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61-523: Pantelimon is derived from the name of Saint Pantaleon and may refer to several places in Romania : Pantelimon, Bucharest Pantelimon metro station Pantelimon, Constanța Pantelimon, Ilfov [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

122-451: A church membership council which may result in membership restrictions (a temporary loss of church participation privileges) or membership withdrawal (a loss of church membership). Hinduism does not have a "unified system of belief encoded in a declaration of faith or a creed ", but is rather an umbrella term comprising the plurality of religious phenomena of India. In general Hinduism is more tolerant to apostasy than other faiths based on

183-544: A political party , social movement , or sports team . Apostasy is generally not a self-definition: few former believers call themselves apostates due to the term's negative connotation. Many religious groups and some states punish apostates; this may be the official policy of a particular religious group or it may simply be the voluntary action of its members. Such punishments may include shunning , excommunication , verbal abuse , physical violence, or even execution . The American sociologist Lewis A. Coser (following

244-509: A 10th-century cycle of pictures in the crypt of San Crisogono in Rome. In Calabria, there is a small town named Papanice, after Pantaleon. Each year on his feast day, a statue of the saint is carried through the town to give a blessing for all those who seek it. San Pantaleone or Pantalon was a popular saint in Venice, and may have given his name to a character in the commedia dell'arte , Pantalone ,

305-497: A Muslim consciously and without coercion declares their rejection of Islam and does not change their mind after the time allocated by a judge for research, then the penalty for apostasy is; for males, death, and for females, life imprisonment. However, a Federal Sharia court judge in Pakistan stated "...persecuting any citizen of an Islamic State – whether he is a Muslim, or a dhimmi** – is construed as waging

366-630: A Muslim parent who later rejects Islam is called a murtad fitri , and a person who converted to Islam and later rejects the religion is called a murtad milli . There are multiple verses in the Quran that condemn apostasy. In addition, there are multiple verses in the Hadith that condemn apostasy. Example quote from the Quran: They wish you would disbelieve as they disbelieved so you would be alike. So do not take from among them allies until they emigrate for

427-463: A bishop of the church at Nicomedia in the later literature), who convinced him that Christ was the better physician, signalling the significance of the exemplum of Pantaleon that faith is to be trusted over medical advice. St. Alphonsus Liguori wrote regarding this incident: He studied medicine with such success, that the Emperor Maximian appointed him his physician. One day as our saint

488-471: A fide , defined as total repudiation of the Christian faith, was considered as different from a theological standpoint from heresy, but subject to the same penalty of death by fire by decretist jurists. The influential 13th-century theologian Hostiensis recognized three types of apostasy. The first was conversion to another faith, which was considered traitorous and could bring confiscation of property or even

549-420: A publication now in the public domain :  Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). " St. Pantaleon ". Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company. Crowley, John (1994). Aegypt (Bantam trade paperback ed.). New York: Bantam Books. ISBN 0-553-37430-3. Apostasy Occasionally, the term is also used metaphorically to refer to the renunciation of a non-religious belief or cause, such as

610-493: A rejection of Christianity. Apostasy was one of the sins for which the early church imposed perpetual penance and excommunication. Christianity rejected the removal of heretics and apostates by force, leaving the final punishment to God. As a result, the first millennium saw only one single official extermination of a heretic, the Priscillian case. Classical canon law viewed apostasy as distinct from heresy and schism. Apostasy

671-469: A scripture or commandments with a lower emphasis on orthodoxy and has a more open view on how a person chooses their faith. Some Hindu sects believe that ethical conversion, without force or reward is completely acceptable, though deserting ones clan guru is considered sinful (Guru droham). The Vashistha Dharmasastra , the Apastamba Dharmasutra and Yajnavalkya state that a son of an apostate

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732-472: A silly, wizened old man ( Shakespeare 's "lean and slippered Pantaloon") who was a caricature of Venetians. This character was portrayed as wearing trousers rather than knee breeches, and so became the origin of the name of a type of trouser called " pantaloons ", which was later shortened to "pants". Churches named for him include: Saint Pantaleon ( São Pantaleão in Portuguese) is one of the patron saints of

793-601: A square-plan chapel dedicated to Saint Pantaleon - it was possibly under construction just before the cathedral's great fire of 1187. In France, he was depicted in a window in Chartres Cathedral . In southern France there are six communes under the protective name of Saint-Pantaléon. Though there are individual churches consecrated to him elsewhere, there are no communes named for him in the north or northwest of France. The six are: The Church of Saint Pantaleon , in Cologne

854-791: A total of four cases of execution for apostasy in the Muslim world: one in Sudan (1985), two in Iran (1989, 1998), and one in Saudi Arabia (1992). Both marginal and apostate Baháʼís have existed in the Baháʼí Faith community who are known as nāqeżīn . Muslims often regard adherents of the Baháʼí Faith as apostates from Islam, and there have been cases in some Muslim countries where Baháʼís have been harassed and persecuted . The Christian understanding of apostasy

915-481: Is "a willful falling away from, or rebellion against, Christian 'truth.' Apostasy is the rejection of Christ by one who has been a Christian ...", but the Reformed Churches teach that, in contrast to the conditional salvation of Lutheran , Roman Catholic , Methodist , Eastern Orthodox , and Oriental Orthodox theology, salvation cannot be lost once accepted ( perseverance of the saints ). "Apostasy

976-833: Is a 10th-century Romanesque church , commissioned by the daughter of the Byzantine emperor, Theophanu , who married the Holy Roman Emperor Otto II in 972. It is the oldest church of the cult of Saint Pantaleon west of Byzantium. At the Basilica of the Vierzehnheiligen near Staffelstein in Franconia , St. Pantaleon is venerated with his hands nailed to his head, reflecting another legend about his death. In Italy, San Pantalon gives favourable lottery numbers, victories and winners in dreams. A phial containing some of his blood

1037-496: Is also considered an apostate. Smr̥ticandrikā lists apostates as one group of people upon touching whom, one should take a bath. Kātyāyana condemns a Brahmin who has apostatised to banishment while a Vaishya or a Shudra to serve the king as a slave. Nāradasmṛti and Parasara-samhita states that a wife can remarry if her husband becomes an apostate. The saint Parashara commented that religious rites are disturbed if an apostate witnesses them. He also comments that those who forgo

1098-521: Is called murtadd , which literally means 'one who turns back' from Islam . Someone born to a Muslim parent, or who has previously converted to Islam, becomes a murtadd if he or she verbally denies any principle of belief prescribed by the Quran or a Hadith , deviates from approved Islamic belief ( ilhad ), or if he or she commits an action such as treating a copy of the Qurʾan with disrespect. A person born to

1159-453: Is certainly a biblical concept, but the implications of the teaching have been hotly debated. The debate has centered on the issue of apostasy and salvation. Based on the concept of God's sovereign grace, some hold that, though true believers may stray, they never totally fall away. Others affirm that any who fall away were never really saved. Though they may have "believed" for a while, they never experienced regeneration. Still others argue that

1220-866: Is consecrated the St. Panteleimon Monastery at Mount Athos , Agios Panteleimon Monastery in Crete , St Panteleimon monastery in Myrtou , Cyprus, and the 12th-century Church of St. Panteleimon in Gorno Nerezi , North Macedonia . According to Movses Kaghankatvatsi , his relics were brought to church built in the town of Tsri (then Caucasian Albania , near modern Barda, Azerbaijan ) by St. Grigoris . Catholicos Lazar of Albania built Church of St. Pantaleon in his honor in Beghame'j (near modern Ağcabədi , Azerbaijan ). King Vachagan III of Albania rediscovered his remains and interred them in

1281-654: Is found only twice in the New Testament (Acts 21:21; 2 Thessalonians 2:3). However, "the concept of apostasy is found throughout Scripture." The Dictionary of Biblical Imagery states that "There are at least four distinct images in Scripture of the concept of apostasy. All connote an intentional defection from the faith." These images are: Rebellion; Turning Away; Falling Away; Adultery. Speaking with specific regard to apostasy in Christianity , Michael Fink writes: Apostasy

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1342-399: Is the antonym of conversion; it is deconversion." B. J. Oropeza states that apostasy is a "phenomenon that occurs when a religious follower or group of followers turn away from or otherwise repudiate the central beliefs and practices they once embraced in a respective religious community." The Ancient Greek noun ἀποστασία apostasia ("rebellion, abandonment, state of apostasy, defection")

1403-472: The Martyrologium Hieronymianum . Pantaleon is a patron saint of physicians and of midwives, and is invoked against consumption . He is depicted as a beardless young man holding a book with a cross on it. The Eastern tradition concerning Pantaleon follows more or less the medieval Western hagiography, but lacks any mention of a visible apparition of Christ. It states instead that Hermolaus

1464-656: The Amaras Monastery , located in modern Nagorno Karabakh and named his firstborn son after the saint. After the Black Death of the mid-14th century in Western Europe, as a patron saint of physicians and midwives, he came to be regarded as one of the fourteen guardian martyrs, the Fourteen Holy Helpers . Relics of the saint are found at Saint Denis at Paris; his head is venerated at Lyon. A Romanesque church

1525-718: The Fourteen Holy Helpers of the Late Middle Ages , and in Eastern Christianity as one of the Holy Unmercenary Healers , was a martyr of Nicomedia in Bithynia during the Diocletianic Persecution of 305 AD. Though there is evidence to suggest that a martyr named Pantaleon existed, some consider the stories of his life and death to be purely legendary. According to the martyrologies , Pantaleon

1586-551: The Rig Veda , Samaveda and Yajurveda are "nagna" (naked) or an apostate. Apostasy is generally not acknowledged in orthodox Buddhism . People are free to leave Buddhism and renounce the religion without any consequence enacted by the Buddhist community. Despite this marked tolerance, some Buddhist circles hold to a notion of heresy (外道, pinyin : Wàidào ; romaji : gedō ; lit. "outside path") and acknowledge that one who renounces

1647-663: The Spanish Inquisition used it to persecute both the Marrano Jews, who had been converted to Christianity by force, and to the Moriscos who had professed to convert to Christianity from Islam under pressure. Temporal penalties for Christian apostates have fallen into disuse in the modern era. Jehovah's Witness publications define apostasy as the abandonment of the worship and service of God, constituting rebellion against God, or rejecting "Jehovah's organization". They apply

1708-557: The Université de Montréal writes, referring to Wilson, based on his analysis of three books by apostates of new religious movements, that stories of apostates cannot be dismissed only because they are subjective. Danny Jorgensen , Professor at the Department of Religious Studies of the University of Florida , in his book The Social Construction and Interpretation of Deviance: Jonestown and

1769-542: The Buddha's teachings has the potential of inflicting suffering on themselves. Many Buddhists take the view that there is no absolute basis for anything. The ideas from some of the Tathāgata schools has been referred to as "hypostasising an absolute", meaning specifically not apostasy (losing belief); hypostasy in that context means "falling into belief". In Islamic literature, apostasy is called irtidād or ridda ; an apostate

1830-520: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) are considered by church leadership to engage in apostasy when they publicly teach or espouse opinions and doctrines contrary to the teachings of the church, or act in clear and deliberate public opposition to the LDS Church, its doctrines and policies, or its leaders. In such circumstances the church will frequently subject the non-conforming member to

1891-488: The German philosopher and sociologist Max Scheler ) defines an apostate as not just a person who experienced a dramatic change in conviction but "a man who, even in his new state of belief, is spiritually living not primarily in the content of that faith, in the pursuit of goals appropriate to it, but only in the struggle against the old faith and for the sake of its negation." The American sociologist David G. Bromley defined

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1952-588: The Mass Media argues that the role of the media in constructing and reflecting reality is particularly apparent in its coverage of cults. He asserts that this complicity exists partly because apostates with an atrocity story to tell make themselves readily available to reporters and partly because new religious movements have learned to be suspicious of the media and, therefore, have not been open to investigative reporters writing stories on their movement from an insider's perspective. Besides this lack of information about

2013-473: The accounts of former members. Bryan R. Wilson , Reader Emeritus of Sociology of the University of Oxford, says apostates of new religious movements are generally in need of self-justification, seeking to reconstruct their past and to excuse their former affiliations, while blaming those who were formerly their closest associates. Wilson, thus, challenges the reliability of the apostate's testimony by saying that

2074-620: The apostate must always be seen as one whose personal history predisposes him to bias with respect to both his previous religious commitment and affiliations and the suspicion must arise that he acts from a personal motivation to vindicate himself and to regain his self-esteem, by showing himself to have been first a victim but subsequently to have become a redeemed crusader. Wilson also asserts that some apostates or defectors from religious organisations rehearse atrocity stories to explain how, by manipulation, coercion or deceit, they were recruited to groups that they now condemn. Jean Duhaime of

2135-506: The apostate role as follows and distinguished it from the defector and whistleblower roles. Stuart A. Wright , an American sociologist and author, asserts that apostasy is a unique phenomenon and a distinct type of religious defection in which the apostate is a defector "who is aligned with an oppositional coalition in an effort to broaden the dispute, and embraces public claims-making activities to attack his or her former group." The United Nations Commission on Human Rights , considers

2196-483: The biblical warnings against apostasy are real and that believers maintain the freedom, at least potentially, to reject God's salvation. In the recent past, in the Roman Catholic Church the word was also applied to the renunciation of monastic vows ( apostasis a monachatu ), and to the abandonment of the clerical profession for the life of the world ( apostasis a clericatu ) without necessarily amounting to

2257-1041: The cause of Allāh. But if they turn away [i.e., refuse], then seize them and kill them [for their betrayal] wherever you find them and take not from among them any ally or helper The concept and punishment of Apostasy has been extensively covered in Islamic literature since the 7th century. A person is considered apostate if he or she converts from Islam to another religion. A person is an apostate even if he or she believes in most of Islam, but denies one or more of its principles or precepts, both verbally or in writing. Sunan an-Nasa'i »The Book of Fighting [The Prohibition of Bloodshed] - كتاب تحريم الدم (14) Chapter: The Ruling on Apostates (14)باب الْحُكْمِ فِي الْمُرْتَدِّ Ibn 'Abbas said: "The Messenger of Allah [SAW] said: 'Whoever changes his religion, kill him.'"Grade: Sahih (Darussalam) Reference : Sunan an-Nasa'i 4059 In-book reference  : Book 37, Hadith 94 English translation Vol. 5, Book 37, Hadith 4064. Muslim historians recognize 632 AD as

2318-577: The city of Porto in Portugal , together with John the Baptist and Our Lady of Vendôme . Part of his relics were brought by Armenian refugees to the city after the Turkish occupation of Constantinople in 1453. Later, in 1499, these relics were transferred from the Church of Saint Peter of Miragaia to the cathedral, where they have been kept to this day. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from

2379-507: The critical reports of ex-members are called "tales", which he considers to be a term that clearly implies falsehood or fiction. He states that it wasn't until 1996 that a researcher conducted a study to assess the extent to which so called "atrocity tales" might be based on fact. Apostasy is a criminal offence in the following countries: From 1985 to 2006, the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom listed

2440-409: The death penalty. The second and third, which was punishable by expulsion from home and imprisonment, consisted of breaking major commandments and breaking the vows of religious orders, respectively. A decretal by Boniface VIII classified apostates together with heretics with respect to the penalties incurred. Although it mentioned only apostate Jews explicitly, it was applied to all apostates, and

2501-635: The early modern period. Eastern Europe similarly inherited many of its legal traditions regarding apostasy from the Romans, but not from the Justinian Code. Medieval sects deemed heretical such as the Waldensians were considered apostates by the Church. The term atrocity story , also referred to as an atrocity tale , as it is defined by the American sociologists David G. Bromley and Anson D. Shupe refers to

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2562-477: The experiences of people within new religious movements, the media is attracted to sensational stories featuring accusations of food and sleep deprivation, sexual and physical abuse, and excesses of spiritual and emotional authority by the charismatic leader. Michael Langone argues that some will accept uncritically the positive reports of current members without calling such reports, for example, "benevolence tales" or "personal growth tales". He asserts that only

2623-402: The fact of his martyrdom itself seems to be supported by a veneration for which there is testimony in the 5th century, among others in a sermon on the martyrs by Theodoret (died c. 457); Procopius of Caesarea (died c. 565?), writing on the churches and shrines constructed by Justinian I tells that the emperor rebuilt the shrine to Pantaleon at Nicomedia; and there is mention of Pantaleon in

2684-762: The hold of the state religion. As the Roman Empire adopted Christianity as its state religion, apostasy became formally criminalized in the Theodosian Code , followed by the Corpus Juris Civilis (the Justinian Code). The Justinian Code went on to form the basis of law in most of Western Europe during the Middle Ages and so apostasy was similarly persecuted to varying degrees in Europe throughout this period and into

2745-418: The legend, Pantaleon's flesh was first burned with torches, whereupon Christ appeared to all in the form of Hermolaus to strengthen and heal Pantaleon. The torches were extinguished. Then a bath of molten lead was prepared; when the apparition of Christ stepped into the cauldron with him, the fire went out and the lead became cold. Pantaleon was now thrown into the sea, loaded with a great stone, which floated. He

2806-612: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pantelimon&oldid=933038994 " Category : Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Saint Pantaleon Saint Pantaleon ( Greek : Παντελεήμων , romanized :  Panteleḗmōn , lit.   'All-compassionate'), counted in Western Christianity as among

2867-470: The poor. Envious colleagues denounced him to the emperor during the Diocletian persecution. The emperor wished to save him and sought to persuade him to apostasy . Pantaleon, however, openly confessed his faith, and as proof that Christ was the true God, he healed a paralytic. Notwithstanding this, he was condemned to death by the emperor, who regarded the miracle as an exhibition of magic . According to

2928-506: The recanting of a person's religion a human right legally protected by the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights : The Committee observes that the freedom to 'have or to adopt' a religion or belief necessarily entails the freedom to choose a religion or belief, including the right to replace one's current religion or belief with another or to adopt atheistic views ... Article 18.2 bars coercion that would impair

2989-602: The right to have or adopt a religion or belief, including the use of threat of physical force or penal sanctions to compel believers or non-believers to adhere to their religious beliefs and congregations, to recant their religion or belief or to convert. As early as the 3rd century AD, apostasy against the Zoroastrian faith in the Sasanian Empire was criminalized. The high priest, Kidir, instigated pogroms against Jews, Christians, Buddhists, and others in an effort to solidify

3050-481: The same home. Baptized individuals who leave the organization because they disagree with the denomination's teachings are also regarded as apostates and are shunned. Watch Tower Society literature describes apostates as "mentally diseased" individuals who can "infect others with their disloyal teachings". Former members who are defined as apostates are said to have become part of the antichrist and are regarded as more reprehensible than non-Witnesses. Members of

3111-428: The symbolic presentation of action or events (real or imaginary) in such a context that they are made flagrantly to violate the (presumably) shared premises upon which a given set of social relationships should be conducted. The recounting of such tales is intended as a means of reaffirming normative boundaries. By sharing the reporter's disapproval or horror, an audience reasserts normative prescription and clearly locates

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3172-468: The term to a range of conduct, including open dissent with the denomination's doctrines, celebration of "false religious holidays" (including Christmas and Easter), and participation in activities and worship of other religions. A member of the denomination who is accused of apostasy is typically required to appear before a committee of elders that decides whether the individual is to be shunned by all congregants including immediate family members not living in

3233-410: The violator beyond the limits of public morality . The term was coined in 1979 by Bromley, Shupe, and Joseph Ventimiglia . Bromley and others define an atrocity as an event that is perceived as a flagrant violation of a fundamental value. It contains the following three elements: The term "atrocity story" is controversial as it relates to the differing views amongst scholars about the credibility of

3294-548: The year when the first regional apostasy from Islam emerged, immediately after the death of Muhammed. The civil wars that followed are now called the Riddah wars (Wars of Islamic Apostasy). Doubting the existence of Allah , making offerings to and worshipping an idol, a stupa or any other image of God, confesses a belief in the rebirth or incarnation of God, disrespecting the Quran or Islam's Prophets are all considered sufficient evidence of apostasy. According to some scholars , if

3355-510: Was dedicated to him in Cologne in the 9th century at the latest. In the British Library there is a surviving manuscript, written in Old English , of The Life of St Pantaleon (British Library, MS Cotton Vitellius D XVII), dating from the early eleventh century, possibly written for Abbot Ælfric of Eynsham . The Canons' Vestry off the south transept of Chichester Cathedral was formerly

3416-462: Was discoursing with a holy priest named Hermolaus, the latter, after praising the study of medicine, concluded thus: "But, my friend, of what use are all thy acquirements in this art, since thou art ignorant of the science of salvation? By miraculously healing a blind man by invoking the name of Jesus over him, Pantaleon converted his father, upon whose death he came into possession of a large fortune. He freed his slaves and distributed his wealth among

3477-591: Was long preserved at Ravello . On the feast day of the saint, the blood was said to become fluid and to bubble (compare Saint Januarius ). Paolo Veronese's painting of Pantaleon can be found in the church of San Pantalon in Venice ; it shows the saint healing a child. Another painting of Pantaleon by Fumiani is also in the same church. He was depicted in an 8th-century fresco in Santa Maria Antiqua in Rome , and in

3538-511: Was still alive while Pantaleon's torture was under way, but was martyred himself only shortly before Pantaleon's beheading along with two companions, Hermippas and Thermocrates. Pantaleon's relics , venerated at Nicomedia, were transferred to Constantinople . Numerous churches, shrines, and monasteries have been named for him; in the West most often as St. Pantaleon and in the East as St. Panteleimon; to him

3599-502: Was the son of a rich pagan, Eustorgius of Nicomedia, and had been instructed in Christianity by his Christian mother, Saint Eubula; however, after her death he fell away from the Christian church, while he studied medicine with a renowned physician Euphrosinos; under the patronage of Euphrosinos he became physician to the emperor, Maximian (or alternatively Galerius ). He was won back to Christianity by Saint Hermolaus (characterized as

3660-475: Was then beheaded. St. Alphonsus wrote: At Ravello , a city in the kingdom of Naples, there is a vial of his blood, which becomes blood every year [on his feastday], and may be seen in this state interspersed with the milk, as I, the author of this work, have seen it. The vitae containing these miraculous features are all late in date and "valueless" according to the Catholic Encyclopedia . Yet

3721-443: Was thrown to wild beasts, but these fawned upon him and could not be forced away until he had blessed them. He was bound on the wheel, but the ropes snapped, and the wheel broke. An attempt was made to behead him, but the sword bent, and the executioners were converted to Christianity. Pantaleon implored Heaven to forgive them, for which reason he also received the name of Panteleimon ("mercy for everyone" or "all-compassionate"). He

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