The Pangani River ( Mto Pangani , in Swahili ), (also called Luffu and Jipe Ruvu , especially in older sources, and probably once called Rhaptus ) is a major river of northeastern Tanzania . It has two main sources: the Ruvu , which rises as Lumi at Kilimanjaro , passes through Lake Jipe , and empties into the Nyumba ya Mungu Reservoir , and the Kikuletwa River , coming from the west and mainly fed by rivers of Mount Meru in Arusha Region , which also enters into the Nyumba ya Mungu Reservoir in Kilimanjaro Region . Just after leaving the reservoir the stream becomes the main Pangani, which empties into the Indian Ocean in Tanga Region at the Tangan port town of Pangani .
26-481: For much of its length the river flows along the regional borders of Kilimanjaro Region and Manyara Region , before flowing into Tanga Region , which contains the 68 MW Pangani Power Station and the Pangani Falls Dam . There are several inhabited islands within the river. The river is full of crocodiles; hippopotami are scarcer in its lower parts. A main source of Pangani originates on Kilimanjaro, where it
52-730: A council, except Moshi District which has two, one of which serves as the capital of the region. Kilimanjaro Region was officially established in 1963 with two districts: Kilimanjaro and Pare. The region was part of the Northern Province in the pre-independence Tanganyika . Northern Province's districts included Arusha and Mbulu, while Pare District was a part of Tanga Province. Of the region's six districts, four traditionally had Chagga settlements, which are Hai District, Moshi District, Rombo District, and Siha District. The other two, Mwanga District and Same District, have historically included Pare settlements. However, during colonial rule in
78-402: A million years. Steam and sulphur fumaroles here are indicative of residual activity. At one stage, most of the summit of Kilimanjaro was covered by an ice cap, probably more than 100 metres (330 ft) deep. Glaciers extended well down the mountain forming moraine ridges, clearly visible now on the southern flanks down to about 4,000 metres (13,000 ft). At present only a small fraction of
104-516: A series of rapids. Below the Höhnel Cataracts, it has numerous tributaries, and many islands with villages on them. The stream is strongest above Koleni , within 5 miles of the Pangani Falls, where the river is narrow. This section is not navigable for any considerable distance on account of the falls, which are about 30 miles (48 km) from the mouth. Approximately 4 miles (6.4 km) from
130-580: Is a good deal of trade here, dhows loading and unloading on the river. Produce is brought down the river, principally on rafts made of the Moale palm, which are then broken up and become articles of commerce. In 1878, the most common crop cultivated on the river's banks was reported to be sugar. 5°26′S 38°58′E / 5.433°S 38.967°E / -5.433; 38.967 Kilimanjaro Region Kilimanjaro Region ( Mkoa wa Kilimanjaro in Swahili )
156-673: Is called " Luffu " by the Wasambara (indigenous to the Nderema area, on the three ridges nearer the coast) and the Zigua (who live on the river's islands). Almost all authorities agree that the river "Rhaptus" of Ptolemy 's topographical maps is the Pangani of modern maps. The Pangani is 500 kilometres (310 mi) in length. One source of the river rises in Kilimanjaro, about 120 miles (190 km) from
182-458: Is marked by a perpendicular bluff named Bweni, about 200 feet (61 m) high; there is a village of the same name, Bweni, situated here. The northern side of the entrance is a flat sandy beach that extends from the head of the bay. There are several settlements at the entrance, two on the northern and two on the southern bank. Historically, the town of Pangani , on the river's left bank, had a reputation for fevers. At its estuary , by Pangani town,
208-408: Is one of Tanzania 's 31 administrative regions . The regional capital and largest city is the municipality of Moshi . With the 3rd highest HDI of 0.640 in the country, Kilimanjaro is one among the top five most developed regions of Tanzania. According to the 2012 national census, the region had a population of 1,640,087, which was lower than the pre-census projection of 1,702,207. For 2002–2012,
234-601: Is the River Lumi . Lake Jipe may be considered a backwater of the Lumi. Below Lake Jipe and above the falls, the river is referred to as "Ruvu". Formerly the main course towards the sea was alternatively called "Ruvu" and "Pangani". Nowadays that has been settled as "Pangani" from the Nyumba ya Mungu reservoir to the Ocean. While the Swahili call it " Pangani " (meaning distribute or arrange), it
260-828: The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the SNV Netherlands Development Organisation , the GIZ German Development Organisation and the local non-governmental organization PAMOJA . The project also receives funds from the government of Tanzania, IUCN, the European Commission , and the Global Environment Facility through the United Nations Development Programme . There
286-686: The Mkomazi National Park , the Pare Mountains , Lake Jipe , and Lake Chala . The region is bordered to the north and east by Kenya , to the south by the Tanga Region , to the southwest by the Manyara Region , and to the west by the Arusha Region . In the early 19th century, the Swahili already referred to the mountain as " Kilima Ndsharo " (or "Dscharo"), "The Country of Dschagga," near
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#1732852603556312-463: The West African oil palm grows, while below Pombwe, the trees are chiefly areca and coconut palms. The village of Lemkuna and the hamlet of Ngage are on the river's west bank, while Mvungwe and Meserani are on its eastern bank. The mouth is located 52 kilometres (32 mi) south of Tanga . The river is tidal for a distance of 22 miles (35 km) from the entrance. The southern side of the entrance
338-805: The basin: the Pangani River (43,650 square kilometres (16,850 sq mi)), the Umba River (8,070 square kilometres (3,120 sq mi)), the Msangazi River (5,030 square kilometres (1,940 sq mi)), the Zigi River , and the Mkulumuzi River plus other coastal rivers (2,080 square kilometres (800 sq mi)). All of these empty into the Indian Ocean. The Pangani Basin Water Board (PBWB)
364-548: The coast. In 1848 and 1849, Rebmann said the mountain Swahili names mean "Great Mountain" and "the Mountain of the Caravans" in reference to the mountain that could be seen for a long distance and served as a guide for travelers. He and Krapf found that the term was referred to differently by several nearby populations: the Taita just shortened the coastal Swahili word to " Ndscharo ." It
390-727: The extreme north of the Usambara Mountains, and the Mglumi River into the Umba. Just before the Umba flows into the Indian Ocean , it crosses the border to Kenya . The mouth itself marks the most eastern point on the border between Tanzania and Kenya, which was largely made in a straight line to the northwest towards Lake Victoria in the 19th century. On the upper reaches of the river in the mid-1960s rich deposits of precious stones, including sapphires and spessartine , were discovered. Also on
416-648: The glacial cover remains. Umba River (Tanzania) The Umba River ( Mto Umba , in Swahili ) is located in northeastern Tanzania in Lushoto and Mkinga Districts of Tanga Region . It rises in Schageiuforest (Shagayu) in the West Usambara Mountains of Lushoto at 2,000 m altitude and flows on the north side of the mountain range to the east. At Lelwa it empties the Mbalamu River , which comes from
442-507: The late 19th century to the middle of the 20th century, the region was divided into two main districts: Moshi district, which was composed of all the areas settled by the Chagga people on the slopes of the mountain, and Pare district, which was a Pare tribe settlement. The region, from earlier times, had been settled by the people collectively called the Chagga, the Maasai , Wakwavi , and Waarusha (in
468-483: The lower parts of Mount Kilimanjaro), and the Pare on the Pare mountains. These have been intermingling, trading, and even fighting from time to time for various socio-political reasons. Later, other tribes also migrated to the area. Mount Kilimanjaro lies on a tectonic plate line intersection 80 kilometres (50 mi) east of the tectonically active Rift Valley. The activity that created this stratovolcano dates back less than
494-526: The mouth in m³ / s (1959–77). The Pangani flows stimulate time-dependent, like most rivers in the region. The Pangani Basin (PB) is one of Tanzania's nine drainage basins. Extending from the northern highlands to Tanzania's north-eastern coastline, the PB is approximately 56,300 square kilometres (21,700 sq mi) in size, of which 4,880 square kilometres (1,880 sq mi) is within Kenya. Five sub-basins comprise
520-442: The mouth, dense mangrove swamp covers the flatland between the hills on either side. In this area, near Teufelsfelsen, are higher land, a fertile area, and the arid Masai Steppe . On this bank is Mount Kovu Kovu, 360 feet (110 m) in height, while on the south bank is a ridge 400 feet (120 m) high. Pombwe , one of the principal settlements on the river, is situated about 1 mile (1.6 km) west of Kovu Kovu. Above Pombwe,
546-649: The region's 1.8 percent average annual population growth rate was the 24th highest in the country. It was also the eighth most densely populated region with 124 people per square kilometer. The most well-known tribes in the Kilimanjaro region are the Chaga . The region forms part of the Northern Tourism Circuit in Tanzania. It is home to the Kilimanjaro National Park (which contains Mount Kilimanjaro ),
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#1732852603556572-543: The river for irrigation. Damming projects along the river have reduced the river's flow from several hundred cubic metres per second to less than 40 cubic metres per second (1,400 cu ft/s). This has affected coastal communities, which have seen large reductions in fish populations and saltwater intrusion In 2002, the Pangani River Basin Management Project was established to manage the basin's water resources. It receives technical assistance from
598-634: The river is about 600 feet (180 m) in breadth, and 12–15 feet (3.7–4.6 m) deep. Several tributaries coming from the Pare Mountains , the Usambara Mountains and the Wasegiia wilderness join the Pangani in its course. These include the Kibaya, Komkuza, Kwachigulu, Kwamwadyau and Mnyusi. Average monthly flow of Pangani measured at the hydrological station in Korogwe Estate, about 110 km above
624-625: The sea. Known as the Lumi in this area, its course runs through Lake Jipe. The other is at Mount Meru in the west and is known as the Kikuletwa . Like all African rivers, its depth varies with the season. The river is highest around May and lowest around October. Another source is the Saunyi River in Kilindi District . It is navigable for small craft between the lake and the Höhnel Cataracts ,
650-740: Was established in July 1991 under the Water Utilization (Control and Regulation) Act No. 42 of 1974. Its headquarters is in the Moshi municipality in the Kilimanjaro Region. Its other two offices are in Arusha and Tanga . The PBWB consists of ten professionals from public institutions and private sector LGAs, UWSAs, and other committees. The river system is under pressure because of conflicting water uses and major overallocations of its water. Many farmers rely on
676-539: Was known as " Kima ja Jeu ," which is Kamba for "Mountain of Whiteness." It was known as " Ol Donyo Eibor ," which is Maasai for "White Mountain." The Chagga themselves, especially the Kilema and Machame , simply called it " Kibo ". Kilimandscharo , which Rebmann spelled in German between 1848 and 1849, was changed to "Kilimanjaro" by 1860. Kilimanjaro Region is divided into one city and six districts , each administered by
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