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58-452: The vases were commissioned by the state from the leading pottery workshops of the day in large numbers. Their canonical shape was set by 530 BC, but the earliest known example is the Burgon vase (British Museum, B130), which depicts Athena's owl nestling on the neck of the vase and on the reverse is a synoris team. This may mean that the vase predates the festival's reorganization in 566 since it

116-577: A parabolic mirror in front of the Temple of Hera and then transported by a torch to the place where the Games are held. When the 2004 Summer Olympics was hosted by Athens , the men's and women's shot put competitions were held at the Olympia stadium . Although the shot put is not among the modern athletics events with a lineage dating back to the ancient Olympics, it was chosen as requiring least disruption at

174-431: A hem. Athena's feet are placed apart, firmly on the ground line. The aegis ' border of snakes is represented by two large writhing snakes and one peeping up over her shoulder. The shield which Athena bears with her right arm, bears a dolphin facing to the left. Left of Athena is the inscription, written from right to left, ΤΟΝΑΘΕΝΕΘ(Ε)ΝΑΘΛΟΝΕΜΙ ("I am (one) of the prizes from Athens") in sixth-century BC orthography. On

232-468: A late feature, but no later than Pindar. The classical Pelopion was a separate sanctuary defined by a peribolos wall dating to the 6th century BC, long after the conventional start of the Olympic games, 776 BC (which cannot be disrespected without tampering with the entire ancient Greek dating system). This was certainly a remodeling of a previously existing sanctuary of Pelops . A 1987-plus excavation of

290-539: A more limited way by Dörpfeld between 1908 and 1929 but a new systematic excavation began in 1936 on the occasion of the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin under Emil Kunze and Hans Schleif . Their excavation focus was on the area to the south of the stadium, the South Stoa, bath complex and gymnasion. Between 1952 and 1966, Kunze continued the excavation joined by architect Alfred Mallwitz . They excavated Pheidias' workshop,

348-425: A pink-flowering low tree. If they are natural to the site now, they probably were in antiquity. Olea europaea, olive , is of course ubiquitous in the region, usually growing in planted groves, but sometimes wild. Platanus orientalis , the plane tree, is common in the area, and Pinus halepensis . Aleppo pine , also covered Kronion until the fires of 2007-2009. There is not much indication of what structures were in

406-405: A preceding one, Pythokles of 392/1. As the century progressed, the profile of the vases became elongated and the decoration more mannered. The last known dated vase is from 312/11, although production continues into the third and second centuries, the archons are no longer named, instead, the treasurers and stewards of the games are recorded in their place. Some vases were used as grave goods by

464-524: A sensitive archeological site. Buildings and monuments in Olympia have been selected numerous times as main motif of collectors' coins. One of the recent samples is the €100 Greek Crypt of Olympia commemorative coin , minted in 2003 to commemorate the 2004 Olympics. In the obverse of the coin, the Crypt of Olympia is depicted. The crypt is a long and narrow vaulted passage through which the athletes and judges entered

522-467: A series of earthquakes. Invading tribes in 267 AD led to the centre of the site being fortified with material robbed from its monuments. Despite the destruction, the Olympic festival continued to be held at the site until the last Olympiad in 393 AD, after which the Christian emperor Theodosius I implemented a ban. The Temple of Zeus was apparently destroyed around 426 AD, during the persecution of pagans in

580-401: A simple track. The stadium was remodelled around 500 BC with sloping sides for spectators and shifted slightly eastward. Over the course of the 6th century BC a range of sports were added to the Olympic festival. In 580 BC, Elis, in alliance with Sparta, occupied Pisa and regained the control over the sanctuary. The classical period , between the 5th and 4th centuries BC, was the golden age of

638-420: A vaulted corridor at the start. Spectators sat mainly on the field's sloping flanks. The length of this field became the standard stadion , an ancient Greek unit of distance, which appears in all the geographers. The stadium has been resurrected for Olympic use with no intentional alteration of the ancient topography. Transient stands are easily thrown up and removed. The first major games to have been played at

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696-447: Is facing to the left. She wears a helmet with a low crest; its main section resembles a cap. The left arm swings a spear with a very carefully illustrated tip. The clothing of the goddess consists of a long sleeveless peplos belted at the waist. The diploidion – a part of the peplos whipped over the shoulders – is decorated with a meander , while the skirt itself is decorated with a vertical band, which consists of full squares, and with

754-406: Is not an athletic event. The cock column is first seen on a panathenaic by Exekias (Karlsruhe 65.45). By the early fourth century the inclusion of the archon's name appears on these vases, the earliest almost intact one being Asteios 373/2 BC. (Oxford, 1911.257). There is a fragment that bears the name Hippodamas of 375/4 BC, however, which may also be a panathenaic, and Beazley suggests there may be

812-669: Is the Pelopion , tomb of the quasi-mythical king Pelops , who gives his name to the Peloponnese and was ancestor of Agamemnon and Menelaus , the Greek kings of the Trojan War . The tomb suggests that he may not have been entirely mythical. Another location that has a special interest to both ancients and moderns is the stadium . It is basically a field with start and end lines marked off by transverse curbing. The athletes entered under an archway of

870-458: The Levant Company , who brought it to England and sold it to the museum. It was discovered full of bone fragments, having been used as a funerary urn. The back side of the vase was seriously damaged by a pick-axe during the excavation. The vase is painted in the black-figure style with images of the Greek goddess Athena , a flying siren and an owl , as well as a two-horse chariot. Athena

928-573: The Peloponnese peninsula in Greece , famous for the nearby archaeological site of the same name. The site was a major Panhellenic religious sanctuary of ancient Greece , where the ancient Olympic Games were held every four years throughout Classical antiquity , from the 8th century BC to the 4th century AD. They were restored on a global basis in 1894 in honor of the ideal of peaceful international contention for excellence. The sacred precinct, named

986-639: The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World by Antipater of Sidon . Very close to the Temple of Zeus which housed this statue, the studio of Pheidias was excavated in the 1950s. Evidence found there, such as sculptor's tools, corroborates this opinion. The ancient ruins sit north of the Alpheios River and south of Mount Kronos (named after the Greek deity Kronos ). The Kladeos , a tributary of the Alpheios, borders

1044-558: The name vase for the ancient Greek painter of the Burgon Group . Today it is on display in the British Museum . The 61 cm high vase is short and squat, with a very low mouth and short neck. The handles are close to the body and small. The foot is tiny in proportion to the vase. The amphora was uncovered in 1813 in Athens and is named after Thomas Burgon (1787–1858), a merchant of

1102-572: The temenos boundary, Olympia sprawled beyond the boundary wall, especially in the areas devoted to the games. To the north of the sanctuary can be found the Prytaneion and the Philippeion , as well as the array of treasuries representing the various city-states. The Metroon lies to the south of these treasuries, with the Echo Stoa to the east. The hippodrome and later stadium were located east of

1160-508: The Alfeios River for hydroelectric purposes. The catchment up to Olympia is flat or rolling and is agricultural; upstream from Olympia the river drains the foothills of the mountains. Much of the land around the archaeological site is given to dendriculture; that is, symmetric rows of olive trees. The site and town of Olympia were threatened by the 2007 forest fires , but no damage was reported. The name of Archaia Olympia ("Ancient Olympia")

1218-489: The Altis, except the games must have been part of the "feasting" and therefore were held in the "resting-place". The size of the precinct must have varied as the site developed, as the original stadium is known to have extended well within the later east wall. That the temple of Zeus was built within the precinct is a reasonable assumption. As there is no trace of a succession of walls, the wall might reasonably be presumed to have been

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1276-582: The Altis, was primarily dedicated to Zeus , although other gods were worshipped there. The games conducted in his name drew visitors from all over the Greek world as one of a group of such "Panhellenic" centres, which helped to build the identity of the ancient Greeks as a nation. Despite the name, it is nowhere near Mount Olympus in northern Greece, where the Twelve Olympians , the major deities of Ancient Greek religion , were believed to live. Ancient history records that Pisa and Elis , other villages in

1334-451: The Echo Stoa. To the south of the sanctuary is the South Stoa and the bouleuterion , whereas the palaestra , the workshop of Pheidias , the gymnasion , and the Leonidaion lie to the west. Olympia was also known for the gigantic chryselephantine ( ivory and gold on a wooden frame) statue of Zeus that was the cult image in his temple, sculpted by Pheidias , which was named one of

1392-535: The Leonidaion and the north wall of the stadium. They also excavated the southeast section of the sanctuary and out of approximately 140 debris pits found many bronze and ceramic objects along with terracotta roof tiles. Mallwitz took charge of the excavations between 1972 and 1984 revealing important dating evidence for the stadium, graves, and the location of the Prytaneion. From 1984 to 1996, Helmut Kyrieleis took over

1450-528: The Olympia stadium were said to have first begun in the 720s. These prestigious ancient games took place during the festival of Zeus at Olympia. Olympia was a sanctuary, but it was within the independent state of Elis, and since the Eleans managed the games, there was sometimes bias. The famous Olympic truce only mandated safe passage for visitors and did not stop all wars in Greece or even at Olympia. The village services

1508-526: The Pelopion established "a continuous ceramic sequence for the 11th century onward" including submycenaean (1100-1000 BC) and protogeometric (1000-900 BC). There was a good sprinkling of "cultic" material (votive figurines and vases). The name Altis was derived from a corruption of the Elean word also meaning "the grove" because the area was wooded, olive and plane trees in particular. It used to be thought that

1566-517: The adjacent archaeological site to the southeast. The Kladeos River forms the site's western border. Visitors walk over the bridge to find themselves in front of the main gate. Full visitation is an extensive walking event. Some excavation is in progress there frequently. Moveable artifacts for the most part have found a home in one of the site's three museums. Olympia lies in the valley of the Alfeiós River (also Anglicized as Alpheus or Alpheios) in

1624-429: The area of the great altar of Zeus, where the largest sacrifices were made. Pindar , the 5th-century-BC Theban poet, says that Heracles founded the "sacred precinct" (zatheon alsos) next to the tomb of Pelops in honor of Zeus , his own father, referring to the precinct founded as the Altis, and made the "encircling area a resting-place for feasting," honoring the river Alfeios and the 12 Olympian gods. He assigned

1682-450: The area. Researchers also revealed fine pottery remains dated back to Greece's Geometric art period. The ancient site of the games had been included during all the intervening centuries within a community yet called Olympia. In modern terms it became Archaia Olympia, "Ancient Olympia," and was a deme, or municipality, of its own. In 2011 it was combined for reasons of economy of government with three other former demes within which union

1740-416: The back side of the vase there is a beardless, seated charioteer wearing red clothing. His feet on a running board, he drives a two-horse chariot to the right. He holds the reins in his right hand and the kalaurops (staff with bells), to goad the horse on. The shape of the wheels, with only two spokes and two reinforcing struts extending perpendicular to them resembles the bronze wheel from Olympia . On

1798-544: The central part of the sanctuary including the Temple of Zeus, Temple of Hera, Metroon, Bouleuterion, Philipeion, Echo Stoa, Treasuries and Palaestra. Important finds included sculptures from the Temple of Zeus, the Nike of Paeonius , the Hermes of Praxiteles and many bronzes. In total 14,000 objects were recorded. The finds were displayed in a museum on the site. Excavation continued in

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1856-464: The erection of the Philippeion . Around 300 BC the largest building on the site, the Leonidaion , was constructed to house important visitors. Due to the increasing significance of the games, further athletic buildings were constructed including the Palaestra (3rd century BC), Gymnasion (2nd century BC) and bath houses (c.300 BC). Finally, in 200 BC, a vaulted archway was erected linking the entrance of

1914-418: The families of the victors, some were dedicated to sanctuaries, and still others sold, hence their wide distribution in the Greek world. The survival rate of Greek pottery as a whole may be calculated from the remnant of panathenaic amphorae that exist. After approximately 350 BC at least 1,450 vases were awarded every four years in the greater Panathenaia. Assuming the number of events was consistent throughout

1972-413: The first excavations, accompanied by the painters Pierre Achille Poirot , Pierre Félix Trézel and Amaury-Duval . The site was divided topographically into squares, trenches were dug, excavations were undertaken in straight lines, and models for restoration were proposed: archaeology was becoming rationalized, and it was in this way that the location and identity of the Temple of Zeus were determined for

2030-648: The first time. Since the 1870s, the excavation and preservation of Ancient Olympia has been the responsibility of the German Archaeological Institute at Athens . The first major excavation of Olympia began in 1875, funded by the German government after negotiation of exclusive access by Ernst Curtius . Other archaeologists responsible for the dig were Gustav Hirschfeld , George Treu , Adolf Furtwängler (who worked alongside architects), A. Boetticher , Wilhelm Dörpfeld , and Richard Borrmann . They excavated

2088-564: The following communities (villages within the communities given in brackets): When Pierre de Coubertin , the founder of the International Olympic Committee, died in 1937, a monument to him was erected at ancient Olympia and, emulating Evangelis Zappas , whose head is buried under a statue in front of the Zappeion , his heart was buried at the monument. After suppression of the ancient Olympic Games in 394 AD by Theodosius I ,

2146-409: The four became municipal units. The terminology can be confusing, as "ancient Olympia" can be either the modern municipal unit, or only the site of the ruins. The town has a railway station and is the easternmost terminus of the line of Olympia- Pyrgos (Ilia) . The train station with the freight yard to its west is located about 300 m east of the town centre. It is linked by GR-74 , and the new road

2204-440: The history of the games and that all prizes were in the form of decorated amphora, dividing the number of unique vases known by the total production run, gives the figure of between 0.5% and 1% of all Greek vases awarded are still extant. [REDACTED] Media related to Panathenaic amphoras at Wikimedia Commons Burgon vase The Burgon vase is the earliest known Panathenaic amphora , dating to around 560 BC, and

2262-447: The late Roman Empire , following an edict by Theodosius II enforcing the ban on pagan festivals. The workshop of Pheidias was turned into a Basilica and the site was inhabited by a Christian community. Archaeological evidence suggests that small scale Olympic events (perhaps in Christian guise) were still being held secretly until Justinian's plague and two earthquakes devastated the place mid 6th century. Repeated floods ensured that

2320-416: The name "Hill of Cronus" to the previously unnamed hill, and then instituted the Olympic games. Pindar creates in a single, compact sentence, what has been called "Olympic space". The space is a work of man created by a sequence of operations: first, Herakles lays out (stathmato) the alsos with a surveying instrument called a stathme. Second, he "fixes" the border of the Altis (paxais Altin), and third clears

2378-420: The region, contended with Olympia for management of the precinct, and that Olympia won, implying that the village was not identical to the precinct. The putative location of the ancient village is the modern village, which appears to have been inhabited continuously since ancient times. The archaeological site held over 760 significant buildings, and ruins of many of these survive. Of special interest to Greeks

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2436-402: The settlement was finally abandoned altogether in the early 7th Century. Over time the site was buried under alluvial deposits, up to 8 metres deep, long thought to be the result of river flooding. Modern research hypothesizes instead—based on the presence of mollusc and gastropod shells and foraminifera— that the site was buried by sea waters resulting from repeated tsunamis . The exact site

2494-413: The site and the focus shifted to the earlier history of the sanctuary with excavation of the Prytaneion and Pelopion. In March 2021, archaeologists announced the discovery of a 2.500 year-old unbroken bronze bull idol near to the temple of Greek deity Zeus . According to archaeologist Zaharaoula Leventouri, one of the statue's horns stuck to the ground after a heavy rainfall and was carefully removed from

2552-419: The site at Olympia. A wide range of new religious and secular buildings as well as structures were made. The Temple of Zeus was built mid 5th century BC. Its size, scale and ornaments were beyond anything previously constructed on the site. The Greek Baths and further sporting facilities, including the final iteration of the stadium, and the hippodrome (for chariot-racing) were constructed. The Prytaneion

2610-560: The site dates from around 600 BC. At this time, the Skiloudians, allies of the Pisatans, built the Temple of Hera . The Treasuries and the Pelopion were built during the course of the 6th century BC. The secular structures and athletic arenas were also under construction during this period, including the Bouleuterion . The first stadium was constructed around 560 BC and it consisted of just

2668-474: The site had been occupied since about 1500 BC, with a religious cult of Zeus developing around 1000 BC. It may be that instead there was only a sanctuary from the 9th or 8th centuries, though the question remains in debate. Others believe that remains of food and burnt offerings dating back to the 10th century BC give evidence of a long history of religious activity at the site. No buildings have survived from this earliest period of use. The first Olympic festival

2726-436: The site of the sanctuary at Olympia on 10 May 1829. As most of the buildings were invisible, the general identification was made possible thanks to the more precise descriptions of Edward Dodwell and John Spencer Stanhope . The French archaeologists spent six weeks on the site. Léon-Jean-Joseph Dubois (director of the section of Archaeology) and Abel Blouet (director of the section of Architecture and Sculpture) undertook

2784-525: The space around it (en katharo diekrine). Fourth, he "made" (etheke) ground (pedon) as an entertainment space (lusin) for festivals (dorpou). Then he goes on to "honor" the ford of the Alfeios (necessarily to the south), the 12 gods, and to name the unnamed hill for Kronos. Then he can hold the first games. Today trees have been allowed to grow over the site quasi-grove. These are primarily Cercis siliquastrum , colloquially "Judas-tree" (nothing to do with Judas),

2842-431: The spirit of the games, international peaceful competition by individuals for excellence, continued. The games were resurrected in 1894 based on the ancient model, but more international than ever. The ideology of the new games turned to the site of ancient Olympia for its inspiration, where even the ruins assumed a symbolic significance. The Olympic flame of the modern-day Olympic Games is lit by reflection of sunlight in

2900-575: The stadium to the sanctuary. During the Roman period, the games were opened up to all citizens of the Roman Empire . A programme of new buildings and extensive repairs, including to the Temple of Zeus, took place. In 150 AD, the Nympheum (or Exedra ) was built. New baths replaced the older Greek examples in 100 AD and an aqueduct was constructed in 160 AD. The 3rd century saw the site suffer heavy damage from

2958-452: The unornamented neck there is a siren on the front and an owl on the back, both with their wings held in exactly the same posture. Olympia, Greece Olympia ( Modern Greek : Ολυμπία [oli(m)ˈbi.a] ; Ancient Greek : Ὀλυμπία [olympí.aː] ), officially Archaia Olympia ( Greek : Αρχαία Ολυμπία lit.   ' Ancient Olympia ' ), is a small town in Elis on

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3016-500: The west. The Altis was an irregular quadrangular area more than 183 m (200 yd) on each side and walled except to the North where it was bounded by the Kronion (Mount Kronos). It consisted of an arrangement of buildings, the most important of which are the Temple of Hera (or Heraion/Heraeum), the Temple of Zeus , the Pelopion , and open sites used for traditional activities, such as

3074-532: The western part of the Peloponnese , today around 18 km (11 mi) from the Gulf of Kyparissia in the Ionian Sea , but in antiquity perhaps half that distance. According to Pausanias , there were over 70 temples in total, as well as treasuries, altars, statues, and other structures dedicated to many deities. Somewhat in contrast to Delphi , where a similar large collection of monuments were tightly packed within

3132-538: Was built at the northwest side of the site in 470 BC. In the late classical period, further structures were added to the site. The Metroon was constructed near the Treasuries around 400 BC. The erection of the Echo Stoa , around 350 BC, separated the sanctuary from the area of the games and stadium. The South Stoa was built at the southern edge of the sanctuary at approximately the same time. The late 4th century BC saw

3190-406: Was extended to the new municipality of 2011. Four former municipalities became municipal units: Archaia Olympia now applied to both a municipality and a unit. The municipality has an area of 545.121 km , the municipal unit 178.944 km . For the subdivisions of the municipal units of Foloi, Lampeia, and Lasiona, see under those topics. The municipal unit of Archaia Olympia is divided into

3248-403: Was opened in the 1980s. The next stretch N and NE of Olympia opened in 2005. The distance from Pyrgos is 20 km (12 mi), about 50 km (31 mi) SW of Lampeia , W of Tripoli and Arcadia and 4 km (2 mi) north of Krestena and N of Kyparissia and Messenia . The highway passes north of the ancient ruins. A reservoir is located a few kilometres to the west, impounding

3306-479: Was organized on the site by the authorities of Elis in the 8th century BC – with tradition dating the first games at 776 BC. Major changes were made to the site around 700 BC, including levelling land and digging new wells. Elis' power diminished and the sanctuary fell into the hands of the Pisatans in 676 BC. The Pisatans organized the games until the late 7th century BC. The earliest evidence of building activity on

3364-578: Was re-discovered in 1766 by the English antiquarian Richard Chandler . Since then, the site had been visited by several other antiquarian-travellers such as Louis-François-Sébastien Fauvel , François Pouqueville , William Gell , Charles Robert Cockerell and William Martin Leake . The first excavation was not carried out until 1829, when the French archaeologists of the " Expedition Scientifique de Morée " arrived on

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