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67-507: Due to their distinct color, palominos stand out in a show ring, and are much sought after as parade horses. They were particularly popular in movies and television during the 1940s and 1950s. One of the most famous palomino horses was Trigger , known as "the smartest horse in movies", the faithful mount of the Hollywood cowboy star Roy Rogers . Another famous palomino was Mister Ed (real name Bamboo Harvester ) who starred on his own TV show in

134-417: A protein illustrated to have roles in melanogenesis in humans, mice , and medaka . Mice affected by a condition homologous to cream exhibit irregularly shaped melanosomes , which are the organelles within melanocytes that directly produce pigment. Genes in horses such as Frame and Sabino1 produce white spotting by interrupting or limiting the migration of melanocytes from the neural crest , while

201-492: A smoky cream. Cream horses, even those with blue eyes, are not white horses. Dilution coloring is also not related to any of the white spotting patterns. The cream gene ( C ) is an incomplete dominant allele with a distinct dosage effect. The DNA sequence responsible for the cream colors is the cream allele , which is at a specific locus on the solute carrier family 45 member 2 ( SLC45A2 ) gene (previously known as MATP and OCA4 , among others). Its general effect

268-454: A sooty buckskin . True seal brown buckskins can be very difficult to identify owing to their almost all-black coats. It is only the reddish markings around the eyes, muzzle, elbow and groin, which are turned gold, that may give them away. Smoky black , a horse with a black base coat and one copy of the cream allele, is less well-known than the two golden shades. Since a single copy of the cream gene primarily affects red pigment, with only

335-576: A DNA test. The cream gene is found in many breeds. It is common in American breeds including the American Quarter Horse , Morgan , American Saddlebred , Tennessee Walking Horse , and Missouri Fox Trotter . It is also seen in the Miniature horse , Akhal-Teke , Icelandic horse , Connemara pony , and Welsh pony . It is even found in certain lines of Thoroughbreds , warmbloods , and

402-412: A bay coat) often retain points that are a darker shade of cream. This unusual feature enables what are called cryptic creams . A certain percentage of dark bay , seal brown , and black horses exhibit such subtle dilution of their coats as to be misregistered. In the study that mapped the cream gene, three horses registered as seal brown, dark bay or bay were actually smoky black and buckskin. This

469-417: A dozen known genes, and some are associated with health defects. Some genes which encode a white or near-white coat when heterozygous , popularly called "dominant white," may be lethal in homozygote embryos. Another specific mutation on the endothelin receptor type B ( EDNRB ) gene is associated with the frame overo pattern produces Lethal white syndrome if homozygous, but carriers can be identified with

536-805: A flaxen mane and tail. In the United States, there are two primary color breed registries for Palomino-colored horses: the Palomino Horse Association (PHA), and the Palomino Horse Breeders of America (PHBA). The Palomino Horse Association (PHA) registers palomino horses of any breed and type "on color and conformation". The shade of color considered ideal by the PHA is the color of a gold coin, but shades of palomino from light to dark gold are accepted. The mane and tail are required to be white, silver, or ivory, but up to 15% dark or reddish-brown hair

603-479: A golden palomino, the "Albino" in Mary O'Hara 's Thunderhead portrayed a horse with a freakish defect. These coat colors carried vastly different cultural significance. Because the experience of breeders of palomino and buckskin horses indicated that blue-eyed cream offspring of these animals were not genetically defective, some of the research that took place nearly thirty years after Adalsteinsson's studies that identified

670-518: A ham that as soon as he heard applause, he would start bowing and ruin that trick. He could sit in a chair, sign his name "X" with a pencil, and lie down for a nap and cover himself with a blanket. Rogers' most carefully guarded trade secret was to get Trigger housebroken. "Spending as much time as he does in hotels, theaters, and hospitals, this ability comes in might handy and it's conceded by most trainers to be Trigger's greatest accomplishment." — Glenn Randall , wrangler with Hudkins Stables. His horse

737-471: A horse carrying champagne dilution . Champagne (CH) dilutes are born with pumpkin-pink skin and blue eyes, which darken within days to amber, green or light brown, and their skin acquires a darker mottled complexion around the eyes, muzzle, and genitalia as the animal matures. A horse with rosy-pink skin and blue eyes in adulthood is most often a cremello or a perlino , a horse carrying two cream dilution genes. Sooty palomino horses may have darker hairs in

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804-423: A number of horse coat colors . Horses that have the cream gene in addition to a base coat color that is chestnut will become palomino if they are heterozygous , having one copy of the cream gene, or cremello, if they are homozygous . Similarly, horses with a bay base coat and the cream gene will be buckskin or perlino. A black base coat with the cream gene becomes the not-always-recognized smoky black or

871-460: A partially expressed color allele and not a set of characteristics that make up a "breed". Because registration as a palomino with a color breed registry is based primarily on coat color, horses from many breeds or combination of breeds may qualify. Some breeds that have palomino representatives are the American Saddlebred , Tennessee Walking Horse , Morgan and Quarter Horse . The color

938-458: A reddish or rusty tint. Thus all-red coats are turned all-ivory, all-black coats are turned all-rusty cream, and bay coats have ivory bodies with slightly darker points. Horses with two copies of the cream allele can be collectively called double-dilutes, homozygous creams, or blue-eyed creams, and they share a number of characteristics. The eyes are pale blue, paler than the unpigmented blue eyes associated with white color or white markings , and

1005-409: A single cream gene can be hard to distinguish from a double-dilute cream. Freckled skin and greenish eyes, or pedigree knowledge can yield clues, though the mystery can also be solved with a DNA test. The pearl gene or "barlink factor" is a recessive gene that affects only red pigment. When a single copy each of pearl and cream are present, the effect is quite similar to cremello. Dilutes combining

1072-485: A slightly different lineage, that his sire was a "registered" palomino stallion (though no known palomino registry existed at the time of Trigger's birth) and his dam was by a Thoroughbred and out of a " cold-blood " mare. Horses other than Golden Cloud also portrayed "Trigger" over the years, none of which was related to Golden Cloud; the two most prominent were palominos known as "Little Trigger" and "Trigger Jr." (a Tennessee Walking Horse listed as "Allen's Gold Zephyr" in

1139-419: A subtle effect on black, smoky blacks can be quite difficult to identify. Smoky blacks may have reddish guard hairs inside their ears, and experienced horse persons may detect something "off" about the coat of a smoky black, though the slightly burnished look is often chalked up to sun bleaching, which can also be seen in true blacks. The palest can be mistaken for bays or liver chestnuts, especially if exposed to

1206-444: A well-known color, produced by the action of one cream gene on a bay coat. All red hairs in the base coat are diluted to gold. The black areas, such as the mane, tail and legs, are generally unaffected. The cream gene acting on a "blood bay" coat, the reddest shade, are pale gold with black points. They are sometimes called buttermilk buckskins . The cream gene acting on the darkest bays (sometimes mistaken for seal browns) may dilute to

1273-420: A white marking. The PHBA will not accept a horse for regular registration if it has all three characteristics of a double-dilute cream : light (or pink) skin over the body; white or cream-colored hair over the body; and eyes of a bluish cast. White markings on the face and legs may not exceed certain limits. Leg white may not be higher than the level of the elbow or the stifle, white on the face may not extend past

1340-404: A wide range of breed or type if the animals are properly golden-colored. The Palomino cannot be a true horse breed , however, because palomino color is an incomplete dominant gene and does not breed "true". A palomino crossed with a palomino may result in a palomino about 50% of the time, but could also produce a chestnut (25% probability) or a cremello (25% probability). Thus, palomino is simply

1407-419: A yellow or gold coat, with a white or light cream mane and tail. The shades of the body coat color range from cream to a dark gold. Unless also affected by other, unrelated genes, palominos have dark skin and brown eyes, though some may be born with pinkish skin that darkens with age. Some have slightly lighter brown or amber eyes. A heterozygous cream dilute (CR) such as the palomino must not be confused with

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1474-406: Is accepted. In the interest of breeding palomino horses, the PHA also registers full double-dilute blue-eyed cremellos , erroneously called "cremello palominos" by the PHA. Horses that are not recorded by any other registry of unknown pedigree are accepted if their color meets the PHA definition of "palomino". The Palomino Horse Breeders of America (PHBA) has stricter requirements. To be accepted by

1541-534: Is also seen in coat pattern genes in horses. In general, white markings are more pervasive in chestnuts than in non-chestnuts, to the extent that homozygous non-chestnuts (which carry the "Extension" (E) gene and may also carry the Agouti gene) were more modestly marked than non-chestnuts heterozygous for the E allele. This effect has also been identified and studied in the Leopard complex patterns. The SLC45A2 gene

1608-606: Is best known in humans as being the location of a mutation that results in human type IV oculocutaneous albinism (OCA4). Type IV oculocutaneous albinism, like other types of human albinism, results in hypopigmentation of the skin and eyes, with increased rates of skin cancer and reduced visual acuity. None of these effects are associated with the equine cream gene. Other human SLC45A2 polymorphisms result in normal pigment variations, specifically fair skin, light eyes, and light hair in Caucasian populations. A presumed knockout mutation in

1675-453: Is common, but there are other variations: the darkest shades are called sooty palominos, unusual but most often seen in Morgans , can include a mane and tail with darker hairs and heavy dappling in the coat. The palest varieties can be nearly white, retaining darker skin and eyes, are sometimes mistakenly confused with cremello, and are called isabellas in some places. Buckskin is also

1742-533: Is fairly rare in the Thoroughbred , but does in fact occur and is recognized by The Jockey Club. Some breeds, such as the Haflinger and Arabian , may appear to be palomino, but are genetically chestnuts with flaxen manes and tails, as neither breed carries the cream dilution gene . However, in spite of their lack of cream DNA, some palomino color registries have registered such horses if their coat color falls within

1809-565: Is made for horses registered with the American Saddlebred Horse Association, which may have skin of any color. Accepted eye colors are black, brown, blue and hazel. However, horses with blue or partially blue eyes are accepted only if their registration certificate from a recognized breed association mentions the eye color; they are also accepted on horses of unknown pedigree if they are gelded or spayed . Trigger (horse) Trigger (July 4, 1934 – July 3, 1965)

1876-566: Is one way by which the cream gene is transmitted through generations without being identified. Horses born palomino, buckskin, and smoky black, but also carry the gray gene, have a hair coat that turns white as they age and are usually registered as "gray" rather than as their birth color. This is particularly a common occurrence in the Connemara breed. Horses sold after turning fully gray may surprise breeders by producing golden or cream offspring. This effect - stronger expression on red pigment -

1943-844: Is registered in one of the breed registries recognized by the PHBA. The PHBA usually requires horses or both parents of the horse to be registered by or eligible for registration with certain recognized breed registries , including those for the American Quarter Horse , Paint , Appaloosa , Saddlebred , Morgan , Holsteiner , Arabian , assorted part-Arabian registries, Pinto (horse division only), Thoroughbred , and assorted gaited horse breeds. Horses with PHBA-registered parents are also eligible even if they are not recorded with any other breed registry. In some situations, mares and geldings may be registered without pedigree on account of their conformation and color only, but stallions must always have pedigrees that are "verified in fact". The ideal PHBA body color

2010-413: Is the shade of "a United States gold coin". The mane and tail must be naturally white, and may not have more than 15% black, brown or off-colored hairs. Brown or dark primitive markings are not accepted. PHBA also does not accept horses that are gray or show color characteristics of Paints, pintos, Appaloosas or cremellos or perlinos . The skin must be dark, other than pink skin on the face connected to

2077-400: Is to lighten the coat, skin and eye colors. When one copy of the allele is present, it dilutes "red" pigment to yellow or gold, with a stronger effect on the mane and tail, but does not dilute black color to any significant degree. When two copies of the allele are present, both red and black pigments are affected; red hairs still become cream, and black hairs become reddish. A single copy of

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2144-579: The Lusitano . The Andalusian horse has conflicting standards, with the cream gene being recognized by some registries, but not explicitly mentioned by others. The cream gene is completely absent from the Arabian horse gene pool, and is also not found in breeds with stringent color requirements, such as the Friesian horse . Other coat colors may mimic the appearance of a cream coat color. The presence or absence of

2211-606: The SLC45A2 gene; one from the sire, and one from the dam. A horse may have the cream allele or the non-cream allele on each gene. Those with two non-cream alleles will not exhibit true cream traits. Horses with one cream allele and one non-cream allele, popularly called "single dilutes," exhibit specific traits: all red pigment in the coat is gold, while the black pigment is either unaffected or only subtly affected. These horses are usually palomino, buckskin, or smoky black. These horses often have light brown eyes. Horses with two copies of

2278-468: The 1940s, Rogers had a custom saddle made for Trigger at the Bona Allen Company . In the 2022 film Nope , The character of Ricky "Jupe" Park makes mention of training a horse named Trigger at his Western-themed park. A prominent theme in the film is the use of animals in film productions, making this a likely nod to the original Trigger. Cream gene The cream gene is responsible for

2345-431: The 1960s. A palomino was also featured in the show Xena: Warrior Princess (1995–2001). Xena 's horse Argo was portrayed by a palomino mare named Tilly. In today's horse breeding the palomino color can be created by crossing a chestnut with a cremello. Palomino is a Spanish word meaning juvenile pigeon (the diminutive of paloma , pigeon) and its equine usage refers to the color of such birds. Palomino horses have

2412-516: The N153D SLC45A2 mutation. Cream was first formally studied by Adalsteinsson in 1974, who reported that the inheritance of palomino and buckskin coat colors in Icelandic horses followed a "semi-dominant" or incomplete dominant model. Adalsteinsson also noted that in heterozygotes, only the red pigment ( pheomelanin ) was diluted. The discovery that the palomino coat color was inextricably linked to

2479-409: The PHBA, in addition to color, a horse must have the general structure appropriate to the breeds of light riding type recognized by the PHBA. The adult height of the PHBA horse should be 14 to 17  hands (56 to 68 inches, 142 to 173 cm), and the horse must not show draft horse or pony characteristics. An individual that does not meet the height requirements may still be accepted if it

2546-633: The Tennessee Walking Horse registry). Though Trigger remained a stallion his entire life, he was never bred and has no descendants. Rogers used "Trigger Jr."/"Allen's Golden Zephyr", though, at stud for many years, and the horse named "Triggerson" that actor Val Kilmer led on stage as a tribute to Rogers and his cowboy peers during the Academy Awards show in March 1999 was reportedly a grandson of Trigger Jr. Golden Cloud made an early appearance as

2613-409: The acceptable range of shades. While the color standard used by palomino organizations usually describes the ideal body color as that of a "newly minted gold coin" (sometimes mistakenly claimed to be a penny), a wider a body color range is often accepted, ranging from a cream-white color to a deep, dark, chocolate color ("chocolate palomino") that may actually be silver dapple or liver chestnut with

2680-409: The allele has minimal impact on eye color, but when two copies are present, a horse will be blue-eyed in addition to a light coat color. The cream gene is one of several hypomelanism or dilution genes identified in horses. Therefore, it is not always possible to tell by color alone whether the C allele is present without a DNA test . Other dilution genes that may mimic some of the effects of

2747-426: The base color, 25% homozygous dilute, and 50% heterozygous dilute. When a horse is homozygous , meaning it has two copies of the cream allele, the strongest color dilution occurs. All three shades can be difficult to distinguish from one another, and are often only firmly identified after a DNA test. While both red and black pigments are turned cream, the black pigment retains a little more color and tends to have

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2814-428: The coats of double-dilutes from those of true white horses . True white horses have unpigmented skin and hair due to the incomplete migration of melanocytes from the neural crest during development. No health defects are associated with the cream gene. This is also true of the normal variations in skin, hair and eye color encoded on the human SLC45A2 gene. True white coat coloring can be produced by at least half

2881-597: The cream allele also exhibit specific traits: cream-colored coats, pale blue eyes, and rosy-pink skin. These horses are usually called cremello, perlino, or smoky cream. Horses that are heterozygous creams, that is, have only one copy of the cream gene, have a lightened hair coat. The precise cream dilute coat color produced depends on the underlying base coat color. Unless also affected by other, unrelated genes, they maintain dark skin and brown eyes, though some heterozygous dilutes may be born with pink skin that darkens with age. Some have slightly lighter, amber eyes. However,

2948-403: The cream coat color was very significant. At one time, double dilutes, particularly cremellos, were barred from registration by many breed organizations. Cremello was thought by some to be a lethal white or albino coloring and a potential genetic defect. There also were known health implications of albinism in humans, and cultural prejudices; while a heroic figure such as Roy Rogers rode

3015-407: The cream gene "skipped" generations. While there are " color breed " registries for palomino and buckskin horses, which generally record horses based on apparent phenotype and do not require a DNA color test, it is impossible for these colors to breed "true" due to the action of a single copy of the cream allele. Crossing two heterozygous dilutes will statistically result in offspring which are 25%

3082-426: The cream gene can always be verified by the use of a DNA test. Also, as explained in "Mixed dilutes" below, horses may simultaneously carry more than one dilution gene. Dilution genes which, by themselves, may be confused with cream dilutions include the following: If a horse carries more than one type of dilution gene, additional cream mimics and other unique colors may occur. The combined effects of champagne and

3149-424: The cream gene had a significant effect on breeding, allowing homozygous blue-eyed creams to be recognized by many breed registries that had previously registered palominos but banned cremellos, under the mistaken notion that homozygous cream was a form of albinism . Cream coat colors are described by their relationship to the three "base" coat colors: chestnut , bay , and black . All horses obtain two copies of

3216-404: The cream gene in either single or double copies include the pearl gene , silver dapple gene , and the champagne gene . Horses with the dun gene also may mimic a single copy of the cream gene. To complicate matters further, it is possible for a horse to carry more than one type of dilution gene, sometimes giving rise to coloring that researchers call a pseudo double dilute. The discovery of

3283-427: The cream gene, pearl does not seem to affect the mane and tail to a greater extent than the body coat, a feature of cream that is most vividly illustrated in the palomino coat color. This characteristic of the cream gene is also unexplained. The disparity in effects on red and black pigments is easy to identify in buckskins, with their black points, but it is also visible in C /C homozygotes: perlinos (homozygous cream on

3350-454: The cream mutation affects the nature of the pigments produced by melanocytes. Therefore the skin, eyes, and hair of horses with the cream mutation do not lack melanocytes, melanosomes, or melanins, but rather exhibit hypomelanism. Prior to the mapping of the cream gene, this locus was titled C for "color". There are two alleles in the series: the recessive , wildtype allele C and the incomplete dominant C . The C allele represents

3417-499: The elements. Smoky black coats tend to react strongly to sun and sweat, and many smoky blacks turn a chocolate color with particularly reddish manes and tails. Bleaching due to the elements means that the legs retain their color better, and can take on an appearance of having dark points like a bay horse. Smoky blacks, however, will lack rich red tones in the coat, instead favoring chocolate and orange tones. Because smoky blacks are often not recognized as such, breeders sometimes think that

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3484-511: The freeway and served as a landmark until the museum closed and moved to Branson. When the fiberglass replica of Trigger was being made, Rogers was approached by the owners of the Denver Broncos . He allowed another statue to be made for them, then broke the mold. "Bucky the Bronco", Trigger's twin, stands above the south scoreboard of Empower Field at Mile High (formerly Broncos Stadium). After

3551-419: The heterozygous cream dilute (CR) must not be confused with a horse carrying champagne dilution . Champagne (CH) dilutes are born with pumpkin-pink skin and blue eyes, which darken within days to amber, green or light brown, and their skin acquires a darker mottled complexion around the eyes, muzzle, and genitalia as the animal matures. It is also possible for a heterozygous cream horse to carry more than one of

3618-726: The horse. The hide was professionally stretched over a foam likeness of Trigger, and the resulting mount was put on display in the Roy Rogers-Dale Evans Museum when it opened in Apple Valley in 1967. The mount was later moved with the museum to Victorville, California , in 1976, and then to Branson, Missouri in 2003. A 24-ft (7 m) replica of a rearing Trigger was produced to sit atop the Roy Rogers Museum in Victorville. The 1,300-lb (600 kg) replica could be seen from

3685-498: The mane, tail and coat. The summer coat of a palomino is usually a slightly darker shade than the winter coat. Many non-palominos may also have a gold or tan coat and a light mane and tail. In the United States, some palomino horses are classified as a color breed . However, unlike the Appaloosa or the Friesian , which are distinct breeds that also happen to have a unique color preference, Palomino color breed registries often accept

3752-473: The most famous horse in film entertainment, even having his own Dell comic book recounting his exploits. Roy Rogers made many personal appearances with Trigger in tow. More than once, he escorted him up three or four flights of stairs at hospitals to visit with sick children, according to his autobiography Happy Trails . While appearing in a show at the Glasgow Empire on Sunday 14 February 1954, Trigger

3819-687: The mount of Maid Marian , played by Olivia de Havilland in The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938). A short while later, when Roy Rogers was preparing to make his first movie in a starring role, he was offered a choice of five rented "movie" horses to ride and chose Golden Cloud. Rogers bought him eventually in 1943 and renamed him Trigger for his quickness of both foot and mind. Trigger learned 150 trick cues and could walk 50 ft (15 m) on his hind legs (according to sources close to Rogers). They were said to have run out of places to cue Trigger. Trigger became such

3886-518: The museum's closing in 2010, its contents were placed at public auction on July 14–15, 2010 at Christie's auction house in New York City . Trigger's preserved remains sold for $ 266,500 to television channel RFD-TV , which plans to start a Western museum. Bob Tinsley, a Victorville developer who built Roy Rogers's home in nearby Apple Valley , bought the fiberglass replica in April 2010, and plans to make

3953-412: The nature of cream dilution was directly supported by breed registries that had historically barred blue eyed creams. The cream gene's preferential effect on red pigment has not yet been explained. The champagne dilution affects both black and red pigments equally, the silver dapple gene affects only black pigment, and pearl exhibits a recessive mode of inheritance and only affects red pigment. Unlike

4020-421: The other dilution alleles. ( see "Cream mimics" below) In such cases, they may exhibit some characteristics more typical of a homozygous dilute. Palomino is the best known cream-based coat color, and is produced by the action of one cream allele on a chestnut coat. It is characterized by a cream or white mane and tail and yellow or gold coat. The classic golden shade akin to that of a newly minted gold coin

4087-615: The pearl gene with one copy of the cream gene are known as "pseudo-double dilutes" and produce a cream dilute phenotype that includes pale skin and blue/green eyes. DNA tests and patience are effective in determining which is the case. Some of the terms used to describe these combinations include: The cream locus is on exon 2 of the SLC45A2 gene; a single nucleotide polymorphism results in an aspartic acid -to- asparagine substitution (N153D). The DNA test offered by various laboratories detects this mutation. The SLC45A2 gene encodes

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4154-449: The skin is rosy-pink. The true, unpigmented pink skin associated with white markings is clearly visible against the rosy-pink skin of a double-dilute, especially when their coat is wetted down. The palest shades of double-dilute coats are just off-white, while the darkest are distinctly rust-tinged. Their coats may be described as nearly white or ivory in addition to cream. The off-white coat, pale blue eyes, and rosy pink skin distinguish

4221-548: The statue a part of historic Apple Valley Village. "I just couldn't see letting him go anywhere else," he explained. As of 2018, Chet Hitt and Bob Tinsley, installed Trigger's statue at the entrance of the Spirit River Center located on Apple Valley Road. In 2009, a statue of Rogers and a rearing Trigger was erected in Historic Downtown Buford, Georgia . Buford was once a prominent leather tanning town, and in

4288-426: The throatlatch. Spotting and characteristics of the Leopard complex and the various pinto patterns are not accepted, and body spots of less than a 4-inch diameter may be allowed. Horses with non-dark skin on the body, white or creamy coat and pink skin around the eyes are not accepted. Spots of pink skin visible in the muzzle or around the eyes, under the tail and between the hind legs are not accepted. An exception

4355-613: Was a 15.3  hands (63 inches, 160 cm) palomino horse made famous in American Western films with his owner and rider, cowboy star Roy Rogers . The original Trigger, named Golden Cloud, was born in San Diego, California . Though often mistaken for a Tennessee Walking Horse , his sire was a Thoroughbred and his dam a grade (unregistered) mare that, like Trigger, was a palomino . Movie director William Witney, who directed Roy and Trigger in many of their movies, claimed

4422-599: Was presented with a kilt, the material being Dress Stewart Tartan. The kilt was presented by Jim Gordon of Thomas Gordon and Sons, and was made by Williamina McLauchlan. After the original Trigger (Golden Cloud) died in 1965 at Rogers's new ranch in Apple Valley, California , Rogers arranged for Everett Wilkens of Bischoff's Taxidermy in Los Angeles (now Bischoff's Taxidermy and Animal FX in Burbank, California) to preserve and mount

4489-629: Was so important to Rogers that when he purchased a "Best Wishes for the New Year" advertisement in Variety , he signed it "Roy Rogers and Trigger". Trigger was ridden by Rogers in many of his motion pictures, becoming much loved by the youthful audience that saw him on film and in Rogers' 1950s television series with his wife, Dale Evans , who rode her trusty buckskin Quarter Horse, Buttermilk . Trigger became

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