry Giscard d%27Estaing Valéry René Marie Georges Giscard d'Estaing ( UK : / ˌ ʒ iː s k ɑːr d ɛ ˈ s t æ̃ / , US : / ʒ ɪ ˌ s k ɑːr -/ , French: [valeʁi ʁəne maʁi ʒɔʁʒ ʒiskaʁ dɛstɛ̃] ; 2 February 1926 – 2 December 2020), also known as simply Giscard or VGE ,
510-502: The 1969 presidential campaign , he supported the winning candidate Georges Pompidou , after which he returned to the Ministry of Economy and Finance. He was representative of a new generation of politicians emerging from the senior civil service, seen as " technocrats ". In 1974, after the sudden death of President Georges Pompidou, Giscard announced his candidacy for the presidency. His two main challengers were François Mitterrand for
561-985: The European Monetary System . They induced the Soviet Union to establish a degree of liberalisation through the Helsinki Accords . He promoted the creation of the European Council at the Paris Summit in December 1974. In 1975, he invited the heads of government from West Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States to a summit in Rambouillet , to form the Group of Six major economic powers (now
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#1732851100939612-590: The Polisario guerrillas fighting against Mauritania. Most controversial was his involvement with the regime of Bokassa in the Central African Republic . Giscard was initially a friend of Bokassa, and supplied the regime. The growing unpopularity of that government led Giscard to begin distancing himself from Bokassa. In 1979's Operation Caban , French troops helped drive Bokassa out of power and restore former president David Dacko to power. This action
663-529: The first round . Chirac finished third and refused to recommend that his supporters back Giscard in the runoff, though he declared that he himself would vote for Giscard. Giscard lost to Mitterrand by 3 points in the runoff and blamed Chirac for his defeat thereafter. In later years, it was widely said that Giscard loathed Chirac; certainly on many occasions Giscard criticised Chirac's policies despite supporting Chirac's governing coalition. After his defeat, Giscard retired temporarily from politics. In 1984, he
714-622: The regional elections of March 2004 , marked by the victory of the left wing in 21 of 22 regions, he decided to leave partisan politics and to take his seat on the Constitutional Council as a former president of the country. Some of his actions there, such as his campaign in favour of the treaty establishing the European Constitution, were criticised as unbecoming to a member of this council, which should embody nonpartisanship and should not appear to favour one political option over
765-676: The "best economist in France" at the time, succeeded him. Unexpectedly, the right-wing coalition won the 1978 legislative election . Nevertheless, relations with Chirac, who had founded the Rally for the Republic (RPR), became more tense. Giscard reacted by founding a centre-right confederation, the Union for French Democracy (UDF). Valéry Giscard d'Estaing was a close friend of West German chancellor Helmut Schmidt and together they persuaded smaller European states to hold regular summit meetings, and set up
816-587: The French claims. Ruth-Rolland was quickly dismissed from her post in what she described as a "coup de force" by Dacko. The saga contributed to Giscard losing his 1981 reelection bid . Giscard d'Estaing fancied himself a peace-maker with the Soviet Union and their embroilment in Afghanistan . At their summit in May 1980, he proposed an arrangement that would see Leonid Brezhnev partially withdraw his forces and thought
867-418: The French thought he had been a good president. He was considered to be an honest and competent politician, but also a distant man. On 21 January 2017, with a lifespan of 33,226 days, he surpassed Émile Loubet (1838–1929) in terms of longevity, and became the oldest former president in French history. Throughout his political career, Giscard was a proponent of a greater amount of European integration in
918-746: The G7, including Canada and the European Union). In 1975, Giscard pressured the future King of Spain Juan Carlos I to leave Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet out of his coronation by stating that if Pinochet attended he would not. Although France received many Chilean political refugees, Giscard d'Estaing's government secretly collaborated with Pinochet's and Videla's juntas as shown by journalist Marie-Monique Robin . Giscard d'Estaing sought to improve Franco-Romanian ties and in 1979 visited Bucharest . In 1980 he received Romanian president Nicolae Ceaucescu as
969-707: The Gaullists and left the majority coalition. Giscard refused to resign and founded the Independent Republicans (RI), which became the junior partner of the Gaullists in the "presidential majority". It was during his time at the Ministry of the Economy that he coined the phrase " exorbitant privilege " to characterise the hegemony of the US dollar in international payments under the Bretton Woods system . However, in 1966, he
1020-468: The Minister of Public Instruction was a Protestant . The position has also occasionally been combined with Minister of Sports and Minister of Youth Affairs . In 1932, the office's title was changed to Minister of National Education , although it was briefly changed back in 1940–1941, and was renamed Minister of Education during the presidency of Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (1974–1981). In 1975, it created
1071-618: The Olympic and Paralympic Games). During the second cabinet reshuffle of February 2024, and owing to a controversy involving Amélie Oudéa-Castéra , the ministry was divided into two: Oudéa-Castéra kept the Ministry of Sports and Olympic and Paralympic Games title, while the Ministry of Education was assigned to Nicole Belloubet . After the 2024 French legislative election , Anne Genetet was appointed Minister of National Education on 21 September 2024. A governmental position overseeing public education
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#17328511009391122-573: The abortion issue. On taking office Giscard was quick to initiate reforms; they included increasing the minimum wage as well as family allowances and old-age pensions. He extended the right to political asylum, expanded health insurance to cover all Frenchmen, lowered the voting age to 18, and modernised the divorce law. On 25 September 1974, Giscard summed up his goals: To reform the judicial system, modernize social institutions, reduce excessive inequalities of income, develop education, liberalize repressive legislation, develop culture. He pushed for
1173-638: The age of 94, and is the longest-lived French president in history. Valéry René Marie Georges Giscard d'Estaing was born on 2 February 1926 in Koblenz , Germany , during the French occupation of the Rhineland . He was the elder son of Jean Edmond Lucien Giscard d'Estaing, a high-ranking civil servant, and his wife, Marthe Clémence Jacqueline Marie (May) Bardoux. His mother was the daughter of senator and academic Achille Octave Marie Jacques Bardoux , and
1224-454: The amount of work it generates within universities. Indeed, Parcoursup allows students to make from 1 to 10 wishes with as many as 20 subwishes for each of them. Hence, undergraduate programs receive far more applications than they used to and some universities can have to consider more than 100,000 student files. This has led to tensions within French universities and contributed to a controversy between left- and right-wing parties. In April 2024,
1275-494: The cabinet. For that reason the Gaullists refused to re-elect him to that position after the 1968 legislative election . In 1969, unlike most of FNRI's elected officials, Giscard advocated a "no" vote in the constitutional referendum concerning the regions and the Senate, while De Gaulle had announced his intention to resign if the "no" won. The Gaullists accused him of being largely responsible for De Gaulle's departure. During
1326-481: The conservative electorate and the Gaullist party, especially the law by Simone Veil legalising abortion. Although he said he had "deep aversion against capital punishment", Giscard claimed in his 1974 campaign that he would apply the death penalty to people committing the most heinous crimes. He did not commute three of the death sentences that he had to decide upon during his presidency. France under his administration
1377-652: The country and the office of the presidency, notably overseeing such far-reaching infrastructure projects as the TGV and the turn towards reliance on nuclear power as France's main energy source. Giscard d'Estaing launched the Grande Arche , Musée d'Orsay , Arab World Institute and Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie projects in the Paris region, later included in the Grands Projets of François Mitterrand . He promoted liberalisation of trade; however, his popularity suffered from
1428-506: The development of the TGV high speed train network and the Minitel telephone upgrade, a precursor of the Internet. He promoted nuclear power , as a way to assert French independence. Economically, Giscard's presidency saw a steady rise in personal incomes, with the purchasing power of workers going up by 29% and that of old age pensioners by 65%. The great crisis that overwhelmed his term
1479-451: The economic downturn that followed the 1973 energy crisis , marking the end of the " Trente Glorieuses " (the "Thirty Glorious Years" of prosperity after 1945). He imposed austerity budgets, and allowed unemployment to rise in order to avoid deficits. Giscard d'Estaing in the centre faced political opposition from both sides of the spectrum: from the newly unified left under Mitterrand and a rising Jacques Chirac , who resurrected Gaullism on
1530-457: The first " cohabitation " (1986–1988) or after the re-election of Mitterrand with the theme of "France united", but he was not chosen for this position. During the 1988 presidential campaign , he refused to choose publicly between the two right-wing candidates, his two former Prime Ministers Jacques Chirac and Raymond Barre . He served as president of the UDF from 1988 to 1996, but he was faced with
1581-496: The high administrative court examines two texts, a decree and an order, which modify the terms of application on the platform and a certain number of quotas for non-European students. Measures deemed discriminatory and xenophobic by student organizations. This France -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Ministry of National Education (France) The Ministry of National Education and Youth , or simply Ministry of National Education , as
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1632-481: The latter had agreed once month later only to be humiliated in front of his G7 partners when Brezhnev fooled him with a lie. His Socialist rival, François Mitterrand , acidly observed in the Assemblée Nationale that he was the "petit télégraphiste de Varsovie" ("little telegraph operator from Warsaw"). In the 1981 presidential election , Giscard took a severe blow to his support when Chirac ran against him in
1683-531: The left and Jacques Chaban-Delmas , a former Gaullist prime minister. Jacques Chirac and other Gaullist personalities published the Call of the 43 [ fr ] where they explained that Giscard was the best candidate to prevent the election of Mitterrand. In the election , Giscard finished well ahead of Chaban-Delmas in the first round, though coming second to Mitterrand. In the run-off on 20 May, however, Giscard narrowly defeated Mitterrand, receiving 50.7% of
1734-407: The money supply; and increases in the income tax, automobile taxes, luxury taxes and bank rates. There were measures to restore the trade balance, and support the growth of the economy and employment. Oil imports, whose price had shot up, were limited. There was special aid to exports, and an action fund was set up to aid industries. There was increased financial aid to farmers, who were suffering from
1785-684: The other. Indeed, the question of the membership of former presidents in the council was raised at this point, with some suggesting that it should be replaced by a life membership in the Senate . On 19 April 2007, he endorsed Nicolas Sarkozy for the presidential election . He supported the creation of the centrist Union of Democrats and Independents in 2012 and the introduction of same-sex marriage in France in 2013. In 2016, he supported former Prime Minister François Fillon in The Republicans presidential primaries . A 2014 poll suggested that 64% of
1836-492: The rise of a new generation of politicians called the rénovateurs ("renovation men"). Most of the UDF politicians supported the candidacy of the RPR Prime Minister Édouard Balladur at the 1995 presidential election , but Giscard supported his old rival Jacques Chirac, who won the election. That same year Giscard suffered a setback when he lost a close election for the mayoralty of Clermont-Ferrand . In 2000, he made
1887-580: The site received applications from 626,653 students. In 2020, 17,123 undergraduate programmes are offered by Parcoursup. Parcoursup used to replace a previous Web platform (APB Admission Post-Bac, launched in 2009), which substituted itself to the old system of random drawing between students to implement an examination of each student file. However, Parcoursup has suffered criticism. It is being blamed for creating anxiety among students, and being opaque because each university uses its own criteria to decide which students will be admitted. It has also been blamed for
1938-572: The title has changed several times in the course of the Fifth Republic , is the cabinet member in the Government of France who oversees the country's public educational system and supervises agreements and authorisations for private teaching organisations. The ministry's headquarters is located in the 18th century Hôtel de Rochechouart on the Rue de Grenelle in the 7th arrondissement of Paris . As education
1989-576: The vote. In 1974, Giscard was elected President of France , defeating Socialist candidate François Mitterrand by 425,000 votes. At 48, he was the third youngest president in French history at the time, after Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte and Jean Casimir-Perier . In his appointments he was innovative regarding women. He gave major cabinet positions to Simone Veil as Minister of Health and Françoise Giroud as secretary for women's affairs. Giroud worked to improve access to meaningful employment and to reconcile careers with childbearing. Veil confronted
2040-691: The École Gerson and the Lycées Janson-de-Sailly and Louis-le-Grand in Paris. He joined the French Resistance and participated in the Liberation of Paris ; during the liberation, he was assigned to protecting Alexandre Parodi . He then joined the French First Army and served until the end of the war. He was later awarded the Croix de guerre for his military service. In 1948, he spent
2091-553: Was Lucie Madeleine d'Estaing, Dame de Réquistat (1769–1844), who in turn was descendant of Joachim I d'Estaing, sieur de Réquistat (1610–1685), illegitimate son of Charles d'Estaing (1585–1661), sieur de Cheylade, Knight of Saint John of Jerusalem , son of Jean III d'Estaing, seigneur de Val (1540–1621) and his wife, Gilberte de La Rochefoucauld (1560–1623). Giscard studied at the Lycée Blaise-Pascal in Clermont-Ferrand ,
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2142-522: Was a French politician who served as President of France from 1974 to 1981. After serving as Minister of Finance under prime ministers Jacques Chaban-Delmas and Pierre Messmer , Giscard d'Estaing won the presidential election of 1974 with 50.8% of the vote against François Mitterrand of the Socialist Party . His tenure was marked by a more liberal attitude on social issues—such as divorce, contraception and abortion—and by attempts to modernise
2193-711: Was a member of the Constitutional Council . He also served as president of the Regional Council of Auvergne from 1986 to 2004. Involved with the process of European integration , he notably presided over the Convention on the Future of Europe that drafted the ill-fated Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe . In 2003, he was elected to the Académie Française , taking the seat that his friend and former president of Senegal Léopold Sédar Senghor had held. He died at
2244-404: Was a worldwide economic crisis based on rapidly rising oil prices. He turned to Prime Minister Raymond Barre in 1976, who advocated numerous complex, strict policies ("Barre Plans"). The first Barre plan emerged on 22 September 1976, with a priority to stop inflation. It included a 3-month price freeze; a reduction in the value added tax; wage controls; salary controls; a reduction of the growth in
2295-490: Was also controversial, particularly given that Dacko was Bokassa's cousin and had appointed Bokassa as head of the military; and unrest continued in the Central African Republic, leading to Dacko being overthrown in another coup in 1981 . The Diamonds Affair , known in France as l'affaire des diamants , was a major political scandal in the Fifth Republic . In 1973, while Minister of Finance , Giscard d'Estaing
2346-721: Was dismissed from the cabinet. He transformed the RI into a political party, the National Federation of the Independent Republicans (FNRI), and founded the Perspectives and Realities Clubs . In this, he criticised the "solitary practice of the power" and summarised his position towards De Gaulle's policy by a "yes, but ...". As chairman of the National Assembly Committee on Finances, he criticised his successor in
2397-725: Was elected to the National Assembly as a deputy for the Puy-de-Dôme département , in the domain of his maternal family. He joined the National Centre of Independents and Peasants (CNIP), a conservative grouping. After the proclamation of the Fifth Republic , the CNIP leader Antoine Pinay became Minister of Economy and Finance and chose him as Secretary of State for Finances from 1959 to 1962. In 1962, while Giscard had been nominated Minister of Economy and Finance , his party broke with
2448-561: Was first created in France in 1802. Following the various regime changes in France in the first decades of the 19th century, the position changed official status and name a number of times before the position of Minister of Public Instruction was created in 1828. For much of its history, the position was combined with that of Minister of Public Worship , who dealt with issues related to the Roman Catholic Church , except in instances where
2499-533: Was given a number of diamonds by Bokassa. The affair was unveiled by the satirical newspaper Le Canard Enchaîné on 10 October 1979, towards the end of Giscard's presidency. In order to defend himself, Giscard d'Estaing claimed to have sold the diamonds and donated the proceeds to the Central African Red Cross . He expected CARC authorities to confirm the story. However, the head of the local Red Cross society, Jeanne-Marie Ruth-Rolland , publicly denied
2550-570: Was re-elected to his seat in the National Assembly and won the presidency of the regional council of Auvergne . He was president of the Council of European Municipalities and Regions from 1997 to 2004. In 1982, along with his friend Gerald Ford , he co-founded the annual AEI World Forum . He also served on the Trilateral Commission after being president, writing papers with Henry Kissinger . He hoped to become prime minister during
2601-796: Was thus the last country in the European Community to apply the death penalty, and until the resumption of executions in the United States in 1977, the only in the Western world. The last death sentence , bearing Giscard's signature, was executed in September 1977, the last ratified by the Court of Cassation in March 1981, but rescinded by presidential pardon after Giscard's defeat in the presidential election in May. A rivalry arose with his Prime Minister Jacques Chirac, who resigned in 1976. Raymond Barre , called
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