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95-905: Some variants do not include Luxembourg. In less common variants, the French Netherlands ( Nord-Pas-de-Calais ) are also involved in the merger as well as some border territories in Germany (e.g. East Friesland ). Some Pan-Netherlandic groups also want to include South Africa due to the relation of the Dutch to the Afrikaners and the Afrikaans language . The goal is to unite these territories into one multilingual state ( unitary , federal or confederal ). This differs from Greater Netherlandism which aims to unite all Dutch-speaking areas. The name of this state differs per organization, some commonly used names are

190-421: A concept of statehood; instead, fiefdoms were private domains. After Clovis's death, his kingdom was divided among his sons, leading to dynastic struggles, notably between queens Brunehaut and Frédégonde . Around 630 AD, during Dagobert's reign, significant Christianization efforts began with the establishment of numerous monasteries, such as Marchiennes , Condé, and Maroilles . These monasteries, supported by

285-480: A majority in regional and local representation. The Greens managed to attract many conservative voters from small towns and farmers moved by the Greens' commitment to boosting agri-industry. The region's religious profile is representative of France as a whole, with the majority being Roman Catholic . Other Christian groups are found in the region: Protestants have a few churches. North Africans have introduced Islam to

380-456: A movement away from barbarism toward civilization . 18th-century philosopher and political scientist Marquis de Condorcet predicted that political progress would involve the disappearance of slavery , the rise of literacy , the lessening of sex inequality , reform of prisons , which at the time were harsh, and the decline of poverty. Modernity or modernisation was a key form of the idea of progress as promoted by classical liberals in

475-462: A need for measures to address these problems. Progressivism has influenced various political movements. Social liberalism was influenced by British liberal philosopher John Stuart Mill 's conception of people being "progressive beings." British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli developed progressive conservatism under one-nation Toryism . In France, the space between social revolution and

570-557: A process of restructuring which still continues today. Nowadays, the manufacturing sector is led by the automobile industry . Progressivism Progressivism is a left-leaning political philosophy and reform movement that seeks to advance the human condition through social reform – primarily based on purported advancements in social organization , science , and technology . Adherents hold that progressivism has universal application and endeavor to spread this idea to human societies everywhere. Progressivism arose during

665-402: A range of diverse political pressure groups , not always united, progressives rejected social Darwinism , believing that the problems society faced, such as class warfare , greed , poverty , racism and violence , could best be addressed by providing good education, a safe environment, and an efficient workplace. Progressives lived mainly in the cities, were college educated, and believed in

760-699: A severe outbreak in Calais in 1348. Northern France, described by Jean-Clément Martin as the "aborted Vendée ," was notably hostile to the French Revolution. The local peasants, deeply affected by the king's execution in January 1793, resisted the new revolutionary order. Liberty trees were cut down in the Cambrai district, and parishioners refused sacraments from constitutional priests. In villages like Morbecque , peasants rebelled against conscription and faced persecution by

855-658: A strong central government. President Theodore Roosevelt of the Republican Party and later the Progressive Party declared that he "always believed that wise progressivism and wise conservatism go hand in hand." President Woodrow Wilson was also a member of the American progressive movement within the Democratic Party . Progressive stances have evolved. Imperialism was a controversial issue within progressivism in

950-556: Is a former administrative region of France. Since 1 January 2016, it has been part of the new region Hauts-de-France . It consisted of the departments of Nord and Pas-de-Calais . Nord-Pas-de-Calais borders the English Channel (west), the North Sea (northwest), Belgium (north and east) and Picardy (south). Until the 17th century, the history of the North was largely in common with

1045-487: Is classified as a (cultural or social) progressive party, but it calls itself "economically centrist and socially liberal". Economic progressivism —also New Progressive Economics —is a term used to distinguish it from progressivism in cultural fields. Economic progressives may draw from a variety of economic traditions, including democratic capitalism , democratic socialism , social democracy , and social liberalism . Overall, economic progressives' views are rooted in

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1140-500: Is featured in numerous films, including Bienvenue chez les Ch'tis . Nord-Pas-de-Calais combines the names of the constituent departments of Nord (literally 'North', the northernmost department of France ) and Pas-de-Calais ('Strait of Calais', the French name of the Strait of Dover ). The regional council, however, spells the name Nord-Pas de Calais . The northern part of the region

1235-537: Is in the Kingdom of Belgium ). These provincial designations are still frequently used by the inhabitants. The former administrative region was created in 1956 under the name "Nord" and maintained that name until 1972 when "Pas-de-Calais" was added. This remained unchanged until its dissolution in 2016. With its 330.8 people per km on just over 12,414 km , it is a densely populated region, having some 4.1 million inhabitants, 7% of France's total population, making it

1330-711: Is now Nord-Pas-de-Calais were reunited to the Burgundian inheritance, which had passed through Marie's marriage to the House of Habsburg . These territories formed an integral part of the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands as they were defined during the reign of Philip's son, Emperor Charles V , and passed to Charles's son, Philip II of Spain . During the Italian Wars much of the conflict between France and Spain occurred in

1425-533: Is now the Nord département into two parts: one under what would become France and the other under the Holy Roman Empire . This new border marked a significant shift in territorial and political dynamics in the region. In the early Middle Ages , the feudal system shaped the region's political landscape. The County of Flanders emerged in the late 9th century as a semi-autonomous entity with regular insubordination to

1520-636: The 3rd and 5th centuries. In 406, a frozen Rhine allowed a flood of barbarian groups, including the Franks and Germans driven by the Huns, to invade, ultimately leading to the collapse of the remaining Roman authority in the region. During the Merovingian period, the Salian Franks initially maintained their pagan beliefs, unlike other Germanic tribes who converted to Arianism . Clovis's conversion to Nicene Christianity

1615-708: The Age of Enlightenment out of the belief that civility in Europe was improving due to the application of new empirical knowledge . In modern political discourse, progressivism is often associated with social liberalism , a left-leaning type of liberalism, and social democracy . Within economic progressivism , there is some ideological variety on the social liberal to social democrat continuum, as well as occasionally some variance on cultural issues; examples of this include some Christian democrat and conservative-leaning communitarian movements. While many ideologies can fall under

1710-721: The Battle of Marne , the front moved back to the area and stabilized near Arras . During the next four years, the region was split in two: the German holding the French Flanders and Cambrai area, the Allied controlling Arras and the Area of Lens. Nevertheless, the combat did not stop, each side wanting the total control of the area. The Nord pas de Calais was one of the main theaters of the conflict, with many battles occurring between 1914 and 1918, including

1805-569: The Battle of Vimy Ridge assault during the Battle of Arras (1917) , the Battle of Artois , Battle of Loos and the Battle of Cambrai . By the time the region was finally liberated by the Canadian Expeditionary Forces, the entire country was devastated and Arras had been 90% destroyed. Currently, there are 650 military cemeteries throughout the Nord-Pas-de Calais, mostly British and Canadian, as well as large memorials such as

1900-764: The Benelux Union , which could possibly also lead to a Pan-Netherlandic polity, often as a precursor to European integration , a kind of "Benelux federalism ". On February 25, 2013, during the Provincial Reorganization talks of the Rutte II cabinet, such a proposal was made by one Mr. Stevense to the States of South Holland . This was also discussed later at the councils meeting. Nord-Pas-de-Calais Nord-Pas-de-Calais ( French pronunciation: [nɔʁ pɑ d(ə) kalɛ] ); Picard : Nord-Pas-Calés );

1995-499: The Canadian National Vimy Memorial and Notre Dame de Lorette , the world's largest French military cemetery. After the war, the industrial region of Nord-Pas-de-Calais was devastated, and in 1919 was classified as a red or yellow zone for around two-thirds of its surface area. The reconstruction movement made massive use of immigration, particularly from Poland , to compensate for the decline in population due to

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2090-573: The Dutch Republic . After the final French annexation in the early 18th century, much of the region was again occupied by Germany during the First and Second World Wars. During the 4th and 5th centuries, the Roman practice of co-opting Germanic tribes to provide military and defense services along the route from Boulogne to Cologne created a Germanic – Romance linguistic border in the region that persisted until

2185-579: The Eighty Years' War the Netherlandic rebels sought to liberate all regions (see Union of Brussels ) but were unsuccessfull. This ideal to "free" additional parts of the Low Countries was prominent in the region until the late 17th century. In 1790, the prime minister of the short-lived United Belgian States (which roughly encompassed present-day Belgium) Henri van der Noot proposed to reunite with

2280-829: The Front Populaire came to power in France in 1936, three deputies from the Nord were in government, including Roger Salengro . Factories went on strike en masse during the Matignon Accords . During the occupation of France , it was attached to the Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France , ruled from the Wehrmacht kommandantur in Brussels. The Nord-Pas-de-Calais region

2375-507: The Holy Roman Empire . Calais was an English possession from 1347 to 1558, when it was recovered by the French throne. In the 15th century, all of the territories, except Calais, were united under the rule of the Dukes of Burgundy , along with other territories in northern France and areas in what is now Belgium , Luxembourg , and the Netherlands . With the death of the Burgundian duke Charles

2470-539: The Nord department made substantial efforts to rebuild and unify administratively and socially. However, after Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, the region was occupied by British troops until November 1818. In the early 19th century, Northern France experienced significant economic development, propelled into the Industrial Revolution by several key factors. Napoleon's continental blockade against

2565-452: The North Sea , the Nord-Pas de Calais region has a strong fishing industry . The Boulogne-sur-Mer harbor is the biggest French port in terms of capacity with more than 150 boats. 45,000 tons of fish were traded there in 2012. The harbor is also a leading European seafood processing center with 380,000 tons of shellfish, fish and seaweed traded every year. Some 140 companies are present in

2660-824: The Social Gospel emerged in North America that focused on challenging economic exploitation and poverty and, by the mid-1890s, was common in many Protestant theological seminaries in the United States. Early 20th-century progressivism included support for American engagement in World War I and the creation of and participation in the League of Nations , compulsory sterilisation in Scandinavia, and eugenics in Great Britain, and

2755-746: The Verbond der Lage Landen . Between 1934 and 1940, Joris van Severen 's Fascist Verdinaso was the piggest ropagandist of the Pan-Netherlands ideal. (Right-wing) Pan-Netherlandic circles often represent themselves with the Prince's Flag or the Burgundian Cross . After the Second World War Pan-Netherlands became somewhat of a taboo subject due to its connection to fascism. Nonetheless, Pan-Netherlandic historians held an important position in

2850-529: The founders of the American Republic , whereby the authority of government depends on observing limitations on its just powers. What began as a social movement in the 1890s grew into a popular political movement referred to as the Progressive era ; in the 1912 United States presidential election , all three U.S. presidential candidates claimed to be progressives. While the term progressivism represents

2945-592: The socialist movement of the time and as humane ways to assist in maintaining the Industrial Revolution . In 1891, the Roman Catholic Church encyclical Rerum novarum issued by Pope Leo XIII condemned the exploitation of labor and urged support for labor unions and government regulation of businesses in the interests of social justice while upholding the property right and criticising socialism. A progressive Protestant outlook called

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3040-535: The socially conservative laissez-faire centre-right was filled with the emergence of radicalism which thought that social progress required anti-clericalism , humanism , and republicanism . Especially anti-clericalism was the dominant influence on the centre-left in many French- and Romance-speaking countries until the mid-20th century. In Imperial Germany , Chancellor Otto von Bismarck enacted various progressive social welfare measures out of paternalistic conservative motivations to distance workers from

3135-408: The temperance movement . Progressives believed that progress was stifled by economic inequality , inadequately regulated monopolistic corporations, and conflict between workers and elites, arguing that corrective measures were needed. In the United States, progressivism began as an intellectual rebellion against the political philosophy of Constitutionalism as expressed by John Locke and

3230-479: The (united/reunited) Netherlands/Low Countries and mainly before 1945 the name Dietsland was also used. The ideology is often labeled as Pan-Netherlandism ( Heel-Nederlandisme ) or Pan-Netherlands thought ( Heel-Nederlandse gedachte ). The terms Burgundism ( Bourgondicisme ) or Burgundian Thought ( Bourgondische Gedachte ) are also used, referring to the Burgundian Circle in the 16th century which united

3325-585: The 19th and 20th centuries, who called for the rapid modernisation of the economy and society to remove the traditional hindrances to free markets and the free movements of people. In the late 19th century, a political view rose in popularity in the Western world that progress was being stifled by vast economic inequality between the rich and the poor, minimally regulated laissez-faire capitalism with out-of-control monopolistic corporations , intense and often violent conflict between capitalists and workers, with

3420-479: The 19th century, the region underwent major industrialisation and became one of the leading industrial regions of France, second only to Alsace-Lorraine . Nord-Pas-de-Calais was barely touched by the Franco-Prussian War of 1870; the war actually helped it to cement its leading role in French industry due to the loss of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany. However, it suffered catastrophic damage in the two World Wars of

3515-844: The 20th century. The earliest evidence of man's presence in the region dates from the Pleistocene to the Middle Ages . Evidence of early human presence includes bifaces dating back to around 700,000 BC found in Wimereux and 500,000 BC in Quiévy . During the Pleistocene, human activity was intermittent due to the harsh climate caused by expanding Nordic glaciers. Occupation sites are noted from around 60,000 BC in Marcoing and 50,000–40,000 BC in Busigny and Hamel, with

3610-417: The 8th century. By the 9th century, most inhabitants north of Lille spoke a dialect of Middle Dutch, while the inhabitants to the south spoke a variety of Romance dialects. This linguistic border is still evident today in the place names of the region. Beginning in the 9th century, the linguistic border began a steady move to north and the east. By the end of the 13th century, the linguistic border had shifted to

3705-670: The Artois region to the French crown. The complex succession issues surrounding the County of Flanders led to a coalition against the King of France, involving the Emperor, the King of England, and the Count of Flanders , Ferrand of Portugal. The decisive Battle of Bouvines in 1214 saw Philippe Auguste emerge victorious, enabling him to implement administrative reforms to consolidate royal power. These changes, along with

3800-640: The Bold in 1477, the Boulonnais and Artois were seized by the French crown, while Flanders and Hainaut were inherited by Charles's daughter Marie . Shortly thereafter, in 1492, Artois was ceded back to Marie's son Philip the Handsome , as part of an attempt to keep Philip's father, Emperor Maximilian I , neutral in French King Charles VIII's prospective invasion of Italy. Thus, most of the territories of what

3895-465: The Brabant and Liège revolutions. France declared war on Austria in April 1792, leading to the destruction of cities like Lille , Dunkirk , and Valenciennes . Austrian armies occupied French Hainaut from 1793 to 1794 until the French revolutionary army conquered the region and annexed Belgium. The Terror further devastated the area, dismantling structures like the Saint-Amand abbey and depriving Cambrai of its cathedral and Gothic churches. Under Napoleon,

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3990-417: The Dutch. Partly because of this, the Low Countries were united by William I as the United Kingdom of the Netherlands , which in fact encompasses the territory that the Pan-Netherlands movement strives for. Additionally, King William even claimed the Rhineland for some time. This united kingdom ended in 1830, with the Belgian Revolution , but left behind an Orangist movement, which sought re-attachment to

4085-432: The Frankish aristocracy, played crucial roles in land development and extending royal power. Coastal areas saw less interest from the Franks, with the first bishop, Audomar (Saint Omer), arriving only in the 6th century. The Treaty of Verdun in 843 divided Charlemagne's empire into three kingdoms, establishing the Scheldt River as the natural boundary between West Francia and Middle Francia . This division split what

4180-410: The French King, had economic ties with England, while the Count of Hainaut aligned with the Emperor, an English ally. Edward III's campaign in 1346 led to the protracted siege of Calais. The Hundred Years' War , while destructive, was overshadowed by devastating epidemics like the Black Death, which struck southern Hainaut in 1316, killing a third of the population, and reoccurred several times, including

4275-530: The French King. Similarly, the County of Hainaut took shape by the mid-11th century, with the Duchy of Brabant reflecting Flemish traditions. The influence of the Catholic Church also grew, with the Bishop of Cambrai becoming Count of Cambrésis. The importance of waterways led to the growth of towns such as Lille and Arras, which gained privileges and self-governance, especially in the 12th century when Arras became renowned for its cloth industry. In 1180, Isabelle de Hainaut's marriage to Philippe Auguste brought

4370-422: The Low Countries. In the 20th century a movement grew that merely strives for far-reaching cooperation of the existing Benelux countries. This is often referred to as the "Benelux ideal" ( Beneluxgedachte ), which led to the creation of the similarly named Benelux Union . In Belgium, both Pan-Netherlandism , as well as Greater Netherlandism are sometimes labeled as " Orangism " but this can be confusing due to

4465-462: The Neolithic era left behind megalithic structures, such as dolmens and menhirs, which were likely used for religious purposes, though their exact functions remain unclear. During the Gallic War in 56 BC, Julius Caesar expanded his conquests toward the North Sea after defeating the Atrebates and Nervians at the Battle of Sabis. The Belgians, a collective of various tribes such as the Menapiens, Morins, Atrébates , and Nervians , had settled in

4560-421: The Nord-Pas-de-Calais region has always been a strategic (and hence one of the most fought-over) region in Europe. French President Charles de Gaulle , who was born in Lille, called the region a "fatal avenue" through which invading armies repeatedly passed. Over the centuries, it was conquered in turn by the Celtic Belgae , the Romans , the Germanic Franks , England, the Spanish and Austrian Netherlands , and

4655-450: The United Kingdom forced the region to produce goods locally that had previously been imported, fostering the birth of industries such as sugar production. The introduction of British steam engines into spinning mills also accelerated production. Central areas rich in coal, from Béthune to Valenciennes, became crucial energy sources, further boosted by the protectionist policies of the Restoration era after Belgium's emergence in 1830. While

4750-572: The advent of regional television with the creation of Télé-Lille in 1950, the first regional television station in France. Despite technological advancements, the region faced economic challenges due to a lack of diversification. The Algerian War in the mid-20th century significantly impacted the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region, home to a large population of Algerian immigrants. This led to social tensions and conflicts between French and Algerian communities, exacerbated by internal strife among Algerians supporting different nationalist movements. The war's impact

4845-401: The arrondissement of Dunkirk ); and the Picards, who speak the Picard language , or Ch'ti (speakers, " chitimi ", have been working to revive the nearly-extinct regional speech since the 1980s). Although neighbouring Belgium currently recognizes and fosters both Picard and Dutch, and a few city-level governments within Nord-Pas-de-Calais have introduced initiatives to encourage both languages,

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4940-558: The banner of progressivism, both the current and historical movement are characterized by a critique of unregulated capitalism, desiring a more active democratic government to take a role in safeguarding human rights , bringing about cultural development , and being a check-and-balance on corporate monopolies . There are differences in specific approaches between factions, including capitalist-leaning social liberals and social democrats versus some anti-capitalist democratic socialists . Immanuel Kant identified progress as being

5035-462: The concept of social justice and the common good , and aim to improve the human condition through government regulation , social protections and the maintenance of public goods . Some economic progressives may show centre-right views on cultural issues. These movements are related to communitarian conservative movements such as Christian democracy and one-nation conservatism . An early mention of techno-progressivism appeared in 1999 as

5130-598: The creation of the Benelux Economic Union . Pieter Geyl , former advocate for Flemish-Dutch unification , became a Pan-Netherlandic historian and collaborated with several other Pan-Netherlandic historians on books describing one united history of the Low Countries (e.g. Nederlandsche Historiebladen and Algemene Geschiedenis der Nederlanden ). Examples of contemporary Pan-Netherlandic organisations are the; Algemeen-Nederlands Verbond , Baarle Werkgroep , Werkgemeenschap de Lage Landen , Zannekin , Knooppunt Delta and Die Roepstem . While no major political party supports

5225-471: The democratic process. The unifying theme is to call attention to the negative impacts of current institutions or ways of doing things and to advocate for social progress , i.e., for positive change as defined by any of several standards such as the expansion of democracy , increased egalitarianism in the form of economic and social equality as well as improved well being of a population. Proponents of social democracy have identified themselves as promoting

5320-412: The development of a sophisticated road network known as the "Brunehaut causeways." This network facilitated trade within the empire, allowing for the import and export of various goods, including ceramics, pottery, wine, olive oil, linen cloth, and ham. Vici (hamlets) emerged along these routes, and many modern communes in the Scarpe and Escaut valleys trace their origins to Gallo-Roman settlements. By

5415-455: The end of the 1st century, Germanic tribes began encroaching on the region, leading to periods of pillaging and instability. The Franks crossed the Rhine in 253–254 and again between 259 and 263, followed by the Alamanni in 275. During brief periods of peace, new capitals like Tournai and Cambrai emerged, replacing older ones such as Cassel and Bavay. The region also saw the initial stages of Christianization, although it remained limited until

5510-400: The fact that in all Benelux states this term can also refer to the movement that strives for a restoration of power of the Royal House of Orange-Nassau in their region. After the disintegration of Middle Francia and Lotharingia in the late 10th century, the Low Countries largely existed within a single polity, as the Duchy of Lower Lotharingia . Starting in 1384, the region was united in

5605-435: The first Homo sapiens identified in Rouvroy . After the last Ice age , the region, now covered in forests, saw the emergence of hunter-gatherer societies using microliths for hunting. The Neolithic period marked the beginning of agriculture and animal husbandry, influenced by the Cerny and Michelsberg cultures. Evidence of trade and tool use from outside the region highlights interactions with other areas. Additionally,

5700-410: The form of a personal union under the Duchy of Burgundy as the Burgundian Netherlands . In 1482, the region came under the control of Spain as the Habsburg Netherlands , also referred to as the Seventeen Provinces after the centralisation of the polities through the Burgundian Circle . This history of relative unity in the Low Countries region ended with the Dutch Revolt . At the beginning of

5795-567: The fourth most populous region in the country, 83% of whom live in urban communities. Its administrative centre and largest city is Lille . The second largest city is Calais , which serves as a major continental economic/transportation hub with Dover of Great Britain 42 kilometres (26 mi) away; this makes Nord-Pas-de-Calais the closest continental European connection to the island of Great Britain. Other major towns include Valenciennes , Lens , Douai , Béthune , Dunkirk , Maubeuge , Boulogne , Arras , Cambrai and Saint-Omer . The region

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5890-589: The history of Belgium (the Celtics Belgians during Antiquity were a multitude of Celtic peoples from the north of Gaul ), that of a land that "for almost a thousand years served as a battlefield for all of Europe." The majority of the region was once part of the historical Southern Netherlands , but gradually became part of France between 1477 and 1678, particularly during the reign of king Louis XIV . The historical French provinces that preceded Nord-Pas-de-Calais are Artois , French Flanders , French Hainaut and (partially) Picardy (part of Hainaut and Flanders

5985-495: The idea, several individual politicians do. Academic and member of Belgian party N-VA Matthias Storme argued for a Pan-Netherlands in 2010 in his "Plan-N", saying "Even for Wallonia, it would not be a bad idea to reflect about the possibility to join the Confederation, equally as a separate country.". Karel Anthonissen (ex-chairman of the Belgian Greens ) also supports this plan, perhaps including Luxembourg. Some more moderate groups and individuals argue for further integration of

6080-441: The idea. In 1857, Belgium had Pan-Netherlandic organisations, such as the progressive liberal Vlamingen Vooruit , which eldmembers who proposed a Belgo-Dutch federation. The ideal also held an important role in early Socialism in the Benelux region and its Proletarian Internationalism . Before the First World War and during the interwar period, Belgium in particular also had a number of less relevant Pan-Netherlandic groups such as

6175-437: The industrial boom turned Northern France into an economic powerhouse for over a century, it brought severe hardships for the working class. Miners, as depicted in Émile Zola 's "Germinal," faced grueling conditions and meager wages, risking their health underground. Textile workers also endured harsh conditions. The 19th century added to their suffering with extreme weather events and five cholera epidemics between 1832 and 1866,

6270-465: The large population of the region. The region was only in 16th place out of 24 for GDP per capita in 2014 with €34,422. The unemployment rate is higher than the national average. About 11% of the population was unemployed in 2014, particularly people aged between 18 and 25. The economy is essentially led by the service sector , which employs 75% of the working population, followed by manufacturing (23%) and agriculture (2%). Due to its location close to

6365-409: The last of which claimed 10,584 lives in the Nord département alone. When the First World War started, the region became a strategic target for the Allies and the Central Powers , mostly because of the coal and mining resources. When the German troops launched their attack from Belgium, the region was one of the first to fall under German occupation. Nevertheless, when the Allies stopped Germany at

6460-441: The late 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly in the United States, where some progressives supported American imperialism while others opposed it. In response to World War I , President Woodrow Wilson 's Fourteen Points established the concept of national self-determination and criticised imperialist competition and colonial injustices. Anti-imperialists supported these views in areas resisting imperial rule. During

6555-690: The national French government maintains a policy of linguistic unity and generally ignores both languages, as it does with other regional languages in France. The region's ethnic diversity has been affected by repeated waves of immigrant workers from abroad: Belgians and Welsh before 1910; Poles and Italians in the 1920s and 1930s; Eastern European groups and Germans since 1945; and North Africans and Portuguese since 1960; and large cities like Lille, Calais, and Boulogne-sur-Mer are home to sizable communities of British, Dutch, Scandinavian, Greek and Balkans, Sub-Saharan African, and Latin American immigrants and their descendants. The French state has sought to boost

6650-470: The nationalization of companies in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region led to the formation of Houillères du Nord-Pas-de-Calais, with miners receiving special privileges. The steel industry also expanded, benefiting from modernization efforts funded by the Marshall Plan . By the early 1950s, Nord-Pas-de-Calais had regained its industrial strength, primarily in traditional sectors like textiles, coal, and steel, which were starting to decline. This period also marked

6745-432: The north. The movement organized local committees and enjoyed limited success at the municipal level. In the 1860s, another union proposal was made from the Belgian side by the then Prime Minister , this time for a confederation, but this was rejected. During the early days of the Belgian state, the progressive and Flemish-minded Belgian- Walloon Lucien Jottrand as well as early Socialist, Cesar De Paepe put forward

6840-521: The period of acceptance of economic Keynesianism (the 1930s–1970s), there was widespread acceptance in many nations of a large role for state intervention in the economy. With the rise of neoliberalism and challenges to state interventionist policies in the 1970s and 1980s, centre-left progressive movements responded by adopting the Third Way , which emphasised a major role for the market economy . There have been social democrats who have called for

6935-404: The port. The agricultural sector comprises 13,800 farm businesses using 820,000 hectares (2,000,000 acres) of farmland. The temperate climate as well as great fertility makes the region a leading production center. The Nord-Pas de Calais region supplied 26.1 million tons of wheat (approximately 7% of the national production) and a third of the French potato production. The region's industry

7030-416: The progressive cause. Progressivism, in the general sense, mainly means social and cultural progressivism. The term cultural liberalism is used in a substantially similar context and can be said to be a synonym for cultural progressivism. Unlike progressives in a broader sense, some cultural progressives may be economically centrist , conservative , or politically libertarian . The Czech Pirate Party

7125-459: The region between the 5th and 1st centuries BC . These tribes, described by Caesar , were not homogeneous and occupied different parts of the land. Settlements were mainly hamlets around farms, with few fortified camps like Etrun. The Roman invasion began in 57 BC , leading to significant battles, including a decisive one on the banks of the Sabis. Despite initial resistance, by 50 BC , Gaul-Belgium

7220-533: The region's relatively neglected culture. In 2004, it was announced that a branch of the Louvre would be opened in the city of Lens. For decades, the Nord-Pas-de-Calais has been viewed as a conservative region when compared culturally to the rest of France, but recently the region has at times displayed left-wing tendencies. In the early 2000s, the leftist Green Party won the largest number of votes to nearly carry

7315-407: The region, and small but growing communities of Buddhists have been established in recent years. Prior to World War II, around 4,000 Jews lived in Nord-Pas-de-Calais. A small Jewish community remains active as it has been for hundreds of years. In 2014, the Nord-Pas de Calais GDP reached €140 billion making it the 4th biggest French economy, although this figure has to be put in the context of

7410-512: The region. When the Netherlands revolted against Spanish rule , beginning in 1566, the territories in what is now Nord-Pas-de-Calais were those most loyal to the throne, and proved the base from which the Duke of Parma was able to bring the whole southern part of the Netherlands back under Spanish control. It was also a base for Spanish support of French Catholics in the French Wars of Religion . During

7505-451: The removal of "all political, cultural, biological, and psychological limits to self-actualization and self-realization". According to techno-progressivism, scientific and technical aspects of progress are linked to ethical and social developments in society. Therefore, according to the majority of techno-progressive viewpoints, advancements in science and technology will not be considered proper progress until and unless they are accompanied by

7600-573: The republican authorities. On September 29, 1789, the Constituent Assembly decided to reorganize France into departments of approximately 324 square leagues each. The northern provinces were to form four departments, but various projects clashed. Ultimately, the National Assembly decided in 1790 to create the Nord and Pas-de-Calais departments. Douai was initially chosen as the prefecture of Nord due to Merlin de Douai's influence, but it

7695-522: The river Lys in the south and Cap-Griz-Nez in the west. During the Middle Ages, the Pas-de-Calais department comprised County of Boulogne and the County of Artois , while the Nord department was mostly made up of the southern portions of the County of Flanders and the County of Hainaut . Boulogne, Artois, and Flanders were fiefs of the French crown, while Hainaut and after 1493 Flanders were within

7790-563: The social-democratic movement to move past Third Way. Prominent progressive conservative elements in the British Conservative Party have criticised neoliberalism. In the 21st century, progressives continue to favour public policy that they theorise will reduce or lessen the harmful effects of economic inequality as well as systemic discrimination such as institutional racism ; to advocate for social safety nets and workers' rights ; and to oppose corporate influence on

7885-512: The support of his successor Saint Louis, allowed the French monarchy to exert influence over Flanders and Hainaut. The early 13th century also saw significant religious expansion in these regions with the establishment of monasteries and beguinages, fostering religious movements like Rheno-Flemish mysticism. The 14th century brought the crisis of the late Middle Ages and rising tensions between France and England, particularly over Flanders, Guyenne, and Scotland. The Count of Flanders , though serving

7980-574: The time of the Treaty of Ryswick in 1697. The area, previously divided among the French provinces of Flanders , Artois, and Picardy , was divided into its two present departments following the French Revolution of 1789. Under Napoleon , the French boundary was extended to include all of Flanders and present-day Belgium until the Congress of Vienna in 1815 restored the original French boundary. During

8075-520: The transition highlighted the challenges of shifting from traditional industries to more diversified economic activities. While the region is predominantly French-speaking, it also has two significant minority language communities: the western Flemings , whose presence is evident in the many Dutch place names in the area and who speak West Flemish , a dialect of Dutch (perhaps 20,000 inhabitants of Nord-Pas-de-Calais use Flemish daily and an estimated 40,000 use it occasionally, both primarily in and around

8170-411: The war, and to adapt to the new legislation limiting the working day to eight hours. But the economic crisis of the 1930s soon prevented any real economic or cultural renaissance. It also led to downsizing, with recent immigrants the first to be affected. The region saw a breakthrough of the extreme right, including the "green shirts" among the peasants, which prompted left-wing movements to unite. When

8265-563: The war, the region has suffered from severe economic difficulties (see Economy below) but has benefited from the opening of the Channel Tunnel and the growth in cross-Channel traffic in general. Following World War II, France embarked on a significant recovery effort termed "Union sacrée," aiming to rebuild the nation under a managed economy. General de Gaulle 's speech in Lille emphasized the state's role in national economic development. In 1946,

8360-452: The wars between France and Spain in the 17th century ( 1635 – 1659 , 1667–68 , 1672–78 , 1688–97 ), these territories became the principal seat of conflict between the two states and French control over the area was gradually established. Beginning with the annexation of Artois in 1659, most of the current Nord department territory had been acquired by the time of the Treaty of Nijmegen in 1678. The current borders were mostly established by

8455-633: Was conquered and remained under military occupation until 27 BC . Following their victory, the Romans implemented policies of pacification and Romanization, transforming the region administratively and economically. They established numerous cities, incorporating ancient Celtic tribes into the prosperous Roman province of Belgium . Key cities included Bagacum Nerviorum (Bavay), Namur (Aduatuca), Castellum Menapiorum (Cassel), Nemetocenna (Arras), and Tervanna (Thérouanne). The region flourished through agriculture, particularly sheep breeding and wheat cultivation, and

8550-507: Was felt through numerous violent incidents, including attacks and street shootings, resulting in significant casualties and social unrest. From the 1950s to the 1980s, Nord-Pas-de-Calais experienced a gradual decline in coal mining, textiles, and steel industries, resulting in substantial job losses. The government attempted to revitalize the region's economy by promoting the automotive industry and attracting plastics companies, which created new employment opportunities. Despite these efforts,

8645-603: Was historically a part of the County of Flanders , with Lille as its capital. Those who wish to evidence the historical links the region has with Belgium and the Netherlands prefer to call this region the French Low Countries , which also means French Netherlands in French (French: Pays-Bas français ; Dutch: Franse Nederlanden or Franse Lage Landen ). Other alternative names are Région Flandre(s)-Artois , Hauts-de-France , ('Upper France') and Picardie-du-Nord ('Northern Picardy '). Inhabited since prehistoric times,

8740-467: Was later moved to Lille by the First Consul on 3 Thermidor IX. The Nord department consisted of eight districts: Bergues , Hazebrouck , Lille , Douai , Cambray , Valenciennes , Le Quesnoy , and Avesnes , while Pas-de-Calais comprised Arras, Bapaume, Béthune, Boulogne, Calais, Montreuil, Saint-Omer, and Saint-Pol. The Franco-Austrian War saw Northern France as a significant battleground following

8835-467: Was originally focused on coal and textile production, and was one of the cradles of the Industrial Revolution on the continent. After the end of the Second World War, migrant workers from all over Europe came to the region, making up for population losses due to the war. In the 1970s, the leading coal and textile industries began to fade away and unemployment rates increased rapidly. The region started

8930-458: Was significant as it aligned with the remaining Roman Empire's religion, providing sacred legitimacy. This period saw a renewal of urbanization and the establishment of ecclesiastical authorities. Vaast became bishop of Arras and Cambrai early in the century. By 511, however, the region was not sufficiently Christianized to be represented at the Council of Orleans . The Merovingians did not have

9025-578: Was used for vengeance weapon installations, including extensive V-1 "ski sites" that launched attacks on England and massive bunkers for the V-2 rocket and V-3 cannon . Operation Crossbow counteroffensive bombing by the Allies devastated many of the region's towns. Although most of the region was liberated in September 1944, Dunkirk was the last French town to be freed from German occupation (on 9 May 1945). Since

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