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25-532: Paradox Valley is a basin located in western Montrose County in the U.S. state of Colorado . The dry, sparsely populated valley is named after the apparently paradoxical course of the Dolores River —instead of flowing down the length of the valley, the river cuts across the middle and through the sheer walls of large mesas on either side. The valley is the site of a Bureau of Reclamation salinity -control project which has caused thousands of earthquakes, and

50-469: A salt dome . The salt may not have actually been exposed on the surface, but groundwater entering the top of the dome dissolved the underlying salt beds, allowing the center to collapse, forming what is today Paradox Valley. This process took place over about 150 million years, a long enough time for the Dolores River to downcut into the land and maintain its ancient course . The same process also created

75-543: A high-pressure injection well , where it is deposited 14,000 to 16,000 feet (4,300 to 4,900 m) deep into Precambrian and Paleozoic rocks. A 2001 study found that the total salt reaching the Dolores had declined by about 90%, although this may have been the result of a period of low precipitation during the measurement period. As of 2009, the PVU removes about 113,000 tons of salt annually from Paradox Valley. The injection well of

100-423: Is a collapsed anticline , a type of geological fold . About 300 million years ago, during the middle Pennsylvanian period, when the Dolores River was already in existence, high pressures on lands to the northeast caused underlying salt deposits to flow towards where the valley is today. The salt encountered a buried fault-block ridge and was deflected upwards, penetrating the overlying rock strata and forming

125-538: Is commonly associated with calcite , halite , and sulfides such as galena , chalcopyrite , molybdenite , and pyrite in vein deposits. Anhydrite is most frequently found in evaporite deposits with gypsum; it was, for instance, first discovered in 1794 in a salt mine near Hall in Tirol . In this occurrence, depth is critical since nearer the surface anhydrite has been altered to gypsum by absorption of circulating ground water. From an aqueous solution , calcium sulfate

150-405: Is deposited as crystals of gypsum, but when the solution contains an excess of sodium or potassium chloride , anhydrite is deposited if the temperature is above 40 °C (104 °F). This is one method by which the mineral has been prepared artificially and is identical with its mode of origin in nature. The mineral is common in salt basins . Anhydrite occurs in a tidal flat environment in

175-430: Is generally left as a cap at the top of the salt when the halite is removed by pore waters. The typical cap rock is a salt, topped by a layer of anhydrite, topped by patches of gypsum, topped by a layer of calcite. Interaction of anhydrite with hydrocarbons at high temperature in oil fields can reduce sulfate ( SO 4 ) into hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) with a concomitant precipitation of calcite . The process

200-439: Is known as thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR). Anhydrite has been found in some igneous rocks , for example in the intrusive dioritic pluton of El Teniente, Chile and in trachyandesite pumice erupted by El Chichón volcano, Mexico. The name anhydrite was given by A. G. Werner in 1804, because of the absence of water of crystallization, as contrasted with the presence of water in gypsum. Some obsolete names for

225-591: Is referred to by the trade name angelite . The Catalyst Science Discovery Centre in Widnes, England , has a relief carving of an anhydrite kiln, made from a piece of anhydrite, for the United Sulphuric Acid Corporation . Extensive structural damage in the German city of Staufen im Breisgau has occurred since a 2007 geothermal drilling project allowed subsurface water to invade a layer of anhydrite below

250-493: Is the proposed location of a new uranium mill which would be the first built in the United States in over 25 years. Paradox Valley trends northwest-southeast and measures about 3 to 5 miles (5 to 8 km) wide and 25 miles (40 km) long. It lies along the extreme western edge of Colorado , close to the border with Utah , about 50 miles (80 km) south of the city of Grand Junction . The La Sal Range rises just to

275-479: The Persian Gulf sabkhas as massive diagenetic replacement nodules . Cross sections of these nodular masses have a netted appearance and have been referred to as chicken-wire anhydrite . Nodular anhydrite occurs as replacement of gypsum in a variety of sedimentary depositional environments. Massive amounts of anhydrite occur when salt domes form a caprock . Anhydrite is 1–3% of the minerals in salt domes and

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300-627: The Moab Valley ( Spanish Valley ) to the west, itself cut crosswise in a similar fashion by the Colorado River . The Paradox Formation , a geological formation containing salt , gypsum , anhydrite , shale , sandstone , and limestone , is named after exposures found in Paradox Valley. The Paradox Basin , a geologic province throughout which the Paradox Formation is found, also bears

325-485: The Paradox Valley Unit has induced thousands of earthquakes , including at least 4,000 prior to the year 2001. Most were below the threshold of human detection, but at least 15 have been over 2.5 in magnitude , the largest being a 4.3 magnitude quake on May 27, 2000. The PVU suspended operations for 28 days following this quake, but later resumed injections at a lower rate. Further earthquakes have been linked with

350-433: The best developed of the three cleavages, the lustre is pearly; on other surfaces it is glassy. When exposed to water, anhydrite readily transforms to the more commonly occurring gypsum , (CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O) by the absorption of water. This transformation is reversible, with gypsum or calcium sulfate hemihydrate forming anhydrite by heating to around 200 °C (400 °F) under normal atmospheric conditions. Anhydrite

375-516: The land to settlement. Springs and streams allowed farming in the northwest end of the valley, and the mid-1890s discovery of copper at the future site of the Cashin Mine near the town of Bedrock brought in a further influx of settlers. The valley and the surrounding plateau soon also became an important source of radioactive materials, including radium and uranium . In 1913, The New York Times identified carnotite mines near Paradox Valley as

400-561: The name of the valley. Paradox Valley was within the historical domain of the Ute tribe . An 1868 treaty created a reservation for the Utes over much of western Colorado, including Paradox Valley. Squatters began grazing cattle in the valley as early as 1877, in violation of the treaty. By 1881, the Utes had been forced out of the area, and in 1882 the United States Congress officially opened

425-574: The northwest in Utah. State Highway 90 follows Paradox Valley on its way from Naturita to the Utah state line, crossing the Dolores River Bridge near the small unincorporated town of Bedrock . The town of Paradox lies a few miles north of the highway. Elevations on the valley floor range from about 5,000 feet (1,500 m) at the Dolores River to nearly 6,000 feet (1,800 m) at the southeast end. Steep parallel sandstone and shale walls bound

450-487: The operation, including a 3.9 magnitude quake in 2004. In 2009 Energy Fuels Resources Corporation, a subsidiary of Toronto -based Energy Fuels Incorporated, proposed the construction of a uranium mill in the southeast end of Paradox Valley. Called the Piñon Ridge Mill, it would have been capable of processing 500 tons of uranium ore per day. Legal action tied up the project for many years, and as of September 2020

475-872: The opposite wall. As a consequence of this unusual geography, the valley cannot be easily irrigated by the Dolores River, but springs and streams fed by snowmelt from the La Sal Range support farming in the northwestern third of the valley. Near the center of the valley, the town of Bedrock experiences average highs ranging from 45 °F (7 °C) in December to 96 °F (36 °C) in July. Average lows range from 13 °F (−11 °C) in December to 54 °F (12 °C) in July. An average of 11 inches (28 cm) of precipitation, including 9 inches (23 cm) of snow, fall annually at Bedrock. The apparent paradox of Paradox Valley can be explained by salt tectonics . The valley

500-421: The project appears to have died. Depression (geology) Erosion -related: Collapse-related: Impact-related: Sedimentary-related: Structural or tectonic-related: Volcanism-related: Anhydrite Anhydrite , or anhydrous calcium sulfate , is a mineral with the chemical formula CaSO 4 . It is in the orthorhombic crystal system, with three directions of perfect cleavage parallel to

525-527: The source of "the greatest radium ore deposits in the world". Production of radium ceased in 1922 when richer deposits were found in the Belgian Congo , but production of uranium and vanadium continued throughout most of the century. Near-surface salt beds up to 14,000 feet (4,300 m) thick still underlie Paradox Valley. The Dolores River, a tributary of the Colorado River , naturally picks up about 100,000-200,000 tons of salt annually on its way through

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550-489: The species are muriacite and karstenite; the former, an earlier name, being given under the impression that the substance was a chloride (muriate). A peculiar variety occurring as contorted concretionary masses is known as tripe-stone, and a scaly granular variety, from Volpino , near Bergamo , in Lombardy , as vulpinite; the latter is cut and polished for ornamental purposes. A semi-transparent light blue-grey variety from Peru

575-421: The three planes of symmetry . It is not isomorphous with the orthorhombic barium ( baryte ) and strontium ( celestine ) sulfates, as might be expected from the chemical formulas. Distinctly developed crystals are somewhat rare, the mineral usually presenting the form of cleavage masses. The Mohs hardness is 3.5, and the specific gravity is 2.9. The color is white, sometimes greyish, bluish, or purple. On

600-420: The valley to the northeast and southwest. The valley was named in 1875 by geologist and surveyor Albert Charles Peale after he noted that the Dolores River had a "desire to perform strange and unexpected things" in the area. Instead of flowing down the valley's thalweg , the river emerges from a narrow gap in one wall, cuts perpendicularly across the mostly level valley floor, and exits through another gap in

625-561: The valley. In the 1980s, the United States Bureau of Reclamation began construction of a pumping facility known as the Paradox Valley Unit. The PVU, a part of the wider Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Project , became fully operational in 1996 and collects saline groundwater from 12 shallow wells along the Dolores River. The system then dilutes the brine with water and a corrosion inhibitor and transports it to

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