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42-764: Since the 17th century, the papal apartments have been the official residence of the pope in his religious capacity (as supreme pontiff ). Prior to 1870, the pope's official residence in his temporal capacity (as sovereign of the Papal States ) was the Quirinal Palace , which is now the official residence of the president of the Italian Republic . The papal apartments are referred to in Italian by several terms, including appartamento nobile and appartamento pontificio . The apartments include about ten rooms including

84-500: A head of state , head of government , governor , or other senior figures), and may be the same place where the office holder conducts their work functions or lives. The provinces of Ontario and Quebec no longer have official residences for their lieutenant governors , but do provide them with accommodations; in the case of Ontario, only if necessary. There is a Government House in Regina, Saskatchewan , though it does not serve as

126-452: A recreation room . In traditional agriculture-oriented societies, domestic animals such as chickens or larger livestock (like cattle) may share part of the house with humans. The social unit that lives in a house is known as a household . Most commonly, a household is a family unit of some kind, although households may also have other social groups , such as roommates or, in a rooming house , unconnected individuals, that typically use

168-405: A vestibule , a small studio office for the papal secretary, the pope's private study , the pope's bedroom in the corner of the building, a medical suite (which includes dental equipment and equipment for emergency surgery ), a dining room , a small living room , and the kitchen . There is a roof garden and staff quarters for the housekeepers. It is from the window of his small study that

210-885: A foundation. The garbage-sand mixture is also used to protect the house from flooding. In the United States, modern house construction techniques include light-frame construction (in areas with access to supplies of wood) and adobe or sometimes rammed-earth construction (in arid regions with scarce wood-resources). Some areas use brick almost exclusively, and quarried stone has long provided foundations and walls. To some extent, aluminum and steel have displaced some traditional building materials . Increasingly popular alternative construction materials include insulating concrete forms (foam forms filled with concrete), structural insulated panels (foam panels faced with oriented strand board or fiber cement), light-gauge steel , and steel framing . More generally, people often build houses out of

252-521: A house as their home . Some houses only have a dwelling space for one family or similar-sized group; larger houses called townhouses or row houses may contain numerous family dwellings in the same structure. A house may be accompanied by outbuildings, such as a garage for vehicles or a shed for gardening equipment and tools. A house may have a backyard , a front yard or both, which serve as additional areas where inhabitants can relax, eat, or exercise. The English word house derives directly from

294-400: A living/eating area, a sleeping area, and (if suitable facilities and services exist) separate or combined washing and lavatory areas. Some larger properties may also feature rooms such as a spa room, indoor pool, indoor basketball court, and other 'non-essential' facilities. In traditional agriculture-oriented societies, domestic animals such as chickens or larger livestock often share part of

336-445: A residence, containing only the lieutenant governor 's offices. Alberta also has a Government House , but it is used solely for official entertaining and meetings. French Polynesia The following are official residences maintained by private, nongovernmental institutions: Federal States Brandenburg / Prussia / Imperial / East Germany / Former West Germany Other Presidential Palace * In every state of

378-435: A result, the "private becomes ever more public, [and] the desire for a protective home life increases, fuelled by the very media that undermine it," writes Jonathan Hill . Work has been altered by the increase of communications. The "deluge of information" has expressed the efforts of work conveniently gaining access inside the house. Although commuting is reduced, the desire to separate working and living remains apparent. On

420-465: A vast and elaborate house may serve as a sign of conspicuous wealth whereas a low-profile house built of recycled materials may indicate support of energy conservation. Houses of particular historical significance (former residences of the famous, for example, or even just very old houses) may gain a protected status in town planning as examples of built heritage or of streetscape. Commemorative plaques may mark such structures. Home ownership provides

462-440: Is a single-unit residential building . It may range in complexity from a rudimentary hut to a complex structure of wood , masonry , concrete or other material, outfitted with plumbing , electrical, and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems. Houses use a range of different roofing systems to keep precipitation such as rain from getting into the dwelling space. Houses generally have doors or locks to secure

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504-507: Is the official summer residence. Three of the last five popes, John XXIII , John Paul I , and John Paul II , died in the papal apartments; the fourth, Paul VI , died at Castel Gandolfo, whilst the fifth, Benedict XVI , after retiring, lived briefly in Castel Gandolfo before moving into his new residence within the Vatican. However, Pope Francis , after his election, declined to stay in

546-479: The 17th Century Dutch house was smaller, and was only inhabited by up to four to five members. This was because they embraced "self-reliance" in contrast to the dependence on servants, and a design for a lifestyle centered on the family. It was important for the Dutch to separate work from domesticity, as the home became an escape and a place of comfort . This way of living and the home has been noted as highly similar to

588-570: The autonomous buildings , the super insulated houses and houses built to the Passivhaus standard. Buildings with historical importance have legal restrictions. New houses in the UK are not covered by the Sale of Goods Act . When purchasing a new house, the buyer has different legal protection than when buying other products. New houses in the UK are covered by a National House Building Council guarantee. With

630-538: The contemporary family and their dwellings. By the end of the 17th century, the house layout was transformed to become employment-free, enforcing these ideas for the future. This came in favour for the Industrial Revolution , gaining large-scale factory production and workers. The house layout of the Dutch and its functions are still relevant today. In the American context, some professions, such as doctors, in

672-572: The 19th and early 20th century typically operated out of the front room or parlor or had a two-room office on their property, which was detached from the house. By the mid 20th century, the increase in high-tech equipment created a marked shift whereby the contemporary doctor typically worked from an office or hospital . Technology and electronic systems has caused privacy issues and issues with segregating personal life from remote work . Technological advances of surveillance and communications allow insight of personal habits and private lives. As

714-465: The 21st century in Detroit and New York City , although as of 2016 the mayors of both cities live in the official residences. In the case of Denver , no mayor has ever lived in the official residence; the city instead makes it available to certain non-profit groups for special functions. The following are official residences maintained by private, nongovernmental institutions: House A house

756-603: The Greek letter, before it was used by the Romans. Beit in Arabic means house, while in Maltese bejt refers to the roof of the house. Ideally, architects of houses design rooms to meet the needs of the people who will live in the house. Feng shui , originally a Chinese method of moving houses according to such factors as rain and micro-climates, has recently expanded its scope to address

798-604: The Mexico the Palacio de Gobierno , or Government Palace, was the official residence the governor, they are now maintained solely as the relevant governor's offices. Querétaro Former residence Official estates of the Swiss Federal Council : Some mayors in cities with an official mayor's residence choose instead to reside at their private residence, using the official residence for official functions only. This has occurred in

840-469: The Old English word hus, meaning "dwelling, shelter, home, house," which in turn derives from Proto-Germanic husan (reconstructed by etymological analysis) which is of unknown origin. The term house itself gave rise to the letter 'B' through an early Proto-Semitic hieroglyphic symbol depicting a house. The symbol was called "bayt", "bet" or "beth" in various related languages, and became beta ,

882-513: The Vatican announced that the Palace of Castel Gandolfo would now open to the general public as part of a museum. The palace was the final part of the papal apartments to open to the public over a two-year period. 41°54′13″N 012°27′23″E  /  41.90361°N 12.45639°E  / 41.90361; 12.45639 Official residence An official residence is a residence designated by an authority and assigned to an official (such as

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924-466: The construction process. They include: In the developed world, energy-conservation has grown in importance in house design. Housing produces a major proportion of carbon emissions (studies have shown that it is 30% of the total in the United Kingdom ). Development of a number of low-energy building types and techniques continues. They include the zero-energy house , the passive solar house ,

966-410: The design of interior spaces, with a view to promoting harmonious effects on the people living inside the house, although no actual effect has ever been demonstrated. Feng shui can also mean the "aura" in or around a dwelling, making it comparable to the real estate sales concept of "indoor-outdoor flow". The square footage of a house in the United States reports the area of "living space", excluding

1008-515: The dwelling space and protect its inhabitants and contents from burglars or other trespassers. Most conventional modern houses in Western cultures will contain one or more bedrooms and bathrooms , a kitchen or cooking area, and a living room . A house may have a separate dining room , or the eating area may be integrated into the kitchen or another room. Some large houses in North America have

1050-526: The electrical wiring ( 125-volt electrical outlets , phased out in Italy years prior, were replaced with 220-volt outlets) and plumbing (new pipes were installed to replace those "encrusted with rust and lime"). The heating system was repaired and the kitchen was refurbished, reportedly with new ovens, ranges, and other appliances donated by a German company. The floors, which are 16th-century marble slabs and inlay, were restored. The medical studio ("hastily installed in

1092-450: The fifth millennium BC and with its contents still preserved was for example excavated at Tell Madhur in Iraq . Roman architect Vitruvius ' theories have claimed the first form of architecture as a frame of timber branches finished in mud, also known as the primitive hut . Philip Tabor later states the contribution of 17th century Dutch houses as the foundation of houses today. As far as

1134-764: The garage and other non-living spaces. The "square metres" figure of a house in Europe reports the area of the walls enclosing the home, and thus includes any attached garage and non-living spaces. The number of floors or levels making up the house can affect the square footage of a home. Humans often build houses for domestic or wild animals , often resembling smaller versions of human domiciles. Familiar animal houses built by humans include birdhouses , hen houses and dog houses , while housed agricultural animals more often live in barns and stables . Many houses have several large rooms with specialized functions and several very small rooms for other various reasons. These may include

1176-825: The general public in 1908. Prefab techniques became popular after World War II . First small inside rooms framing, then later, whole walls were prefabricated and carried to the construction site . The original impetus was to use the labor force inside a shelter during inclement weather. More recently, builders have begun to collaborate with structural engineers who use finite element analysis to design prefabricated steel-framed homes with known resistance to high wind loads and seismic forces . These newer products provide labor savings, more consistent quality, and possibly accelerated construction processes. Lesser-used construction methods have gained (or regained) popularity in recent years. Though not in wide use, these methods frequently appeal to homeowners who may become actively involved in

1218-432: The growth of dense settlement, humans designed ways of identifying houses and parcels of land. Individual houses sometimes acquire proper names , and those names may acquire in their turn considerable emotional connotations. A more systematic and general approach to identifying houses may use various methods of house numbering . Houses may express the circumstances or opinions of their builders or their inhabitants. Thus,

1260-438: The house with humans. Most conventional modern houses will at least contain a bedroom, bathroom, kitchen or cooking area, and a living room. The names of parts of a house often echo the names of parts of other buildings, but could typically include: Little is known about the earliest origin of the house and its interior; however, it can be traced back to the simplest form of shelters. An exceptionally well-preserved house dating to

1302-570: The houses accommodated numerous people, including family, relatives, employees, servants and their guests. Their lifestyles were largely communal, as areas such as the Great Hall enforced the custom of dining and meetings and the Solar intended for shared sleeping beds. During the 15th and 16th centuries, the Italian Renaissance Palazzo consisted of plentiful rooms of connectivity. Unlike

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1344-630: The idea of the home is concerned, the home of the home is the Netherlands . This idea's crystallization might be dated to the first three-quarters of the 17th century, when the Dutch Netherlands amassed the unprecedented and unrivalled accumulation of capital, and emptied their purses into domestic space. In the Middle Ages , the Manor Houses facilitated different activities and events. Furthermore,

1386-480: The nearest available material, and often tradition or culture govern construction-materials, so whole towns, areas, counties or even states/countries may be built out of one main type of material. For example, a large portion of American houses use wood, while most British and many European houses use stone, brick, or mud. In the early 20th century, some house designers started using prefabrication . Sears, Roebuck & Co. first marketed their Sears Catalog Homes to

1428-429: The other hand, some architects have designed homes in which eating, working and living are brought together. In many parts of the world, houses are constructed using scavenged materials. In Manila 's Payatas neighborhood, slum houses are often made of material sourced from a nearby garbage dump. In Dakar , it is common to see houses made of recycled materials standing atop a mixture of garbage and sand which serves as

1470-436: The papal apartments had reportedly been in disrepair, with "outmoded furnishings and lack of lighting" and large drums placed in the false ceiling to catch water leaks. The 2005 renovation, carried out over three months while Benedict was in summer residence at Castel Gandolfo , included the building of a new library to accommodate Benedict's 20,000 books (placed in exactly the same order as in his previous residence), upgrading

1512-537: The papal apartments in favour of his two-room residence in the Domus Sanctae Marthae . Similarly, he stayed in an apartment instead of the Archbishop's Palace during his tenure as Archbishop of Buenos Aires . The papal apartments are customarily renovated according to each new pope's preferences. Prior to the renovation in 2005, following the death of Pope John Paul II and the election of Pope Benedict XVI ,

1554-400: The papal lodgings for the ailing John Paul II") was renovated and expanded to include dental facilities, and the papal bedroom was completely redone. Wallpaper and other furnishings were put in throughout. The project was carried out by over 200 architects, engineers, and workers. Benedict also moved personal possessions to the papal apartments, including an upright piano . On 21 October 2016,

1596-515: The physical integration of the corridor into housing by the 19th century. Sociologist Witold Rybczynski wrote, "the subdivision of the house into day and night uses, and into formal and informal areas, had begun." Rooms were changed from public to private as single entryways forced notions of entering a room with a specific purpose. Compared to the large scaled houses in England and the Renaissance,

1638-521: The pope greets and blesses pilgrims to Saint Peter's Square on Sundays. The private library has been described as a "vast room with two windows overlooking Saint Peter's Square." The pope's private chapel occupies the top storey on the east side of the Cortile di Sisto V . The pope usually lives at the papal apartments except for the months of July to September, when the Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo

1680-502: The qualities and uses of the Manor Houses, most rooms of the palazzo contained no purpose, yet were given several doors. These doors adjoined rooms in which Robin Evans describes as a "matrix of discrete but thoroughly interconnected chambers." The layout allowed occupants to freely walk room to room from one door to another, thus breaking the boundaries of privacy . An early example of

1722-574: The same corridor. English architect Sir Roger Pratt states "the common way in the middle through the whole length of the house, [avoids] the offices from one molesting the other by continual passing through them." Social hierarchies within the 17th century were highly regarded, as architecture was able to epitomize the servants and the upper class. More privacy is offered to the occupant as Pratt further claims, "the ordinary servants may never publicly appear in passing to and fro for their occasions there." This social divide between rich and poor favored

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1764-568: The segregation of rooms and consequent enhancement of privacy may be found in 1597 at the Beaufort House built in Chelsea, London . It was designed by English architect John Thorpe who wrote on his plans, "A Long Entry through all". The separation of the passageway from the room developed the function of the corridor . This new extension was revolutionary at the time, allowing the integration of one door per room, in which all universally connected to

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