Misplaced Pages

#746253

81-500: It is considered that this relationship, based on the genuineness of the guru and the respect, commitment, devotion and obedience of the student , is the best way for subtle or advanced knowledge to be conveyed. The student eventually masters the knowledge that the guru embodies. Guru–shishya means "succession from guru to disciple". Paramparā ( Sanskrit : परम्परा, paramparā ) literally means an uninterrupted row or series, order, succession, continuation, mediation, tradition . In

162-560: A here-and-now person. Traditionally, it had solely concerned feelings from a primary relationship during childhood. Transference was first described by Sigmund Freud , the founder of psychoanalysis , who considered it an important part of psychoanalytic treatment. Transference of this kind can be considered inappropriate without proper clinical supervision . It is common for people to transfer feelings about their parents to their partners or children (that is, cross-generational entanglements). Another example of transference would be

243-431: A "student" attends a secondary school or higher (e.g., college or university ); those in primary or elementary schools are "pupils." In Nigeria , education is classified into four systems known as a 6-3-3-4 system of education. It implies six years in primary school, three years in junior secondary, three years in senior secondary and four years in the university. However, the number of years to be spent in university

324-436: A bachelor's (undergraduate) degree at a higher education institution (i.e. a college or university), which normally lasts for four years though the length of some courses may be longer or shorter depending on the institution. In Iran 12-year school is categorized in two stages: Elementary school and High school. It takes six years for a student to graduate from elementary school and six years for high school. High school study

405-507: A bachelor's degree (except BVSc and AH which are five year programmes and MBBS which is a five and half year programme) and two years master's degree. In Pakistan , 12-year school is categorized in three stages: Primary school, Secondary school and Higher Secondary school. It takes five years for a student to graduate from Primary school, five years for Secondary school and five years for Higher Secondary school (also called College). Most bachelor's degrees span over four years, followed by

486-496: A bridge to enable pupils to make the transition from the more dependent type of learning associated with the Junior Cert. to the more independent learning environment associated with the senior cycle. After the junior cycle pupils advance to the senior cycle, which consists of fifth year and sixth year (usually ages between 16 and 18). At the end of the sixth year a final state examination is required to be sat by all pupils, known as

567-523: A compulsory state examination called the Junior Certificate . After third year, pupils have the option of taking a "transition year" or fourth year (usually at age 15–16). In transition year pupils take a break from regular studies to pursue other activities that help to promote their personal, social, vocational and educational development, and to prepares them for their role as autonomous, participative and responsible members of society. It also provides

648-731: A different institution from where the National Diploma (also known as ND or OND) was obtained. However, the HND cannot be obtained without the OND certificate. On the other hand, the respective colleges of education provide students with the Nigerian Certificate in Education (NCE) after two years of study. In South Africa , education is divided into four bands: the Foundation Phase (grades 1–3),

729-596: A guru will assert that he or she is capable of leading a shishya directly to the highest possible state of spirituality or consciousness, sometimes referred to within Hinduism as moksha . In the bhakti guru–shishya relationship the guru is often believed to have supernatural powers, leading to the deification of the guru. In the Pali Buddhist tradition, magae the Bhikkus are also known as Sekhas (SN XLVIII.53 Sekha Sutta). In

810-439: A more Western psychological perspective. He writes, "In its simplest sense transference occurs when unconsciously a person endows another with an attribute that actually is projected from within themselves" . Preece further states that when we transfer an inner quality onto another person we may be giving that person a power over us as a consequence of the projection, carrying the potential for great insight and inspiration, but also

891-423: A person going to school is Schüler or Schülerin . They begin their first four (in some federal estates six) years in primary school or Grundschule . They then graduate to a secondary school called Gymnasium , which is a university preparatory school. Students attending this school are called Gymnasiasten , while those attending other schools are called Hauptschüler or Realschüler . Students who graduate with

SECTION 10

#1732855706747

972-473: A person mistrusting somebody who resembles an ex-spouse in manners, voice, or external appearance, or being overly compliant to someone who resembles a childhood friend. In The Psychology of the Transference , Carl Jung states that within the transference dyad , both participants typically experience a variety of opposites, that in love and in psychological growth, the key to success is the ability to endure

1053-571: A spiritual teacher to receive instruction. The relationship between Krishna and Arjuna in the Mahabharata , and between Rama and Hanuman in the Ramayana , are examples of Bhakti. In the Upanishads, gurus and disciples appear in a variety of settings (e.g. a husband answering questions about immortality; a teenage boy being taught by Yama , Hinduism's Lord of Death). Sometimes the sages are women, and

1134-592: A student in Bangladesh. Sometimes students taking undergraduate education are called undergraduates and students taking post-graduate education may be called post-graduates. Education system of Bangladesh: Education is free in Brunei . Darussalam not limited to government educational institutions but also private educational institutions. There are mainly two types of educational institutions: government or public, and private institutions. Several stages have to be undergone by

1215-494: A therapist who is sexually attracted to a patient must understand the countertransference aspect (if any) of the attraction, and look at how the patient might be eliciting this attraction. Once any countertransference aspect has been identified, the therapist can ask the patient what his or her feelings are toward the therapist, and can explore how those feelings relate to unconscious motivations, desires, or fears. Another contrasting perspective on transference and countertransference

1296-456: A therapy context, transference refers to redirection of a patient's feelings for a significant person to the therapist. Transference is often manifested as an erotic attraction towards a therapist, but can be seen in many other forms such as rage, hatred, mistrust, parentification , extreme dependence, or even placing the therapist in a god-like or guru status. When Freud initially encountered transference in his therapy with patients, he thought he

1377-487: A two years master's degree. The Philippines is currently in the midst of a transition to a K-12 (also called K+12) basic education system. Education ideally begins with one year of kinder. Once the transition is complete, elementary or grade school comprises grades 1 to 6. Although the term student may refer to learners of any age or level, the term 'pupil' is used by the Department of Education to refer to learners in

1458-432: A university or a school of a similar level, that is to say pupils in a cursus reserved to people already owning a Baccalauréat . The general term for a person going to primary or secondary school is élève . In some French higher education establishments, a bleu or "bizuth" is a first-year student. Second-year students are sometimes called "carrés" (squares). Some other terms may apply in specific schools, some depending on

1539-665: A vocational diploma or certificate. The number of years spent in university varies as different courses of study take different numbers of years. Those in the last year of high school (Grade 12) are referred to as 'Matrics' or are in 'Matric' and take the Grade 12 examinations accredited by the Umalusi Council (the South African board of education) in October and November of their Matric year. Exam papers are set and administered nationally through

1620-704: Is "esikoulu" (literally 'preschool'), which used to be optional, but has been compulsory since the beginning of year 2015. Children attend esikoulu the year they turn six, and next year they start attending "peruskoulu" (literally "basic school", corresponds to American elementary school, middle school and junior high), which is compulsory. Peruskoulu is divided to "alakoulu" (years 1 through 6) and "yläkoulu" (years 7 through 9). After compulsory education most children attend second-level education (toisen asteen koulutus), either lukio (corresponds to high school) or ammattioppilaitos (Vocational School), at which point they are called students (opiskelija). Some attend "kymppiluokka", which

1701-504: Is 3 years except Engineering (BTech or BE), Pharmacy (B.pharm), Bsc agriculture which are 4-year degree course, Architecture (B.Arch.) which is a 5-year degree course, M.Sc. (5-year Integrated courses) and Medical (MBBS) which consists of a 4.5-year degree course and a 1-year internship, so 5.5 years in total. In Nepal 12-year school is categorised in two stages: Primary school ( Grade 1 to Grade 8 ) and Higher Secondary school ( Grade 9 to Grade 12 ). For college it averages four years for

SECTION 20

#1732855706747

1782-445: Is a retake on some yläkoulu's education. To attend ammattikorkeakoulu (University of applied sciences) or a university a student must have a second-level education. The recommended graduation time is five years. First year students are called "fuksi" and students that have studied more than five years are called "N:nnen vuoden opiskelija" (Nth year student). The generic term " étudiant " (lit. student) applies only to someone attending

1863-486: Is believed to be always entrusted to the ācāryas . An established parampara is often called sampradāya , or school of thought. For example, in Vaishnavism a number of sampradayas are developed following a single teacher, or an acharya . While some argue for freedom of interpretation others maintain that "Although an ācārya speaks according to the time and circumstance in which he appears, he upholds

1944-400: Is called ta studenten (literally "to take the student"), but after the graduation festivities, the graduate is no longer a student unless he or she enrolls at university-level education. At lower levels, the word elev (plural elever ) is used. As a general term for all stages of education, the word studerande (plural also studerande ) is used, meaning 'studying [person]'. Traditionally,

2025-481: Is compulsory in Bangladesh . It is a near crime to not to send children to primary school when they are of age, but it is not a punishable crime. Sending children to work instead of school is a crime, however. Because of the socio-economic state of Bangladesh, child labour is sometimes legal, but the guardian must ensure the primary education of the child. Anyone who is learning in any institute or even online may be called

2106-682: Is conducted every year by National Organization of Education Assessment, an organization under the supervision of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology which is in charge of universities in Iran. Members of the Baháʼí Faith , a much-persecuted minority, are officially forbidden to attend university, in order to prevent members of the faith becoming doctors, lawyers or other professionals; however, Muslim, Christian, Jewish, and Zoroastrian people are allowed entry to universities. In Australia , Pre-school

2187-470: Is defined as redirection of a therapist's feelings toward a patient, or more generally, as a therapist's emotional entanglement with a patient. A therapist's attunement to their own countertransference is nearly as critical as understanding the transference. Not only does this help therapists regulate their emotions in the therapeutic relationship , but it also gives therapists valuable insight into what patients are attempting to elicit from them. For example,

2268-571: Is divided into two part: junior and senior high school. In senior high school, students can choose between the following six fields: Mathematics and physics, Science, Humanities, Islamic science, Vocational, or Work and Knowledge. After graduating from high school, students acquire a diploma. Having a diploma, a student can participate in the Iranian University Entrance Exam or Konkoor in different fields of Mathematics, Science, Humanities, languages, and art. The university entrance exam

2349-479: Is equated with that of a child in the womb of mother. Rob Preece, in The Wisdom of Imperfection, writes that while the teacher/disciple relationship can be an invaluable and fruitful experience, the process of relating to spiritual teachers also has its hazards. As other authors had done before him, Preece mentions the notion of transference to explain the manner in which the guru/disciple relationship develops from

2430-639: Is free for all students who study in Primary School, Secondary School or High School. After basic education, students can opt to take a bachelor's (undergraduate) degree at a higher education institution (i.e. a college or university), which normally lasts for four years, though the length of some courses may be longer or shorter depending on the institution. In India school is categorized in these stages: Pre-primary (Nursery, Lower Kindergarten or LKG, Upper Kindergarten or UKG), Primary (Class 1–5), Secondary (6–10) and Higher Secondary (11–12). For undergraduate it

2511-573: Is mostly determined by the course of study. Some courses have longer study lengths than others. Those in primary school are often referred to as pupils. Those in university, as well as those in secondary school, are referred to as students. The Nigerian system of education also has other recognized categories like the polytechnics and colleges of education. The Polytechnic gives out National Diploma and Higher National Diploma certifications after two years and/or four years of study respectively. A higher National Diploma (also known as HND) can be obtained in

Guru–shishya tradition - Misplaced Pages Continue

2592-518: Is now known as "year 7". They go up to year 11 (formerly "fifth form") and then join the sixth form, either at the same school or at a separate sixth form college . A pupil entering a private, fee-paying school (usually at age 13) would join the "third form" – equivalent to year 9. Many schools have an alternate name for first years, some with a derogatory basis, but in others acting merely as a description – for example "shells" (non-derogatory) or "grubs" (derogatory). In Northern Ireland and Scotland, it

2673-467: Is offered in classical Adlerian psychotherapy . Rather than using the patient's transference strategically in therapy, the positive or negative transference is diplomatically pointed out and explained as an obstacle to cooperation and improvement. For the therapist, any signs of countertransference would suggest that his or her own personal training analysis needs to be continued to overcome these tendencies. Andrea Celenza noted in 2010 that "the use of

2754-638: Is optional for three and four year olds. At age five, children begin compulsory education at Primary School, known as Kindergarten in New South Wales , Preparatory School (prep) in Victoria , and Reception in South Australia , students then continue to year one through six (ages 6 to 12). Before 2014, primary school continued on to year seven in Western Australia , South Australia and Queensland . However,

2835-411: Is placed upon praising the virtues of the guru. Tantric teachings include generating visualisations of the guru and making offerings praising the guru. The guru becomes known as the vajra (figuratively "diamond") guru, the one who is the source of initiation into the tantric deity. The disciple is asked to enter into a series of vows and commitments that ensure the maintenance of the spiritual link with

2916-530: Is primarily within the constitutional jurisdiction of the provinces . The overall school curricula are overseen by the provincial and territorial governments, therefore the way educational stages are grouped and named can differ. Education is generally divided into primary, secondary and post-secondary stages. Primary and secondary education are generally divided into annual grades from 1 to 12, although grade 1 may be preceded by one or two years of kindergarten (which may be optional). Specifically, Ontario, Quebec and

2997-490: Is the choice of the individual pupil to decide to continue in school and (in Northern Ireland) do AS levels (known as "lower sixth") and then the next year to do A levels (known as "upper sixth"). In Scotland, students aged 16–18 take Highers, followed by Advanced Highers. Alternatively, pupils can leave and go into full-time employment or to start in a technical college. Large increases in the size of student populations in

3078-404: Is unconsciously subverted into love and sexual attraction. Transference will appear in the full speech that occurs during free association , revealing the inverse of the subject's past, within the here and now, and the analyst will hear which of the four discourses the subject's desire has been metonymically shifted to, beyond the ego, leading to a dystonic form of resistance . In

3159-565: Is very similar but with some differences. Pupils start off in nursery or reception aged 3 to 4, and then start primary school in "P1" (P standing for primary) or year 1. They then continue primary school until "P7" or year 7. After that they start secondary school at 11 years old, this is called "1st year" or year 8 in Northern Ireland, or "S1" in Scotland. They continue secondary school until the age of 16 at "5th year", year 12 or "S5", and then it

3240-463: The Abitur are called Abiturienten . In Ireland , pupils officially start with primary school which consists of eight years: junior infants, senior infants, first class to sixth class (ages 5–11). After primary school, pupils proceed to the secondary school level. Here they first enter the junior cycle, which consists of first year to third year (ages 11–14). At the end of third year, all students must sit

3321-494: The Leaving Certificate . The Leaving Cert. is the basis for all Irish pupils who wish to do so to advance to higher education via a points system. A maximum of 625 points can be achieved. All higher education courses have a minimum of points needed for admission. At Trinity College Dublin under-graduate students are formally called "junior freshmen", "senior freshmen", "junior sophister" or "senior sophister", according to

Guru–shishya tradition - Misplaced Pages Continue

3402-540: The Theravada Buddhist tradition, the teacher is a valued and honoured mentor worthy of great respect and a source of inspiration on the path to Enlightenment . In the Tibetan tradition , however, the teacher is viewed as the very root of spiritual realization and the basis of the entire path. Without the teacher, it is asserted, there can be no experience or insight. The guru is seen as Buddha . In Tibetan texts, emphasis

3483-567: The Vedas and Vedangas . The pupil is also taught the Prayoga to perform yajnas . The term of stay varies ( Manu Smriti says the term may be 12 years, 36 years or 48 years). After the stay at the Gurukul the brahmachari returns home after performing a ceremony called samavartana . The word Śrauta is derived from the word Śruti meaning that which is heard. The Śrauta tradition is a purely oral handing down of

3564-462: The classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles attended. In Germany , the German cognate term Student (male) or "Studentin" (female) is reserved for those attending a university. University students in their first year are called Erstsemester or colloquially Ersties ("firsties"). Different terms for school students exist, depending on which kind of school is attended by the student. The general term for

3645-441: The goliardic initiation traditions the grades granted (following approximately the year of enrollment at university) are: matricola (freshman), fagiolo (sophomore), colonna (junior), and anziano (senior), but most of the distinctions are rarely used outside Goliardia. In Sweden , only those studying at university level are called students ( student , plural studenter ). To graduate from upper secondary school ( gymnasium )

3726-452: The integrated program , such as River Valley High School (Singapore) , which means they stay in the same school from Secondary 1 to Junior College 2, without having to take the "O" level examinations which most students take at the end of secondary school. International schools are subject to overseas curriculums, such as the British, American, Canadian or Australian Boards. Primary education

3807-517: The 3-term government or public schools and 4-term private schools are not rare. Six years of primary school education in Singapore are compulsory. Primary 1 to 3 (aged 7–9 respectively, Lower primary) Primary 4 to 6 (aged 10–12 respectively, Upper primary) Sec 1s are 13, and Sec 4s are 16. Express Students take secondary school from Sec 1 to 4, and Normal Acad and Technical will take secondary school from Sec 1 to 5. There are also schools which have

3888-568: The IEB exams is largely attributable to their attending private, better-resourced schools with the much lower teacher: learner ratios and class sizes rather than because of fundamental differences in assessment or learning content). A school year for the majority of schools in South Africa runs from January to December, with holidays dividing the year into terms. Most public or government schools are 4-term schools and most private schools are 3-term school, but

3969-748: The Intermediate Phase (grades 4–6), the Senior Phase (grades 7–9), and the Further Education and Training or FET Phase (grades 10–12). However, because this division is newer than most schools in the country, in practice, learners progress through three different types of school: Primary school (grades 1–3), Junior school (grades 4–7), and High school (grades 8–12). After the FET phase, learners who pursue further studies typically take three or four years to obtain an undergraduate degree or one or two years to achieve

4050-534: The National Department of Basic Education for government schools, while many (but not all) private school Matrics sit for exams set by the Independent Education Board (IEB), which operates with semi-autonomy under the requirements of Umalusi. (The assessment and learning requirements of both IEB and National exams are of roughly the same standard. The perceived better performance of learners within

4131-723: The Northwest Territories offer junior then senior kindergarten (in French, either pre-maternelle then maternelle , or maternelle then jardin d'enfants ). Education in Ontario from 1988 involved an Ontario Academic Credit (OAC) after grade 12 primarily as university preparation, but that was phased out in 2003. The OAC was informally known as "grade 13" (which it had replaced). All provinces and territories except Quebec now have 12 grades. Education in Quebec differs from

SECTION 50

#1732855706747

4212-493: The Sankara Saranam movement. Between these two there are many variations in degree and form of authority. Advaita Vedānta requires anyone seeking to study Advaita Vedānta to do so from a guru ( teacher ). The guru must have the following qualities: The seeker must serve the guru and submit his questions with all humility so that doubt may be removed. According to Advaita, the seeker will be able to attain liberation from

4293-603: The UK and the effect this has had on some university towns or on areas of cities located near universities have become a concern in the UK since 2000. A report by Universities UK, Studentification: A Guide to Opportunities, Challenges and Practice (2006) has explored the subject and made various recommendations. A particular problem in many locations is seen as the impact of students on the availability, quality and price of rented and owner-occupied property. Education in Canada (a federal state)

4374-461: The Vedas, but many modern Vedic scholars make use of books as a teaching tool. The guru passes his knowledge to his disciples by virtue of the fact that his purified consciousness enters into the selves of his disciples and communicates its particular characteristic. In this process the disciple is made part of the spiritual family ( kula ) - a family which is not based on blood relations but on people of

4455-520: The area for that specific year group. Then Year Seven and Year Eight are Intermediate, and from Year Nine until Year Thirteen, a student would attend a secondary school or a college. Europe uses the traditional, first form, second form, third form, fourth form, fifth form and six form grade system which is up to age eleven. In Finland a student is called "opiskelija" (plural being 'opiskelijat'), though children in compulsory education are called "oppilas" (plural being 'oppilaat'). First level of education

4536-497: The cycle of births and deaths ( moksha ). The guru–shishya tradition plays an important part in the Shruti tradition of Vaidika dharma . The Hindus believe that the Vedas have been handed down through the ages from guru to shishya . The Vedas themselves prescribe for a young brahmachari to be sent to a Gurukul where the Guru (referred to also as acharya ) teaches the pupil

4617-403: The elementary level, particularly in public schools. Secondary level or high school comprises two major divisions: grades 7 to 10 will be collectively referred to as 'junior high school', whereas grades 11 to 12 will be collectively referred to as 'senior high school'. The Department of Education refers to learners in grade 7 and above as students . After basic education, students can opt to take

4698-450: The high school (known as academy or secondary school ) years can be referred to simply as first, second, third and fourth year . Some areas call it by grade such as grade 10, grade 11 and grade 12. Transference Transference ( German : Übertragung ) is a phenomenon within psychotherapy in which repetitions of old feelings , attitudes , desires , or fantasies that someone displaces are subconsciously projected onto

4779-606: The instructions may be sought by kings. In the Vedas , the knowledge of Brahman ( brahmavidya ) is communicated from guru to shishya by oral lore . Traditionally the word used for a succession of teachers and disciples in ancient Indian culture is parampara ( paramparā in IAST ). In the parampara system, knowledge (in any field) is believed to be passed down through successive generations. The Sanskrit word figuratively means "an uninterrupted series or succession". Sometimes defined as "the passing down of Vedic knowledge", it

4860-418: The level of the submission of the will of the shishya to the will of God or the guru is sometimes extreme, and is often coupled with an attitude of personal helplessness, self-effacement and resignation. This doctrine is perhaps best expressed in the teachings of the four Samayacharya saints, who shared a profound and mystical love of Siva expressed by: In its most extreme form it sometimes includes: Often

4941-475: The new person has traits similar to the person previously known. This perspective has generated a wealth of research that illuminated how people tend to repeat relationship patterns from the past in the present. Sigmund Freud held that transference plays a large role in male homosexuality. In The Ego and the Id , he claimed that eroticism between males can be an outcome of a "[psychically] non-economic" hostility, which

SECTION 60

#1732855706747

5022-535: The original conclusion, or siddhānta , of the Vedic literature." This parampara ensures continuity of sampradaya , transmission of dharma , knowledge and skills. Akhara is a place of practice with facilities for boarding, lodging and training, both in the context of Indian martial artists or a Sampradaya monastery for religious renunciates. For example, in the context of the Dashanami Sampradaya sect,

5103-1157: The other jurisdictions in that it has an école primaire ("primary school") consisting of grades 1–6 and an école secondaire ("secondary school") consisting of secondaries I–V, equivalent to grades 7–11. A student graduating from école secondaire then either completes a three-year college program or a two-year pre-university program required before attending university. In some English-language écoles secondaire and most French-language écoles secondaire , students refer to secondaries I–V as years one through five. This can be confusing for those outside of Quebec, especially out of context. In some provinces, grades 1 through 5 are called "elementary school", grades 6 to 8 are called "middle school" or "junior high school", and grades 9 to 12 are considered high school. Other provinces, such as British Columbia, mainly divide schooling into elementary school (Kindergarten to grade 7) and secondary school (grades 8 through 12). In Alberta and Nova Scotia, elementary consists of kindergarten through grade 6. Junior high consists of Grades 7–9. High school consists of Grades 10–12. In English provinces,

5184-410: The potential for great danger. "In giving this power over to someone else they have a certain hold and influence over us it is hard to resist, while we become enthralled or spellbound by the power of the archetype " . There is a variation in the level of authority that may be granted to the guru. The highest is that found in bhakti yoga , and the lowest is in the pranayama forms of yoga, such as

5265-524: The prospective students leading to higher qualifications, such as bachelor's degree . It takes six and five years to complete the primary and secondary levels respectively. Upon completing these two crucial stages, students/pupils have freedom to progress to sixth-form centers, colleges or probably straight to employment. Students are permitted to progress towards university level programs in both government and private university colleges. Education in Cambodia

5346-438: The qualities of a Bodhisattva . A guru is regarded as one which has not only mastered the words of the tradition, but one that with which the student has an intense personal relationship; thus, devotion is seen as the proper attitude toward the guru. The Dalai Lama , speaking of the importance of the guru, said: "Rely on the teachings to evaluate a guru: Do not have blind faith, but also no blind criticism." He also observed that

5427-426: The same guruparamaparya (lineage), while other paramparas might allow multiple simultaneous gurus at a time. Gurunath is a form of salutation to revere the guru as god. In paramapara, not only is the immediate guru revered, the three preceding gurus are also worshipped or revered. These are known variously as the kala-guru or as the "four gurus" and are designated as follows: The relation of Guru and Shishya

5508-473: The same knowledge. The best known form of the guru–shishya relationship is that of bhakti . Bhakti (devotion) means surrender to God or guru. Bhakti extends from the simplest expression of devotion to the ego-destroying principle of prapatti , which is total surrender. The bhakti form of the guru–shishya relationship generally incorporates three primary beliefs or practices: In the ego-destroying principle of prapatti (Sanskrit, "Throwing oneself down"),

5589-463: The scripture Adi granth is considered to be last Guru hence the book is worshiped as like human Guru. Various sampradayas (denominations) and their parampara (lineage) are as follows: Student This is an accepted version of this page A student is a person enrolled in a school or other educational institution . In the United Kingdom and most commonwealth countries ,

5670-416: The start of a new year is called " Freshers' Week " or "Welcome Week", with a programme of special events to welcome new students. An undergraduate in the last year of study before graduation is generally known as a "finalist". In Italian, a matricola is a first-year student. Some other terms may apply in specific schools, some depending on the liceo classico or liceo scientifico attended. According to

5751-553: The state governments agreed that by 2014, all primary schooling will complete at year six. Students attend High School in year seven through twelve (ages 13 – 18). After year twelve, students may attend tertiary education at university or vocational training at TAFE ( Technical and Further Education ). In New Zealand , after kindergarten or pre-school, which is attended from ages three to five, children begin primary school, 'Year One', at five years of age. Years One to Six are Primary School, where children commonly attend local schools in

5832-419: The tension of the opposites without abandoning the process, and that this tension allows one to grow and to transform. Only in a personally or socially harmful context can transference be described as a pathological issue. A modern, social-cognitive perspective on transference explains how it can occur in everyday life. When people meet a new person who reminds them of someone else, they unconsciously infer that

5913-453: The term "student" is reserved for people studying at university level in the United Kingdom . At universities in the UK, the term "fresher" is used informally to describe new students who are just beginning their first year. Although it is not unusual to call someone a fresher after their first few weeks at university, they are typically referred to as "first years" or "first year students". The ancient Scottish University of St Andrews uses

5994-466: The term 'living Buddha' is a translation of the Chinese words huo fuo . In Indic religions namely Jainism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism selfless service to Guru, accepting and following all his/her orders carries very significant and valued part of relationship of Shishya (disciple) with his/her Guru. Orders of Guru are referred as Guru Agya/Adnya/Hukam, Service of Guru is referred as Guru Seva. In Sikhism ,

6075-639: The terms "bejant" for a first year (from the French " bec-jaune " – "yellow beak", "fledgling"). Second years are called "semi-bejants", third years are known as "tertians", and fourth years, or others in their final year of study, are called "magistrands". In England and Wales , primary school begins with an optional "nursery" year (either in a primary school or a privately run nursery,) followed by reception and then move on to "year one, year two" and so on until "year six" (all in primary school.) In state schools, children join secondary school when they are 11–12 years old in what used to be called "first form" and

6156-398: The therapist and patient recognizing the transference relationship and exploring the relationship's meaning. Since the transference between patient and therapist happens on an unconscious level, psychodynamic therapists who are largely concerned with a patient's unconscious material use the transference to reveal unresolved conflicts patients have with childhood figures. Countertransference

6237-527: The traditional residential form of education, the shishya remains with his or her guru as a family member and gets the education as a true learner. In the early oral traditions of the Upanishads , the guru–shishya relationship had evolved into a fundamental component of Hinduism. The term "Upanishad" derives from the Sanskrit words "upa" (near), "ni" (down) and "ṣad" (to sit) — so it means "sitting down near"

6318-402: The understanding that to break this link is a serious downfall. In Vajrayana ( tantric Buddhism) as the guru is perceived as the way itself. The guru is not an individual who initiates a person, but the person's own Buddha-nature reflected in the personality of the guru. In return, the disciple is expected to show great devotion to his or her guru, who he or she regards as one who possesses

6399-460: The word denotes both martial arts and religious monastic aspects of the trident wielding martial regiment of renunciate sadhus . Within the broad spectrum of the Indian religions, the guru–shishya relationship can be found in numerous variant forms including tantra . Some common elements in this relationship include: In some paramparas there is never more than one active master at the same time in

6480-447: The year they have reached in the typical four year degree course. Sophister is another term for a sophomore , though the term is rarely used in other institutions and is largely limited to Trinity College Dublin. At university, the term "fresher" is used to describe new students who are just beginning their first year. The term, "first year" is the more commonly used and connotation-free term for students in their first year. The week at

6561-469: Was encountering patient resistance, as he recognized the phenomenon when a patient refused to participate in a session of free association . But what he learned was that the analysis of the transference was actually the work that needed to be done: "the transference, which, whether affectionate or hostile, seemed in every case to constitute the greatest threat to the treatment, becomes its best tool". The focus in psychodynamic psychotherapy is, in large part,

#746253