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Pamintuan Mansion

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The Pamintuan Mansion is a historic building in Angeles City , Pampanga built by the Pamintuan family in the 1880s. It was briefly used by the Katipunan during the Philippine-American War . It currently hosts a social science museum.

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128-681: The Pamintuan Mansion was built in 1890 by Mariano Pamintuan and Valentina Torres as a wedding gift to their son Florentino, who later became mayor of Angeles during the American colonial era . It was also briefly used as a site of the Katipunan during the Philippine-American War . It was used as a headquarters by Gen. Antonio Luna and was also the seat of government of the First Philippine Republic after Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo moved

256-554: A ceasefire between the Spanish colonial governor-general Fernando Primo de Rivera and the revolutionary leader Emilio Aguinaldo that was signed on December 15, 1897. The terms of the pact called for Aguinaldo and his militia to surrender. Other revolutionary leaders were given amnesty and a monetary indemnity by the Spanish government in return for which the rebel government agreed to go into exile in Hong Kong . Concurrently,

384-583: A ₱4 million budget. Upon the recommendation of the National Economic Council, agricultural colonies were established in Koronadal , Malig, and other locations in Mindanao . The government encouraged migration and settlement in the colonies. The Agricultural and Industrial Bank was established to aid small farmers with convenient loans and affordable terms. Attention was paid to soil surveying and

512-589: A " de facto dictatorship " and described him as "the first Filipino politician to integrate all levels of politics into a synergy of power" after removing his term limits as president and turning the Senate into an extension of the executive through constitutional amendments. In 2015, the Board of the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation bestowed a posthumous Wallenberg Medal on Quezon and

640-601: A Government Survey Board to study existing institutions and, in light of changed circumstances, make necessary recommendations. Early results were seen with the revamping of the executive department; offices and bureaus were merged or abolished, and others were created. Quezon ordered the transfer of the Philippine Constabulary from the Department of the Interior to the Department of Finance . Other changes were made to

768-469: A bicameral Congress, and permit the re-election of President Quezon, previously restricted to a single, six-year term. Manuel L. Quezon Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina GCGH KGCR ( UK : / ˈ k eɪ z ɒ n / , US : / ˈ k eɪ s ɒ n , - s ɔː n , - s oʊ n / , Tagalog: [maˈnwel luˈis ˈkɛson] , Spanish: [maˈnwel ˈlwis ˈkeson] ; 19 August 1878 – 1 August 1944), also known by his initials MLQ ,

896-518: A bicameral legislature, the presidential term (four years, with one re-election, and the establishment of an independent Commission on Elections . The amendments were overwhelmingly ratified. Speaker José Yulo and Assemblyman Dominador Tan traveled to the United States to obtain President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's approval, which they received on 2 December 1940. Two days later, Quezon proclaimed

1024-571: A bloodless secret agreement with acting governor-general Fermín Jáudenes , staging a mock battle in which the Spanish forces would be defeated by the American forces, but the Filipino forces would not be allowed to enter the city. On the evening of August 12, the Americans notified Aguinaldo to forbid the insurgents under his command from entering Manila without American permission. On August 13, unaware of

1152-530: A brief meeting with Dewey, resumed revolutionary activities against the Spanish. On May 24, Aguinaldo issued a proclamation in which he assumed command of all Philippine forces and announced his intention to establish a dictatorial government with himself as dictator, saying that he would resign in favor of a duly elected president. Public jubilation marked Aguinaldo's return. Many Filipino enlisted men deserted local Spanish army units to join Aguinaldo's command and

1280-454: A cabinet meeting with Osmeña, Resident Commissioner Joaquín Elizalde , Brigadier General Carlos P. Romulo and his cabinet secretaries, Andrés Soriano and Jaime Hernandez. After a discussion, the cabinet supported Elizalde's position in favor of the constitution, and Quezon announced his plan to retire in California. After the meeting, Osmeña approached Quezon and broached his plan to ask

1408-684: A census, a general election was conducted for the choice of delegates to a popular assembly. An elected Philippine Assembly was convened in 1907 as the lower house of a bicameral legislature , with the Philippine Commission as the upper house. Every year from 1907 the Philippine Assembly and later the Philippine Legislature passed resolutions expressing the Filipino desire for independence. Philippine nationalists led by Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeña enthusiastically endorsed

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1536-571: A cooperative system of agriculture among owners of the subdivided estates to increase their income. Quezon desired to follow the constitutional mandate on the promotion of social justice. When the Commonwealth was created, its economy was stable and promising. With foreign trade peaking at ₱ 400 million , the upward trend in business resembled a boom. Export crops were generally good and, except for tobacco, were in high demand. The value of Philippine exports reached ₱320,896,000 ,

1664-560: A counter-proclamation summarizing American violations of the ethics of friendship, and stated that a takeover of the Visayas by the Americans would lead to hostilities. Within the same day Aguinaldo replaced this proclamation with another that directly protested American infringement on "the sovereignty of these islands". Otis took these two proclamations as a call to arms, and as tensions increased 40,000 Filipinos fled Manila within 15 days. Meanwhile, Felipe Agoncillo , who had been commissioned by

1792-637: A government consisting of "a Governor-General appointed by the President; cabinet appointed by the Governor-General; [and] a general advisory council elected by the people." The Revolutionary Congress voted unanimously to cease fighting and accept peace and, on May 8, the revolutionary cabinet headed by Apolinario Mabini was replaced by a new "peace" cabinet headed by Pedro Paterno . At this point, General Antonio Luna arrested Paterno and most of his cabinet, returning Mabini and his cabinet to power. After this,

1920-531: A judicial system, including a supreme court, drew up a legal code, and organized a civil service. The 1901 municipal code provided for popularly elected presidents, vice presidents, and councilors to serve on municipal boards. The municipal board members were responsible for collecting taxes, maintaining municipal properties, and undertaking necessary construction projects; they also elected provincial governors. During these period, U.S., Spanish, and Mexican monies were all in local circulation. Commonwealth Act No. 1045

2048-474: A law which would make a contract automatically renewable as long as tenants fulfilled their obligations. The act was amended to eliminate this loophole in 1936, but it was never carried out; by 1939, thousands of peasants in Central Luzon were threatened with eviction. Quezon's desire to placate both landlords and tenants pleased neither. Thousands of tenants in Central Luzon were evicted from their farmlands by

2176-583: A matter of hours. The unexpected rapidity and completeness of Dewey's victory in the first engagement of the war prompted the McKinley administration to make the decision to capture Manila from the Spanish. While awaiting the arrival of troops from the Eighth Corps, Dewey dispatched the cutter USRC McCulloch to Hong Kong to transport Aguinaldo back to the Philippines. Aguinaldo arrived on May 19 and, after

2304-612: A member of Quezon's wartime cabinet. Other cabinet appointees were Brigadier-General Carlos P. Romulo as Secretary of the Department of Information and Public Relations and Jaime Hernandez as Auditor General. Sitting under a canvas canopy outside the Malinta Tunnel on 22 January 1942, Quezon heard a fireside chat during which President Roosevelt said that the Allied forces were determined to defeat Berlin and Rome, followed by Tokyo. Quezon

2432-488: A message to Roosevelt saying that he and his people had been abandoned by the U.S. and it was Quezon's duty as president to stop fighting. MacArthur learned about the message, and ordered Major General Richard Marshall to counterbalance it with American propaganda whose purpose was the "glorification of Filipino loyalty and heroism". On 2 June 1942, Quezon addressed the United States House of Representatives about

2560-670: A plan for a joint commission to study the post-war Philippine economy. Eighteen months later, the United States Congress passed an act creating the Philippine Rehabilitation Commission. By 1943, the Philippine government in exile was faced with a crisis. According to the 1935 constitution, Quezon's term would expire on 30 December 1943 and Vice-President Sergio Osmeña would succeed him as president. Osmeña wrote to Quezon advising him of this, and Quezon issued

2688-499: A politically bowdlerized version had been sent to Aguinaldo, published it in both Spanish and Tagalog. Even before Aguinaldo received the unaltered version and observed the changes in the copy he had received from Otis, he was upset that Otis had altered his own title to "Military Governor of the Philippines" from "... in the Philippines". Aguinaldo did not miss the significance of the alteration, which Otis had made without authorization from Washington. On January 5, Aguinaldo issued

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2816-421: A press release and wrote to Osmeña that a change in leadership would be unwise at that time. Osmeña then requested the opinion of U.S. Attorney General Homer Cummings , who upheld Osmeña's view as consistent with the law. Quezon remained adamant, and sought President Roosevelt's decision. Roosevelt remained aloof from the controversy, suggesting that the Philippine officials resolve the impasse. Quezon convened

2944-782: A vote of 181 to 107 on 10 November 1943. He was inaugurated for the third time on November 15, 1943 in Washington, D.C. The oath of office was administered by US Associate Justice Felix Frankfurter . Quezon had developed tuberculosis and spent his last years in hospitals, including a Miami Beach Army hospital in April 1944. That summer, he was at a cure cottage in Saranac Lake, New York . Quezon died there at 10:05 a.m. ET on 1 August 1944, at age 65. His remains were initially buried in Arlington National Cemetery , but his body

3072-569: Is reportedly the first social history museum in the Philippines. While other museums in the country dedicated to historical figures and events, the Pamintuan museum showcases the Filipino social life covering various aspects such as traditional clothing, games, music, trade, and culinary arts. American colonial era in the Philippines Events/Artifacts (north to south) Events/Artifacts Artifacts The history of

3200-494: The 1st Philippine Legislature , where he was majority floor leader and chairman of the committees on rules and appropriations. Quezon told the U.S. House of Representatives during a 1914 discussion of the Jones Bill that he received most of his primary education at the village school established by the Spanish government as part of the Philippines' free public-education system. Months before his term ended, he gave up his seat at

3328-705: The Colegio de San Juan de Letran , where he graduated from secondary school in 1894. In 1899, Quezon left his law studies at the University of Santo Tomas to join the Filipino war effort, and joined the Republican army during the Philippine–American War . He was an aide-de-camp to Emilio Aguinaldo . Quezon became a major, and fought in the Bataan sector. After surrendering in 1900, he returned to university and passed

3456-468: The Commonwealth era . As a result of prolonged debate between proponents and opponents of women's suffrage, the constitution provided that the issue be resolved by women in a plebiscite . If at least 300,000 women voted for the right to vote, it would be granted. The plebiscite was held on 30 April 1937; there were 447,725 affirmative votes, and 44,307 opposition votes. The Philippines' national language

3584-662: The Japanese occupation of the Philippines of World War II , the Japanese Imperial forces took control of the mansion. After the war, the building was used as a clubhouse of the United Services Organization in 1946 and in 1949 the building was repurposed as a hotel. The Pamintuans sold the building in 1959 to Pedro Tablante, and the Angeles local government leased the property until 1964. The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas ,

3712-527: The Nacionalista Party . He received nearly 68 percent of the vote against his two main rivals, Emilio Aguinaldo and Gregorio Aglipay . Quezon, inaugurated on November 15, 1935, is recognized as the second President of the Philippines . In January 2008, however, House Representative Rodolfo Valencia ( Oriental Mindoro – 1st ) filed a bill seeking to declare General Miguel Malvar the second Philippine President; Malvar succeeded Aguinaldo in 1901. Under

3840-615: The National Defense , Agriculture and Commerce , Public Works and Communications , and Health and Public Welfare departments. New offices and boards were created by executive order or legislation. Among these were the Council of National Defense , the Board of National Relief , the Mindanao and Sulu Commission, and the Civil Service Board of Appeals. Pledging to improve

3968-685: The Philippine Senate to ratify the law. Manuel L. Quezon urged the Philippine Senate to reject the bill, which it did. Quezon himself led the twelfth independence mission to Washington to secure a better independence act. The result was the Tydings–McDuffie Act of 1934 which was very similar to the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act except in minor details. The Tydings-McDuffie Act was ratified by the Philippine Senate. The law provided for

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4096-518: The Sino-Japanese War , was passed in 1940. Since the law affected foreign relations, it required the approval of the U.S. president. When the 1939 census was published, the National Assembly updated the apportionment of legislative districts; this became the basis for the 1941 elections . On 7 August 1939, the United States Congress enacted a law in accordance with the recommendations of

4224-596: The United States , assuring protection of the rights of the Japanese who resided in the Philippines. Quezon's visits may have signalled the Philippines' inclination to remain neutral in the event of a Japanese-American conflict if the U.S. disregarded the country's concerns. In 1938, Quezon expanded the Council of State in Executive Order No. 144. This highest of advisory bodies to the president would be composed of

4352-514: The United States Armed Forces . After the appointment of a civil governor-general , the procedure developed that as parts of the country were pacified and placed firmly under American control, responsibility for the area would be passed to the civilians. The position of military governor was abolished in July 1902, after which the civil governor-general became the sole executive authority in

4480-540: The Filipino Nation" is handwritten by Lt. Col. Jose Bañuelo. On June 18, Aguinaldo issued a decree formally establishing his dictatorial government. On June 23, Aguinaldo issued another decree, this time replacing the dictatorial government with a revolutionary government (and naming himself as president). On July 15, Aguinaldo issued three organic decrees assuming civil authority of the Philippines. The first contingent of American troops arrived on June 30 under

4608-487: The First World War and supported the United States against Germany. After the war they resumed their independence drive with great vigor. On March 17, 1919, the Philippine Legislature passed a "Declaration of Purposes", which stated the inflexible desire of the Filipino people to be free and sovereign. A Commission of Independence was created to study ways and means of attaining liberation ideal. This commission recommended

4736-730: The Joint Preparatory Commission on Philippine Affairs. Because the new law required an amendment of the Ordinance appended to the Constitution, a plebiscite was held on 24 August 1939. The amendment received 1,339,453 votes in favor, and 49,633 against. Quezon had established the Institute of National Language (INL) to create a national language for the country. On 30 December 1937, in Executive Order No. 134 , he declared Tagalog

4864-669: The Nacionalistas. José Yulo , Quezon's Secretary of Justice from 1934 to 1938, was elected speaker. The Second National Assembly intended to pass legislation strengthening the economy, but the Second World War clouded the horizon; laws passed by the First National Assembly were modified or repealed to meet existing realities. A controversial immigration law which set an annual limit of 50 immigrants per country, primarily affecting Chinese and Japanese nationals escaping

4992-466: The National Economic Council was created. It advised the government about economic and financial questions, including the promotion of industries, diversification of crops and enterprises, tariffs , taxation, and formulating an economic program in preparation for eventual independence. The National Development Company was reorganized by law, and the National Rice and Corn Company (NARIC) was created with

5120-586: The Philippine Assembly upon being appointed as one of the Philippines' two resident commissioners . Serving two terms from 1909 to 1916, he lobbied for the passage of the Philippine Autonomy Act (the Jones Law ). Quezon returned to Manila in 1916, and was elected senator from the Fifth Senatorial District . He was later elected Senate President and served continuously until 1935 (19 years),

5248-461: The Philippine Commission, and also stipulated that the bicameral Philippine Legislature would be established composed of an elected lower house, the Philippine Assembly , and the appointed Philippine Commission as the upper house. The act also provided for extending the U.S. Bill of Rights to the Philippines. On July 2, 1902, the secretary of war telegraphed that the insurrection against

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5376-622: The Philippine Revolution against Spain resumed, capturing many cities and some entire provinces. On June 12, 1898, Aguinaldo proclaimed the independence of the Philippines at his house in Cavite El Viejo . The "Acta de la Proclamacion de Independencia del Pueblo Filipino" in Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista 's penmanship was signed by 98 natives on June 12, 1898, thereat. The only copy thereof, "The Birth Certificate of

5504-562: The Philippine central bank, bought the building in 1981 and hosted a satellite office inside the building from 1993 to 2009. The building was then turned over to the National Historical Commission of the Philippines on June 17, 2010, and was converted to a social science museum. The Pamintuan Mansion is the site of the Museum of Philippine Social History ( Filipino : Museo ng Kasaysayang Panlipunan ng Pilipinas ) since 2015. It

5632-533: The Philippine revolutionary government as minister plenipotentiary to negotiate treaties with foreign governments, filed a request in Washington for an interview with the president to discuss affairs in the Philippines. At the same time Aguinaldo protested against General Otis styling himself "Military Governor of the Philippines", and Agoncillo, along with Filipino committees in London, Paris, and Madrid, issued statements to

5760-655: The Philippines from 1898 to 1946 is known as the American colonial period , and began with the outbreak of the Spanish–American War in April 1898, when the Philippines was still a colony of the Spanish East Indies , and concluded when the United States formally recognized the independence of the Republic of the Philippines on July 4, 1946. With the signing of the Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898, Spain ceded

5888-687: The Philippines 600 teachers from the U.S.—the so-called Thomasites . Free primary instruction that trained the people for the duties of citizenship and avocation was enforced by the Taft Commission per instructions of President McKinley. Also, the Catholic Church was disestablished, and a considerable amount of church land was purchased and redistributed. An anti-sedition law was established in 1901, followed by an anti-brigandage law in 1902. The Philippine Organic Act of July 1902 approved, ratified, and confirmed McKinley's executive order establishing

6016-510: The Philippines of Jewish refugees fleeing fascist regimes in Europe and took on critics who were convinced by propaganda that Jewish settlement was a threat to the country. Quezon and McNutt proposed 30,000 refugee families on Mindanao and 30,000-40,000 refugees on Polillo . Quezon made a 10-year loan to Manila's Jewish Refugee Committee of land adjacent to his family home in Marikina to house homeless refugees in Marikina Hall (the present-day Philippine School of Business Administration ), which

6144-403: The Philippines to fall into Japanese hands. The Jones Bill was rewritten and passed Congress in 1916 with a later date of independence. The law, officially the Philippine Autonomy Act but popularly known as the Jones Law , served as the new organic act (or constitution) for the Philippines. Its preamble stated that the eventual independence of the Philippines would be American policy, subject to

6272-557: The Philippines to the United States. The interim U.S. military government of the Philippine Islands experienced a period of great political turbulence, characterized by the Philippine–American War . Beginning in 1906, the military government was replaced by a civilian government—the Insular Government of the Philippine Islands —with William Howard Taft serving as its first governor-general . A series of insurgent governments that lacked significant international and diplomatic recognition also existed between 1898 and 1904. Following

6400-478: The Philippines was to come under the sovereignty of the United States, with American forces instructed to declare themselves as friends rather than invaders. On December 21, 1898, President McKinley issued a proclamation of benevolent assimilation . General Otis delayed its publication until January 4, 1899, then publishing an amended version edited so as not to convey the meanings of the terms "sovereignty", "protection", and "right of cessation" which were present in

6528-419: The Philippines' national language; it was taught in schools during the 1940–1941 academic year. The National Assembly later enacted Law No. 570, making the national language an official language with English and Spanish; this became effective on 4 July 1946, with the establishment of the Philippine Republic. With the 1940 local elections, plebiscites were held for proposed amendments to the constitution about

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6656-407: The Philippines. Under the military government, an American-style school system was introduced, initially with soldiers as teachers; civil and criminal courts were reestablished, including a supreme court; and local governments were established in towns and provinces. The first local election was conducted by General Harold W. Lawton on May 7, 1899, in Baliuag, Bulacan . Elections were held by

6784-462: The President, Vice President , Senate President , House Speaker , Senate President pro tempore , House Speaker pro tempore , the majority floor leaders of both chambers of Congress , former presidents, and three to five prominent citizens. The elections for the Second National Assembly were held on 8 November 1938 under a new law which allowed block voting and favored the governing Nacionalista Party . As expected, all 98 assembly seats went to

6912-400: The Public Lands Act which modeled the Homestead Acts of the United States, and allowed individuals to claim land on the basis of a five-year residency. Both of these systems benefited larger landowners who were more able to take advantage of the bureaucracy, and only one tenth of homestead claims were ever approved. While Philippine ports remained open to Spanish ships for a decade following

7040-424: The Reorganization Act, Quezon was given the power to appoint the first all-Filipino cabinet in 1935. From 1901 to 1935, a Filipino was chief justice but most Supreme Court justices were Americans. Complete Filipinization was achieved with the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935. Claro M. Recto and José P. Laurel were among Quezon's first appointees to replace the American justices. Membership in

7168-429: The Supreme Court increased to 11: a chief justice and ten associate justices, who sat en banc or in two divisions of five members each. To meet the demands of the newly-established government and comply with the Tydings-McDuffie Act and the Constitution , Quezon, – true to his pledge of "more government and less politics," – initiated a reorganization of the government . He established

7296-452: The U.S. Congress, which passed the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Bill on December 30, 1932. U.S. President Herbert Hoover vetoed the bill on January 13, 1933. Congress overrode the veto on January 17, and the Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act became U.S. law. The law promised Philippine independence after 10 years, but reserved several military and naval bases for the United States, as well as imposing tariffs and quotas on Philippine exports. The law also required

7424-421: The United States Congress to suspend the constitutional provisions for presidential succession until after the Philippines had been liberated; this legal way out was agreeable to Quezon and his cabinet, and steps were taken to carry out the proposal. Sponsored by Senator Tydings and Congressman Bell, the resolution was unanimously approved by the Senate on a voice vote and passed the House of Representatives by

7552-439: The United States noting a refusal for the Philippines to come under American sovereignty. Filipino forces were ready to assume the offensive, but instead sought to provoke the Americans into firing the first shot. On January 31, 1899, The Minister of Interior of the revolutionary First Philippine Republic, Teodoro Sandiko, signed a decree saying that President Aguinaldo had directed that all idle lands be planted to provide food for

7680-519: The United States. A health care system was established which, by 1930, reduced the mortality rate from all causes, including various tropical diseases , to a level similar to that of the United States itself. The practices of slavery , piracy and headhunting were suppressed but not entirely extinguished. Cultural developments strengthened the continuing development of a national identity, and Tagalog began to take precedence over other local languages. Two years after completion and publication of

7808-461: The United States. Indicating the Philippine government's cooperation with the war effort, he offered the U.S. Army a Philippine infantry regiment which was authorized by the War Department to train in California. Quezon had the Philippine government acquire Elizalde's yacht; renamed Bataan and crewed by Philippine officers and sailors, it was donated to the United States for use in the war. In early November 1942, Quezon conferred with Roosevelt on

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7936-452: The amendments. Quezon was originally barred by the Philippine constitution from seeking re-election. In 1940, however, a constitutional amendment was ratified which allowed him to serve a second term ending in 1943. In the 1941 presidential election , Quezon was re-elected over former Senator Juan Sumulong with nearly 82 percent of the vote. He was inaugurated on December 30, 1941 at the Malinta Tunnel in Corregidor . The oath of office

8064-409: The bar examination in 1903. Quezon worked for a time as a clerk and surveyor, entering government service as treasurer for Mindoro and (later) Tayabas. He became a municipal councilor of Lucena , and was elected governor of Tayabas in 1906. Quezon was elected in 1907 to represent Tayabas 's 1st district in the first Philippine Assembly (which later became the House of Representatives) during

8192-399: The capital of the from Kawit , Cavite to Pampanga . The Pamintuan Mansion was also the site of the first anniversary of the declaration of Philippine Independence on January 12, 1899, where Aguinaldo personally waved the Philippine flag from the second-floor balcony of the house. By November 1899 fell under American control and was used as a headquarters of Gen. Douglas MacArthur . During

8320-489: The capture of Malolos on March 31, 1899, and were driven into northern Luzon. Peace feelers from members of Aguinaldo's cabinet failed in May when the American commander, General Ewell Otis, demanded an unconditional surrender. In 1901, Aguinaldo was captured and swore allegiance to the United States, marking one end to the war. Casualties during the war were much greater among Filipinos than among Americans. Almost 4,000 American soldiers died, out of about 125,000 that fought on

8448-433: The city on September 15. The Battle of Manila marked the end of Filipino-American collaboration. On August 14, 1898, two days after the capture of Manila, the U.S. established a military government in the Philippines , with General Merritt acting as military governor. During military rule (1898–1902), the U.S. military commander governed the Philippines under the authority of the U.S. president as commander-in-chief of

8576-418: The city, however U.S. commanders pressed Aguinaldo to withdraw his forces from Manila. On August 12, 1898, a peace protocol was signed in Washington between the U.S. and Spain. The full text of the protocol was not made public until November 5, but Article III read: "The United States will occupy and hold the City, Bay, and Harbor of Manila, pending the conclusion of a treaty of peace, which shall determine

8704-453: The command of Brigadier General Thomas McArthur Anderson . Anderson wrote to Aguinaldo, requesting his cooperation in military operations against the Spanish forces. Aguinaldo responded, thanking General Anderson, but saying nothing about military cooperation. General Anderson did not renew the request. American generals suspected Aguinaldo was attempting to take Manila without American assistance, had restricted supplies to American forces, and

8832-435: The commission concluded that "... The Filipinos are wholly unprepared for independence ... there being no Philippine nation, but only a collection of different peoples." Specific recommendations included the establishment of civilian government as rapidly as possible (the American chief executive in the islands at that time was the military governor), including establishment of a bicameral legislature , autonomous governments on

8960-564: The condition imposed on them as a prerequisite to independence, declaring that, this having been done, the duty of the U.S. was to grant the Philippines independence. The Republican Party then controlled Congress, and the recommendation of the outgoing Democratic president was not heeded. After the first independence mission, public funding of such missions was ruled illegal. Subsequent independence missions in 1922, 1923, 1930, 1931, 1932, and two missions in 1933 were funded by voluntary contributions. Numerous independence bills were submitted to

9088-431: The conditions of the Philippine working class and inspired by the social doctrines of Pope Leo XIII and Pope Pius XI and treatises by the world's leading sociologists, Quezon began a program of social justice introduced with executive measures and legislation by the National Assembly . A court for industrial relations was established to mediate disputes, minimizing the impact of strikes and lockouts. A minimum-wage law

9216-496: The conflict. An estimated 250,000 to 1 million civilians died during the war, mostly due to famine and disease. On April 9, 2002, Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo proclaimed that the Philippine–American War had ended on April 16, 1902, with the surrender of General Miguel Malvar , and declared the centennial anniversary of that date as a national working holiday and as a special non-working holiday in

9344-462: The control, disposition, and government of the Philippines." General Merritt received news of the peace protocol on August 16, three days after the surrender of Manila. Admiral Dewey and General Merritt were informed by a telegram dated August 17 that the president of the United States had directed that the United States should have full control over Manila, with no joint occupation permissible. After further negotiations, insurgent forces withdrew from

9472-497: The country and opening many more. There were 6,511 primary schools, 1,039 intermediate schools, 133 secondary and special schools, and five junior colleges by this time. Total enrollment was 1,262,353, with 28,485 teachers. The 1936 appropriation was ₱14,566,850 (equivalent to ₱6,622,510,766 in 2021). Private schools taught over 97,000 students, and the Office of Adult Education was created. Quezon initiated women's suffrage during

9600-607: The countryside, still clashing with American Army or Philippine Constabulary patrols. American troops and the Philippine Constabulary continued hostilities against such resistance groups until 1913. Some of this resistance was from a claimed successor to the Philippines Republic. A 1907 law prohibited the display of flags and other symbols "used during the late insurrection in the Philippine Islands". Some historians consider these unofficial extensions to be part of

9728-466: The disposition of public land. When the commonwealth government was established, Quezon implemented the Rice Share Tenancy Act of 1933 to regulate share-tenancy contracts by establishing minimum standards. The act provided a better tenant-landlord relationship, a 50–50 sharing of the crop, regulation of interest at 10 percent per agricultural year, and protected against arbitrary dismissal by

9856-408: The draft Jones Bill of 1912, which provided for Philippine independence after eight years, but later changed their views, opting for a bill which focused less on time than on the conditions of independence. The nationalists demanded complete and absolute independence to be guaranteed by the United States, since they feared that too-rapid independence from American rule without such guarantees might cause

9984-452: The early 1940s, and the rural conflict was more acute than ever. During the Commonwealth period, agrarian problems persisted. This motivated the government to incorporate a social-justice principle into the 1935 Constitution . Dictated by the government's social-justice program, expropriation of estates and other landholdings began. The National Land Settlement Administration (NLSA) began an orderly settlement of public agricultural lands. At

10112-451: The election date, and the convention held its inaugural session on July 30. The completed draft constitution was approved by the convention on February 8, 1935, approved by U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt on March 23, and ratified by popular vote on May 14. The first election under the constitution was held on September 17, and on November 15, 1935, the commonwealth was put into place. It

10240-408: The establishment of a stable government. The law maintained the governor-general of the Philippines, appointed by the president of the United States, but established a bicameral Philippine Legislature to replace the elected Philippine Assembly (lower house); it replaced the appointive Philippine Commission (upper house) with an elected senate. The Filipinos suspended their independence campaign during

10368-509: The failure of Spain to engage in active social reforms in Cuba as demanded by the United States government was the basic cause for the Spanish–American War . President William McKinley issued an ultimatum to Spain on April 19, 1898. Spain found it had no diplomatic support in Europe, but nevertheless declared war ; the U.S. followed on April 25 with its own declaration of war. Theodore Roosevelt , who

10496-426: The granting of Philippine independence by 1946. The Tydings–McDuffie Act provided for the drafting and guidelines of a constitution , for a 10-year " transitional period " as the Commonwealth of the Philippines before the granting of Philippine independence . On May 5, 1934, the Philippine legislature passed an act setting the election of convention delegates. Governor-General Frank Murphy designated July 10 as

10624-460: The greatest President of The Philippines, and the quintessential Filipino statesman. Known as "The Father of The National Language", and "The Father of the modern Republic of The Philippines". He was also known as "One of the Finest Statesmen in the world" during his time. During his presidency, Quezon tackled the problem of landless peasants. Other major decisions included the reorganization of

10752-541: The highest since 1929. Government revenue in 1936 was ₱76,675,000 (equivalent to ₱34,858,669,716 in 2021), compared to the 1935 revenue of ₱65,000,000 (equivalent to ₱28,793,209,590 in 2021). Government companies, except for the Manila Railroad Company , earned profits. Gold production increased about 37 percent, iron nearly doubled, and cement production increased by about 14 percent. The government had to address some economic problems, however, and

10880-407: The island. About 20,000 Filipino soldiers combatants died, as well as 250,000 to a million non-combatants. Causes of non-combatant deaths included a cholera epidemic as well as killings by the United States military, including specific attacks on civilians and the creation of concentration camps. President McKinley had appointed a five-person group on January 20, 1899, to investigate conditions in

11008-579: The islands and make recommendations. The three civilian members of the Philippine Commission arrived in Manila on March 4, 1899, a month after the Battle of Manila which had begun armed conflict between U.S. and revolutionary Filipino forces. After meetings in April with revolutionary representatives, the commission requested authorization from McKinley to offer a specific plan. McKinley authorized an offer of

11136-478: The islands' military defense, approval of a recommendation for government reorganization, the promotion of settlement and development in Mindanao , dealing with the foreign stranglehold on Philippine trade and commerce, proposals for land reform, and opposing graft and corruption within the government. He established a government in exile in the U.S. with the outbreak of World War II and the threat of Japanese invasion . Scholars have described Quezon's leadership as

11264-556: The landlord. Because of a major flaw in the act, however, no petition to apply it was ever presented. The flaw was that it could be used only when the majority of municipal councils in a province petitioned for it. Since landowners usually controlled such councils, no province ever asked that the law be applied. Quezon ordered that the act be mandatory in all Central Luzon provinces. However, contracts were good for only one year; by refusing to renew their contract, landlords could eject tenants. Peasant organizations clamored in vain for

11392-432: The longest tenure in history until Senator Lorenzo Tañada 's four consecutive terms (24 years, from 1947 to 1972). Quezon headed the first independent mission to the U.S. Congress in 1919, and secured passage of the Tydings–McDuffie Act in 1934. In 1922, he became leader of the Nacionalista Party alliance Partido Nacionalista-Colectivista. In 1935, Quezon won the Philippines' first national presidential election under

11520-464: The major part of the friars' holdings, amounting to some 166,000 hectares (410,000 acres), of which one-half was in the vicinity of Manila. The land was eventually resold to Filipinos, some of them tenants but the majority of them estate owners. Under the Treaty of Paris, the U.S. agreed to respect existing property rights. They introduced a Torrens title system to track ownership in 1902, and in 1903 passed

11648-509: The national language would become effective in two years. With presidential approval, the INL began work on a Tagalog grammar text and dictionary. As Imperial Japan encroached on the Philippines, Quezon antagonized neither the American nor the Japanese officials. He travelled twice to Japan as president, from 31 January to 2 February 1937 and from 29 June to 10 July 1938, to meet with government officials. Quezon emphasized that he would remain loyal to

11776-514: The necessity of relieving the Philippine front. He did the same to the Senate, urging the senators to adopt the slogan "Remember Bataan ". Despite his declining health, Quezon traveled across the U.S. to remind the American people about the Philippine war. Quezon broadcast a radio message to Philippine residents in Hawaii, who purchased ₱4 million worth of war bonds , for his first birthday celebration in

11904-497: The outbreak of the Second World War, settlement areas covering over 65,000 hectares (250 sq mi) had been established. With his Executive Order No. 19, dated 19 February 1936, Quezon created the National Council of Education. Rafael Palma , former president of the University of the Philippines , was its first chairman. Funds from the early Residence Certificate Law were devoted to maintaining public schools throughout

12032-560: The parish priest. Quezon is Chinese mestizo surname originally from a Spanish romanization of Hokkien Chinese , possibly from the Hokkien word, Chinese : 雞孫 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : ke-sun / koe-sun , with Chinese : 雞 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : ke meaning "outer city" or "strongest" and Chinese : 孫 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : sun meaning "grandson"; many Filipino surnames that end with “on”, “son”, and “zon” are of Chinese origin, Hispanized version of 孫 ( sun ). He later boarded at

12160-491: The passage of the Philippine Independence Act in 1934, a Philippine presidential election was held in 1935. Manuel L. Quezon was elected and inaugurated as the second president of the Philippines on November 15, 1935. The Insular Government was dissolved and the Commonwealth of the Philippines , intended to be a transitional government in preparation for the country's full achievement of independence in 1946,

12288-479: The peace protocol signing, U.S. forces began the Battle of Manila by capturing Spanish positions in the city. While the plan was for a mock battle and simple surrender, the insurgents made an independent attack of their own, which led to confrontations with the Spanish in which some American soldiers were killed and wounded. The Spanish formally surrendered Manila to U.S. forces. Aguinaldo demanded joint occupation of

12416-632: The people of the Philippines for reaching out to victims of the Holocaust from 1937 to 1941. President Benigno Aquino III and then-94-year-old Maria Zenaida Quezon-Avanceña, the daughter of the former president, were informed of this recognition. Quezon was born on 19 August 1878 in Baler in the district of El Príncipe, then the capital of Nueva Ecija (now Baler, Aurora ). His parents were Lucio Quezon y Vélez (1850–1898) and María Dolores Molina (1840–1893). Both were primary-school teachers, although his father

12544-507: The people, in view of impending war with the Americans. An outbreak of gunfire between an insurgent patrol and an American outpost on February 4 set off open hostilities between the two forces. On June 2, 1899, the First Philippine Republic issued a declaration of war on the United States. As before when fighting the Spanish, the Filipino rebels did not do well in the field. Aguinaldo and his provisional government escaped after

12672-494: The province of Batangas and in the cities of Batangas , Lipa , and Tanauan . The Kiram–Bates Treaty secured the Sultanate of Sulu . American forces also established control over interior mountainous areas that had resisted Spanish conquest. Some sources have suggested that the war unofficially continued for nearly a decade, since bands of guerrillas, quasi-religious armed groups and other resistance groups continued to roam

12800-491: The provincial and municipal levels, and a system of free public elementary schools. The Second Philippine Commission (the Taft Commission), appointed by McKinley on March 16, 1900, and headed by William Howard Taft , was granted legislative as well as limited executive powers. On September 1, the Taft Commission began to exercise legislative functions. Between September 1900 and August 1902, it issued 499 laws, established

12928-412: The report of the Philippine legislature as to a stable government. The Philippine legislature funded an independence mission to the U.S. in 1919. The mission departed Manila on February 28 and met in the U.S. with and presented their case to U.S. Secretary of War Newton D. Baker . U.S. President Woodrow Wilson , in his 1921 farewell message to Congress, certified that the Filipino people had performed

13056-570: The revolutionary government between June and September 10, resulting in the seating of a legislature known as the Malolos Congress . In a session between September 15 and November 13, 1898, the Malolos Constitution was adopted. It was promulgated on January 21, 1899, creating the First Philippine Republic with Emilio Aguinaldo as president. While the initial instructions of the American commission undertaking peace negotiators with Spain

13184-545: The sending of an independence mission to the United States. The "Declaration of Purposes" referred to the Jones Law as a veritable pact, or covenant, between the American and Filipino peoples whereby the United States promised to recognize the independence of the Philippines as soon as a stable government should be established. U.S. Governor-General of the Philippines Francis Burton Harrison had concurred in

13312-430: The sovereign authority of the U.S. having come to an end, and provincial civil governments having been established, the office of military governor was terminated. On July 4, Theodore Roosevelt , who had succeeded to the U.S. presidency on September 14, 1901, after the assassination of President McKinley , proclaimed a full and complete pardon and amnesty to all persons in the Philippine archipelago who had participated in

13440-476: The state religion. The U.S. government, in an effort to resolve the status of the friars, negotiated with the Vatican. The church agreed to sell the friars' estates and promised gradual substitution of Filipino and other non-Spanish priests for the friars. It refused, however, to withdraw the religious orders from the islands immediately, partly to avoid offending Spain. In 1904, the administration bought for $ 7.2 million

13568-552: The unabridged version. Meanwhile, on December 26, 1898, the Spanish yielded Iloilo to the insurgents. American forces under General Marcus P. Miller arriving in Iloilo were refused permission to land by the insurgents, who stated that landing required "express orders from the central government of Luzon". Unknown to Otis, the War Department had also sent a copy of McKinley's proclamation to General Miller in Iloilo who, unaware that

13696-406: The war, the U.S. began to integrate the Philippine economy with its own. In socio-economic terms, the Philippines made solid progress in this period. The 1909 U.S. Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act provided for free trade with the Philippines. Foreign trade had amounted to 62 million pesos in 1895, 13% of which was with the United States. By 1920, it had increased to 601 million pesos, 66% of which was with

13824-508: The war. The 1902 Philippine Organic Act was a constitution for the Insular Government, as the U.S. civil administration was known. This was a form of territorial government that reported to the Bureau of Insular Affairs . The act provided for a governor-general appointed by the U.S. president and an elected lower house, the Philippine Assembly . It also disestablished the Catholic Church as

13952-406: Was a Filipino lawyer, statesman, soldier, and politician who was president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines from 1935 until his death in 1944. He was the first Filipino to head a government of the entire Philippines and is considered the second president of the Philippines after Emilio Aguinaldo (1899–1901), whom Quezon defeated in the 1935 presidential election . He is often regarded as

14080-693: Was a member of the Pacific War Council , signed the United Nations declaration against the Axis powers and wrote The Good Fight , his autobiography. To conduct government business in exile, Quezon hired the entire floor of one wing of the Shoreham Hotel to accommodate his family and his office. Government offices were established at the quarters of Philippine Resident Commissioner Joaquin Elizalde, who became

14208-746: Was a retired sargento de Guardia Civil (sergeant of the Civil Guard ). According to historian Augusto de Viana in his timeline of Baler, Quezon's father was a Chinese mestizo who came from the Parián (a Chinatown outside Intramuros ) in Paco, Manila . He spoke Spanish in the Civil Guard and married María, who was a Spanish mestiza born of Spanish priest Jose Urbina de Esparragosa; Urbina arrived in Baler from Esparragosa de la Serena , Cáceres Province , Spain in 1847 as

14336-596: Was administered by Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines José Abad Santos . Corregidor was chosen as the venue of the inauguration and temporary seat of the government in-exile to take refuge from the uninterrupted Japanese bombing raids during the Japanese invasion . As crises mounted in the Pacific, the Philippines prepared for war. Youth military training under General Douglas MacArthur

14464-593: Was also faced with agrarian unrest, an uncertain diplomatic and military situation in Southeast Asia, and uncertainty about the level of United States commitment to the future Republic of the Philippines. Amid growing landless peasant unrest in the late 1930s, the Commonwealth opened public lands in Mindanao and northeastern Luzon for resettlement. In 1939–1940, the Philippine Constitution was amended to restore

14592-497: Was another constitutional question. After a one-year study, the Institute of National Language recommended that Tagalog be the basis for a national language. The proposal was well-received, despite the fact that director Jaime C. de Veyra was Waray , this is because Baler, Quezon's birthplace, is a native Tagalog-speaking area. In December 1937, Quezon issued a proclamation approving the institute's recommendation and declaring that

14720-577: Was at that time Assistant Secretary of the Navy , had ordered Commodore George Dewey , commanding the Asiatic Squadron of the United States Navy , to Hong Kong before the declaration of war. From there, Dewey's squadron departed on April 27 for the Philippines, reaching Manila Bay on the evening of April 30. The Battle of Manila Bay took place on May 1, 1898, with American victory being achieved in

14848-617: Was brought into existence. After the World War II Japanese invasion in 1941 and subsequent occupation of the Philippines , the United States and Philippine Commonwealth military completed the recapture of the Philippines after Japan's surrender and spent nearly a year dealing with Japanese troops who were not aware of the war's end, leading up to U.S. recognition of Philippine independence on July 4, 1946. The Philippine Revolution began in August 1896. The Pact of Biak-na-Bato ,

14976-420: Was clarified through the Treaty of Washington of 1900 , which stated that Spanish territories in the archipelago which lay outside the geographical boundaries noted in the Treaty of Paris were also ceded to the U.S. On December 21, 1898, President McKinley proclaimed a policy of benevolent assimilation with regards to the Philippines. This was announced in the Philippines on January 4, 1899. Under this policy,

15104-484: Was dedicated on 23 April 1940. After the Japanese invasion of the Philippines during World War II, Quezon evacuated to Corregidor (where he was inaugurated for his second term ) and then to the Visayas and Mindanao. At the invitation of the U.S. government, he was evacuated to Australia, and then to the United States. Quezon established the Commonwealth government in exile , with its headquarters in Washington, D.C. He

15232-411: Was designated the national language , women's suffrage was introduced , and land reform mooted. The new government embarked on an ambitious agenda of establishing the basis for national defense, greater control over the economy, reforms in education, improvement of transport, the colonization of the island of Mindanao, and the promotion of local capital and industrialization. The commonwealth however,

15360-452: Was enacted, as well as a law providing an eight-hour workday and a tenancy law for Filipino farmers. The position of public defender was created to assist the poor. Commonwealth Act No. 20 enabled Quezon to acquire large, occupied estates to re-appropriate their lots and homes at a nominal cost and under terms affordable by their residents; one example was the Buenavista estate. He also began

15488-416: Was inaugurated with William H. Taft as the civil governor. Later, on February 3, 1903, the U.S. Congress would change the title of Civil Governor to Governor-General . A highly centralized public school system was installed in 1901, using English as the medium of instruction. This created a heavy shortage of teachers, and the Philippine Commission authorized the secretary of public instruction to bring to

15616-571: Was infuriated, summoned General MacArthur and asked him if the U.S. would support the Philippines; if not, Quezon would return to Manila and allow himself to become a prisoner of war. MacArthur replied that if the Filipinos fighting the Japanese learned that he returned to Manila and became a Japanese puppet, they would consider him a turncoat. Quezon then heard another broadcast by former president Emilio Aguinaldo urging him and his fellow Filipino officials to yield to superior Japanese forces. Quezon wrote

15744-475: Was intensified. The first blackout practice was held on the night of 10 July 1941 in Manila. First aid was taught in all schools and social clubs. Quezon established the Civilian Emergency Administration (CEA) on 1 April 1941, with branches in provinces and towns. Air-raid drills were also held. In cooperation with U.S. High Commissioner Paul V. McNutt , Quezon facilitated the entry into

15872-404: Was planned that the period 1935–1946 would be devoted to the final adjustments required for a peaceful transition to full independence, a great latitude in autonomy being granted in the meantime. Instead there was war with Japan, which postponed any plans for Philippine independence. On May 14, 1935, an election to fill the newly created office of president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines

16000-635: Was promulgated in order to provide parity between these. On March 3, 1901, the U.S. Congress passed the Army Appropriation Act containing (along with the Platt Amendment on Cuba) the Spooner Amendment which provided the president with legislative authority to establish a civil government in the Philippines. Up until this time, the president had been administering the Philippines by virtue of his war powers. On July 1, 1901, civil government

16128-479: Was secretly negotiating with Spanish authorities while informing them of American troop movements. Aguinaldo warned that American troops should not disembark in places conquered by the Filipinos without first communicating in writing, and did not offer his full service to arriving American forces. By June, U.S. and Filipino forces had taken control of most of the islands, except for the walled city of Intramuros . Admiral Dewey and General Merritt were able to work out

16256-532: Was to seek only Luzon and Guam , which could serve as harbours and communication links, President McKinley later wired instructions to demand the entire archipelago. The resultant Treaty of Paris , signed in December 1898, formally ended the Spanish–American War. Its provisions included the cession of the archipelago to the United States, for which $ 20 million would be paid as compensation. This agreement

16384-484: Was won by Manuel L. Quezon ( Nacionalista Party ), and a Filipino government was formed on the basis of principles superficially similar to the U.S. Constitution . The commonwealth as established in 1935 featured a very strong executive, a unicameral national assembly , and a supreme court composed entirely of Filipinos for the first time since 1901. Quezon's priorities were defense, social justice, inequality and economic diversification, and national character. Tagalog

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