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65-552: The Pandaruan Bridge or Brunei–Malaysia Friendship Bridge (Malay: Jambatan Pandaruan or Jambatan Persahabatan Brunei–Malaysia ) is a bridge at the border of Brunei and Malaysia . The bridge crosses the Pandaruan River between Temburong and Limbang . The bridge replaced the ferry service between two countries and was officially opened on 8 December 2013 by the Malaysian Prime Minister , Najib Tun Razak , and

130-649: A "position bearing 050 degrees, distant 10.5 miles from Sapo Point light-structure". The border, now with Sabah and based on the North Borneo (Definition of Boundaries) Order in Council 1958 No 1517, then continues in straight lines joining a set of turning points to the mouth of Brunei Bay at a point defined as 310¾ degrees, distant 20.4 miles from Pelong Rocks light-structure which is sited at coordinates at 5°4′45″N 115°3′9″E  /  5.07917°N 115.05250°E  / 5.07917; 115.05250 . From this point,

195-589: A British Protectorate, did not manage to halt the loss of territory. The annexation of the Baram, Trusan and Limbang areas resulted in the current borders of Brunei, with the Limbang annexation, which Brunei had continuously refused to recognise, fragmenting the Sultanate into two non-contiguous territories. Malaysia inherited these borders with Brunei when Sarawak, which had also become a British Protectorate in 1888 and subsequently

260-414: A Crown Colony after World War II, joined Malaysia on 16 September 1963. Brunei remained a British Protectorate until 1984 when it gained independence. Brunei and Malaysia have had long standing disputes over land and maritime territories. However, due to the cultural ties between the two countries, the disputes have always been low-key and deemed too sensitive to be discussed openly. The main land dispute

325-527: A differently configured boundary line, there is no dispute that a few small islands close to the North Korean coastline have remained jurisdiction of the United Nations since 1953. The map at the right shows the differing maritime boundary lines of the two Koreas. The ambits of these boundaries encompass overlapping jurisdictional claims. The explicit differences in the way the boundary lines are configured

390-408: A multilateral treaty. Contemporary negotiations have produced tripoint and quadripoint determinations. For example, in the 1982 Australia–France Marine Delimitation Agreement , for the purposes of drawing the treaty's equidistant lines it was assumed that France has sovereignty over Matthew and Hunter Islands , a territory that is also claimed by Vanuatu . The northernmost point in the boundary

455-460: A part of Malaysia". In response, Petronas issued a statement on 1 May 2010 confirming that it had terminated its production sharing contracts with its subsidiary Petronas Carigali Sdn Bhd and Murphy Sabah Oil Co Ltd as the two production blocks were no longer Malaysian territory. It added that the settlement of the territorial dispute through the signing of the 2009 Exchange of Letters has allowed it to enter into new production sharing contracts for

520-536: A rebellion against him. Subsequent White Rajahs of Sarawak successively leased or annexed territory from Brunei, such as Sibu in 1853, Bintulu in 1861, Baram in 1882, in 1884, Limbang in 1890 and Lawas in 1901 (ceded to the British North Borneo Company which subsequently transferred the territory to Sarawak in 1904). The treaty between the Sultanate and Britain in 1888, which resulted in Brunei becoming

585-454: A set of five points to mark the "boundary in the neighbourhood of Tanjong Baram" defined by bearings and distances from a light-structure at 4°35′45″N 113°58′30″E  /  4.59583°N 113.97500°E  / 4.59583; 113.97500 . Brunei's border with Sarawak here consists of a boundary line in Brunei Bay between the mouth of the Pandaruan River in the east, and one of

650-794: A territorial waters and continental shelf map showing the area claimed by Brunei as its continental shelf/EEZ as belonging to Malaysia. The map also depicts the Brunei-Malaysian border as only running up to the 100 fathom isobath. Brunei does not recognise the assertions made by Malaysia. In 2000, Brunei had earlier awarded a concession for a petroleum block called Block J to Shell, Mitsubishi and ConocoPhillips and Block K to France's Total, BHP Billiton and Hess Corp. Subsequently, in 2003, Malaysia's national petroleum company Petronas awarded concessions to its subsidiary Petronas Carigali Sdn Bhd and US-based Murphy Sabah Oil Co. Ltd for two areas, which Malaysia calls Block L and Block M, which lie exactly within

715-455: Is a line. The terms "frontier", "borderland" and "border" are zones of indeterminate width. Such areas form the outermost part of a country. Borders are bounded on one side by a national boundary. There are variations in the specific terminology of maritime boundary agreements which have been concluded since the 1970s. Such differences are less important than what is being delimited. Features that affect maritime boundaries include islands and

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780-565: Is a tripoint with the Solomon Islands . The boundary runs in a roughly north–south direction and then turns and runs west–east until it almost reaches the 170th meridian east . The concept of maritime boundaries is a relatively new concept. The historical record is a backdrop for evaluating border issues. The evaluation of historic rights are governed by distinct legal regimes in customary international law, including research and analysis based on The study of treaties on maritime boundaries

845-440: Is important as (a) as a source of general or particular international law; (b) as evidence of existing customary law; and (c) as evidence of the emerging development of custom. The development of "customary law" affects all nations. The attention accorded this subject has evolved beyond formerly-conventional norms like the three-mile limit . Multilateral treaties and documents describing the baselines of countries can be found on

910-558: Is separated from the other part of Brunei) starts at the estuary of the Pandaruan River and runs the entire length of the river to its source. It then runs along the watershed between the Temburong river on one hand, and the Limbang and then the Trusan rivers on the other until it reaches Brunei Bay . The northern terminus of this boundary is located at the mouth of the Sungai Bangau, based on

975-694: Is subject to multiple overlapping claims by China , Taiwan and Vietnam . Malaysia is also a claimant in the area but a bilateral agreement with Brunei has solved the overlapping claims over Brunei's territorial waters . From west to east, the Brunei–Malaysia border begins where the watershed of the Baram and Belait river basins meet the South China Sea at a point six nautical miles (11 km) east of Tanjung Baram at coordinates 4°35′20″N 114°5′00″E  /  4.58889°N 114.08333°E  / 4.58889; 114.08333 . It then travels along

1040-627: The Khawr Abd Allah waterway. Many disputes have been resolved through negotiations, but not all of them. Among the array of unsettled disputes, the maritime borders of the two Koreas in the Yellow Sea represent a visually stark contrast. A western line of military control between the two Koreas was unilaterally established by the United Nations Command in 1953. Although the North asserts

1105-505: The Spratly Islands in the South China Sea. The area claimed by Brunei however does not include any islands but includes Louisa Reef , which is currently occupied by Malaysia. Until 2009, Malaysia did not recognise Brunei's EEZ claim and stated that Brunei's maritime territories ended at the 100 fathom isobath. In its 1979 territorial waters and continental shelf map, Malaysia claimed the area to be part of its continental shelf and depicted

1170-541: The Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah of Brunei . This article about a building or structure in Brunei is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about a bridge in Malaysia is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Sarawak -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Brunei%E2%80%93Malaysia border The Brunei–Malaysia border divides

1235-657: The 15th century, the Bruneian Empire had control over most regions of Borneo, including modern-day Sarawak and Sabah . However, during the 19th century, the Bruneian Empire began to decline and continually lost territory until its present size. In 1842, Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien II ceded complete sovereignty of Kuching , Sarawak, to the British soldier James Brooke and installed him as the White Rajah in return for quelling

1300-484: The 2009 Exchange of Letters. The MOU provided for the terms of reference and modalities for the demarcation of the land boundary, based on the five land boundary agreements, and to define the boundary based "solely on the basis of the watershed principle" where no land boundary agreements existed. Demarcation work commenced in 2014 and was still in progress in 2024, with 175.966 km or 33.3% of total land boundary length demarcated surveyed. A Memorandum of Understanding

1365-400: The Brunei-Malaysian border as running up to the 100 fathom isobath. Brunei did not recognise these assertions made by Malaysia. The Exchange of Letters signed on 16 March 2009 by the two countries provided for Malaysia's recognition of Brunei's territorial waters which it had earlier disputed. A joint committee is to determine the final maritime border between the two countries. At its peak in

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1430-530: The Limbang Question has been settled with Malaysia having unequivocal ownership over Limbang. Brunei however immediately denied Malaysian press reports, saying the Limbang Question was never discussed during negotiations for the Exchange of Letters. Malaysia subsequently said the Limbang Question will be settled once the survey and demarcation of the boundary between the two countries is completed. In 2009, with

1495-581: The North Borneo (Definition of Boundaries) Order in Council 1958 No 1517, both of which defined the boundary between Brunei on the one hand, and Sarawak and Sabah, Malaysia, on the other. All three territories were then ruled by Britain. The powers for the order in council were derived from the British Colonial Boundaries Act of 1895. Brunei and Malaysia still adhere to the British Orders in Council to define their territorial waters, where it

1560-727: The Process for the Joint Demarcation and Survey of the Land Boundary was then signed on 19 March 2012 in Johor Bahru, Malaysia, during the 8th Malaysia–Brunei Darussalam Meeting on the Implementation of the 2009 Exchange of Letters. Priority was given to the areas identified by the five agreements mentioned above, and demarcation work at part of one of the priority areas commenced in 2014. In August 2023, 132.25 km equivalent to 25% of

1625-464: The Sultan of Brunei Hassanal Bolkiah and Malaysian Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi . The dispute over Limbang district arose from the annexation of the district by Sarawak's Rajah Charles Brooke in 1890. The "involuntary cession" resulted in Brunei being split into two – the main part with three districts ( Brunei-Muara , Tutong and Belait ) to the west of Limbang, and the Temburong district to

1690-629: The Sunda Spit beacon, in Sarawak, is 4°58′48″N 115°10′0″E  /  4.98000°N 115.16667°E  / 4.98000; 115.16667 , and the Pelong Rocks light structure in Brunei is 5°4′45″N 115°3′9″E  /  5.07917°N 115.05250°E  / 5.07917; 115.05250 . Brunei claims a continental shelf / exclusive economic zone (EEZ) stretching 200 nautical miles from its coast. The boundaries of this zone are effectively

1755-506: The area claimed by Brunei as part of its continental shelf/EEZ. Later in March 2003, a Bruneian gunboat was sent to drive away a Murphy drilling ship in the area. The following month, the Malaysian navy sent several gunboats into the disputed area to block the arrival of a Total ship. After a tense stand-off involving a single patrol craft from Brunei, Total backed off and both sides stopped work in

1820-539: The border runs as a straight line drawn in a direction of 316 degrees from the said position until it intersects the 100 fathom isobath at a point with coordinates 5°13′52.2″N 114°55′12″E  /  5.231167°N 114.92000°E  / 5.231167; 114.92000 . The positions of the Sapo Point light structure, on Pulau Muara in Brunei, is given as 4°59′45″N 115°7′45″E  /  4.99583°N 115.12917°E  / 4.99583; 115.12917 ,

1885-690: The boundaries of its territorial water in its preliminary submission to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf over its claims to the outer limits of its continental shelf. The border can be divided into three sectors. From west to east, they are: Brunei's western border with Sarawak stretches seaward from the terminus of the land boundary at 4°35′13.74576″N 114°4′33.50928″E  /  4.5871516000°N 114.0759748000°E  / 4.5871516000; 114.0759748000 into sea following

1950-407: The complete settlement of the dispute over the maritime territory claimed by both countries. The agreement also provided for the final delimitation of the maritime boundaries between the two countries in the South China Sea and Brunei Bay, as well as for an area of joint development for energy resources. South China Sea Details of the 2009 Exchange of Letters were not revealed immediately after

2015-697: The context of territorial waters , contiguous zones , and exclusive economic zones ; however, the terminology does not encompass lake or river boundaries, which are considered within the context of land boundaries. Some maritime boundaries have remained indeterminate despite efforts to clarify them. This is explained by an array of factors, some of which involve regional problems. The delineation or delimitation of maritime boundaries has strategic, economic and environmental implications (see maritime delimitation ). The terms boundary , frontier and border are often used as if they were interchangeable, but they are also terms with precise meanings. A boundary

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2080-410: The coordinated established by the Sarawak (Definition of Boundaries) Order in Council 1958. Of the total land border length of 528.45 km, 207.3 km was determined through five agreements between Brunei and Sarawak from the British colonial era, which the two countries agreed to affirm in the "Exchange of Letters" on 16 March 2009. In the Exchange of Letters, the two countries also agreed to use

2145-645: The declaration of a baseline . The conditions under which a state may establish such baseline are described in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). A baseline of a country can be the low water line, a straight baseline (a line that encloses bays, estuaries, inland waters,...) or a combination of the two. Maritime spaces can be divided into the following groups based on their legal status: While many maritime spaces can be classified as belonging to

2210-470: The demarcation and survey for Sector F-G. The timeline where the watershed along the sector is to be determined by 31 May 2025, and for the demarcation and survey to be completed by 31 May 2027, was agreed upon. The demarcation and survey of the entire land boundary is targeted for completion by 2034. Brunei's maritime boundary with Malaysia until the 100 fathom isobath was inherited from the Sarawak (Definition of Boundaries) Order in Council 1958 No 1518 and

2275-409: The disputed areas. On 16 March 2009, the two countries signed the Exchange of Letters to end all territorial disputes between Brunei and Malaysia. The Exchange of Letters provided for the final settlement of maritime boundaries between the two countries, the establishment of a joint petroleum revenue area, the agreement to the modalities for demarcating the common border between the two countries, and

2340-509: The district of Limbang. Brunei has claimed a continental shelf/EEZ stretching 200 nautical miles from its coast, which extends Brunei territorial waters deep into the middle of the South China Sea. Until 2009, Malaysia did not recognise Brunei's EEZ claim and states that Brunei's maritime territories ended at the 100 fathom isobath as provided in the North Borneo (Definition of Boundaries) Order in Council 1958 and Sarawak (Definition of Boundaries) Order in Council 1958. In 1979, Malaysia published

2405-531: The east of Limbang. The de facto boundary ran along the watershed between the Brunei River and Limbang River basins on the western side of the district, and along the length of the Pandaruan River on the eastern side. Boundary agreements have delineated a stretch of the western border and the Pandaruan River while the other stretches have yet to be delineated. With the Exchange of Letters on 16 March 2009,

2470-570: The eastern land border of the Sultanate's Temburong District at the mouth of the Bangau River with the Bay of Brunei, along straight lines joining a set of turning points until the Brunei-Sabah-Sarawak tripoint in the middle of the bay, as described in both the Sarawak (Definition of Boundaries) Order in Council 1958 No 1518 and North Borneo (Definition of Boundaries) Order in Council 1958 No 1517 as

2535-414: The entire disputed waters was also solved in Brunei's favour. Further details on the 2009 Exchange of Letters were revealed on 30 April 2010. Following a spat which was played out in the media between former Malaysian prime minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi , who was a signatory of the 2009 Exchange of Letters, and his predecessor Mahathir Mohamad , Abdullah revealed that the 2009 Exchange of Letters settled

2600-569: The five historical agreements, of which the two directly concern Limbang, namely the 1920 agreement establishing the Pandaruan River as the Brunei-Sarawak border to the east of Limbang, and the 1933 agreement establishing the Brunei-Sarawak border to the west of Limbang. The two countries have yet to agree to use the watershed principle to fill in the gaps. This essentially reaffirms the "current de facto boundary without major deviation" (reference missing). This led Malaysia to prematurely declare that

2665-414: The issue of sovereignty of the area in dispute whereby "sovereign rights of the resources" in the disputed area "belonged to Brunei". This effectively stated that Malaysia had agreed to drop its claim over the disputed maritime territory. At the same time, Abdullah said the agreement ensured Malaysia's participation in any commercialisation of oil and gas from the area, thereby guaranteeing Malaysia's share in

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2730-653: The mouths of the Brunei River in the west, and which encloses a stretch of Malaysian waters adjacent to the mouth of the Limbang River. The Sarawak (Definition of Boundaries) Order in Council 1958 No 1518 sets ten points to enclose an area described as the "boundary in the approach to Batang Limbang" defined by bearings and distances from a beacon at 4°51′24″N 115°2′54″E  /  4.85667°N 115.04833°E  / 4.85667; 115.04833 . Brunei's eastern border with Sarawak stretches seaward from terminus of

2795-459: The recognition of "unsuspendable rights" of movement of Malaysian vessels over Bruneian waters. Although the claim over Limbang was not specifically mentioned, the settlement of border demarcation essentially ends Brunei's claim over the territory. However, this claims is contested by Brunei authorities and the Limbang Question remains unsolved. The two countries have never settled their boundary issues and demarcate their common border according to

2860-490: The report from Brunei media, they announced an end to claim over each other's land, and said to resolve issues related to their maritime borders. Unfortunately, the then Brunei Foreign Minister Pehin Lim Jock Seng quickly quelled the incorrect report, claiming that Brunei has never dropped claims over Limbang. "In actual fact, the claim on Limbang was never discussed. What was discussed was the demarcation of land boundaries on

2925-527: The resources of the area. The spat began when Mahathir accused Abdullah of "signing away" Malaysia's rights over hydrocarbon resources in the area, specifically in Blocks L and M, in exchange for Brunei giving its claim over Limbang. His comments followed the announcement by Murphy Oil Corp which said that its production sharing contract with Petronas for two petroleum blocks which were situated within Brunei's EEZ claim, had been terminated because they were "no longer

2990-399: The same group, this does not imply that they all have the same legal regime. International straits and canals have their own legal status as well. The zones of maritime boundaries are expressed in concentric limits surrounding coastal and feature baselines. In the case of overlapping zones, the boundary is presumed to conform to the equidistance principle or it is explicitly described in

3055-431: The signing on 16 March 2009 and news and information regarding the implementation of the terms the agreement, as well as its impact, has been scarce. However, a Brunei news report on 23 April 2010, more than a year after the signing, quoting the Sultanate's Second Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade Lim Jock Seng , said Brunei had "retained ownership" of the two petroleum blocks which Malaysia had previously claimed. Lim

3120-529: The straight line extensions from the terminus of the borders defined by the North Borneo (Definition of Boundaries) Order in Council, 1958 and The Sarawak (Definition of Boundaries) Order in Council, 1958. It asserts that its eastern boundary extends from the 100 fathom isobath at 5°13′52.2″N 114°55′12″E  /  5.231167°N 114.92000°E  / 5.231167; 114.92000 to 8°15′13.8″N 111°56′16.2″E  /  8.253833°N 111.937833°E  / 8.253833; 111.937833 while

3185-469: The submerged seabed of the continental shelf . The process of boundary delimitation in the ocean encompasses the natural prolongation of geological features and outlying territory . The process of establishing "positional" borders encompasses the distinction between previously resolved and never-resolved controversies. The limits of maritime boundaries are expressed in polylines and in polygon layers of sovereignty and control, calculated from

3250-411: The territorial dispute involving Limbang was deemed solved in Malaysia's favour. See below . In 2011, the Brunei government stated that in the specific meeting in 2009 where media reported that Brunei lifted all claims to Limbang, Brunei reiterated that both parties never mentioned anything about Limbang, more so on Brunei's lifting of the dispute. Effectively, Brunei maintains that it has active claims on

3315-464: The territories of Brunei and Malaysia on the island of Borneo . It consists of a 528.45 km (328.36 mi) land border and substantial lengths of maritime borders stretching from the coastline of the two countries to the edge of the continental shelf in the South China Sea . Brunei's 200 nautical mile continental shelf claim makes it a claimant of a portion of the South China Sea that

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3380-686: The total land boundary length had been demarcated and surveyed, and a year later in August 2024, 175.96 km or 33.3% of the total land boundary length had been demarcated and surveyed, resulting in the signing of the Memorandum of Understanding during the 25th Annual Leaders' Consultations held in Brunei. The areas were described as between Mulu and Ulu Tutong (referred to as Sector D-E), specific sections between Teraja and Mulu (Sector C-D), between Ulu Tutong and Bebuloh (Sector E-F), between Ulu Sungai Pandaruan and Bukit Sagan (Sector K-L), and part of Sector J-K in

3445-425: The two blocks. This was followed by Malaysia's Foreign Ministry on 3 May 2010 confirming Malaysia's recognition of the sovereignty of two petroleum blocks as belonging to Brunei. It stated that the decision to recognise this was given effect through the 2009 Exchange of Letters was based on the provisions of the United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea. Maritime boundary Maritime boundaries exist in

3510-415: The two countries agreed to push for the joint demarcation and survey of their common boundary, through the establishment the necessary structures and processes to carry this out. The Memorandum of Understanding on the Process for the Joint Demarcation and Survey of the Land Boundary was signed on 19 March 2012 in Johor Bahru, Malaysia, during the 8th Malaysia–Brunei Darussalam Meeting on the Implementation of

3575-406: The two territories. Controversies about territorial waters tend to encompass two dimensions: (a) territorial sovereignty, which are a legacy of history; and (b) relevant jurisdictional rights and interests in maritime boundaries, which are mainly due to differing interpretations of the law of the sea. An example of this may be reviewed in the context of the ongoing Kuwait-Iraq maritime dispute over

3640-468: The vicinity of Jambatan Persahabatan, as well as, Block B in the vicinity of Brunei Bay. Sectors C-D, D-E and E-F involve the boundary between Malaysia and the main part of Brunei, while Sectors J-K and K-L are part of the border between Malaysia and Brunei's Temburung district. During the 25th Annual Leaders' Consultations, an Exchange of Notes at the Ministerial-level was also signed in relation to

3705-715: The watershed of the two river basins for about 30 km to the Pagalayan Canal. It then goes a further 44 km to the Teraja Hills. From there, the border runs along the watershed between the Belait and Tutong rivers on one hand, and the Baram and Limbang rivers on the other. It then proceeds along the watershed of the Brunei and Limbang river basins, enters and runs along Sungai Mendaun, Sungai Melais and Sungai Menunggul (Menunggol) until its estuary at Brunei Bay. The land border between Malaysia and Brunei's Temburong District (which

3770-437: The watershed principle to determine the remaining undelimited portions of the border. The agreements together with the sections of borders they delimit from west to east, are as follows: The process of demarcating the boundary commenced after the Exchange of Letters, which provided for, among others, the agreement to the modalities for demarcating the common border between the two countries. The Memorandum of Understanding on

3835-540: The website of the United Nations. For example, the Australia–France Marine Delimitation Agreement establishes ocean boundaries between Australia and New Caledonia in the Coral Sea (including the boundary between Australia's Norfolk Island and New Caledonia). It consists of 21 straight-line maritime segments defined by 22 individual coordinate points forming a modified equidistant line between

3900-425: The western boundary extends from the 100 fathom isobath at 5°2′00″N 113°46′00″E  /  5.03333°N 113.76667°E  / 5.03333; 113.76667 to 7°35′19.2″N 111°5′30″E  /  7.588667°N 111.09167°E  / 7.588667; 111.09167 . The EEZ outer limit runs between the two distant points parallel to the coast. Brunei's EEZ claim would include waters surrounding

3965-471: The whole," he said. The Limbang Question remains an unsolved issue. In terms of boundary delimitation , the Letters of Exchange provided for the ending of the dispute by Brunei agreeing to affirm the five historical boundary agreements, mentioned above. For sections not covered by these agreements, the two countries agreed that their common boundary will be delimited based on the watershed principle. In addition,

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4030-408: Was also quoted as saying that the matter was "sorted out during last year's agreement". However, as the question to Lim was only on the petroleum blocks, no mention was made pertaining to the disputed territory outside the two petroleum blocks although going by the location of the two blocks which are situated in the middle of the disputed territory, it could be possible to infer that the sovereignty of

4095-546: Was over the district of Limbang which has been controlled by Sarawak since 1890, while the dispute over maritime territory involved virtually the entire deep sea section of the South China Sea claimed by Brunei which Malaysia asserted as its continental shelf in its 1979 map. The various disputes were deemed settled by both governments with the signing of the Exchange of Letters on 16 March 2009 in Bandar Seri Begawan by

4160-481: Was referred to in the Joint Statement made after the 18th Annual Leaders' Consultation between the Sultan of Brunei and Prime Minister of Malaysia on 3 November 2014 when reference was made to the Sarawak (Definition of Boundaries) Order in Council 1958 No 1518 as part of the boundary definition process under the terms agreed upon in the 2009 Exchange of Letters. The Orders in Council are also used by Brunei to define

4225-599: Was signed on 26 August 2024 to accept the demarcation and survey, the first for the common boundary. The first Joint Malaysia-Brunei Darussalam Land Boundary Committee meeting was held on 20-22 August 2022 in Malaysia. Two subsequent meetings were held, on 6 July 2023 in Bandar Seri Begawan and 11 July 2024 in Kuala Lumpur, which paved the way for the signing of the MOU in August. The Exchange of Letters of 2009 provided for

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