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32-421: According to their own family histories, early members of the family simply used the name Paleologo . They also claim that the last name Calabraga , supposedly originally assumed by a member of the family who was fleeing the law, saw periodical usage in the 16th century. The name Oriundi was allegedly first assumed in the late 17th century, " oriundo " meaning an immigrant that is originally of Italian ancestry,

64-534: A lineage descending from his older son Teodoro. The Paleologo-Oriundi family claims descent from Teodoro, and though their lineage is partially documented, contradictions exist. If they were to be genuine male-line descendants, they would still not be considered true members of the Palaeologus-Montferrat family, or the Palaiologos dynasty itself, on account of descent through an illegitimate son. According to

96-671: A player could not represent more than one country. In the 1960s, with incidents like the Battle of Santiago in the 1962 FIFA World Cup and several finals of the Intercontinental Cup , South American football came to be seen as more violent and defensive, and hence fewer players were recruited. The Italian Americans who "returned" to Italy in the 1920s and '30s were known as rimpatriati ("repatriated people"). In Fascist Italy , they automatically had dual citizenship and had no need to undergo naturalization. Vittorio Pozzo , manager of

128-492: A word linguistically related to the term orient (east). Paleologo (or Paleologo-Oriundi ) was assumed by the family only in 1930 following a court decision; the Paleologo-Oriundi were not the only dubious claimants to Byzantine ancestry recognized by Italian courts in the 20th century and such courts typically did not closely investigate the veracity of the claims. Follows Mallat (1990) and Mallat (2007). Heads of

160-799: Is etymologically related to Orient . In Spanish oriundo means native or inhabitant , but this term was also used in Spain to refer to a series of athletes, born in Latin America , whose ancestors were Spanish emigrants. In Italian culture , an oriundo is someone who is living in a country other than the one of his origins (i.e. being of Italian descent and residing outside of Italy ). Oriundi are usually foreigners to their country of origin in legal terms. Whether or not they maintain cultural and linguistic ties with their country of origin usually depends on their upbringing, family background and preservation of cultural values. Some oriundi have played for

192-512: Is linguistically related to the term Orient (east). Four brothers of the Paleologo-Oriundi family—Francesco, Settimio, Ottavio and Noe—supposedly died in 1812 fighting for Napoleon in the French invasion of Russia . The earliest biography published by a member of the family was the work of Federico (1858–1920), who claimed to be the great-great-great-grandson of Pietro II, published by his friend J. Chinaki in 1932. Federico's son Arnaldo (1888–1939)

224-453: The 1978 FIFA World Cup forbade its preliminary squad of 40 from moving abroad, lest they be "poached". Spain reduced the number of oriundi to one per team after another forgery scandal in 1979. From 1979 to 1982, no Argentines were allowed abroad, and many like Mario Kempes returned home. Real Madrid legend Alfredo Di Stéfano is a notable example; he was born in Argentina and played for

256-906: The Argentina national team , and the country's national federation has created a domestic professional player pool for the national team; see also Pampas XV and Jaguares (Super Rugby) .) Italian rugby also allows naturalized foreigners. Restrictions on changing nationality are less strict in rugby than in soccer, and three years' residency qualifies. Oriundi capped by the Italy national team include: Few South Americans played football in Spain before World War II . Spain under General Franco allowed for dual nationality with Latin American countries from 1954. Players such as Alfredo Di Stéfano , José Santamaría and Héctor Rial quickly transferred, and helped make Real Madrid

288-601: The Italian and Spanish leagues imposed quotas or bans on "foreign" players, oriundi were partially or totally exempt from these. Tours by European club sides of Latin America were common from the 1920s to the 1950s; tours in the reverse direction also occurred. European managers often recruited Latin Americans they had seen playing on these tours. The recruitment of dual internationals was greatly reduced by FIFA which ruled in 1964 that

320-438: The Italy or Spain national football teams in international competition; among these are some who had previously represented their native country. FIFA requires international footballers to have either citizenship of a country or close ancestral ties to it. Oriundi may qualify under the latter heading; in addition, they can acquire citizenship more easily than immigrants not of native extraction, owing to jus sanguinis . When

352-653: The 16th century. Though they were sometimes given Greek names, such as Theodore and Sophia, most of the Palaiologan Marquises of Montferrat paid little attention to affairs in the eastern Mediterranean. The only Marquis to seriously consider using his Byzantine connection was Theodore's son, John II of Montferrat , who wished to take advantage of the Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347 , between Andronikos II's great-grandson John V ( r.  1341–1391 ) and John VI Kantakouzenos ( r.  1347–1354 ), in order to invade

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384-401: The Argentina national team, but later obtained Spanish citizenship and represented Spain at the 1962 FIFA World Cup . Flaminio Paleologo Flaminio Paleologo (1518, Casale Monferrato – May 24, 1571, Goito ) was an Italian soldier and feudal lord. He was an illegitimate son of John George Palaeologus and his unknown mistress. He was killed by poisoning in 1571 for rebelling against

416-454: The Italian league. Their presence was blamed for the continued underperformance of the national side, culminating at the humiliating defeat by North Korea at that year's World Cup . The ban was eased when one foreigner per Serie A team was allowed from 1980. In recent years, the most famous Italian oriundo has been the former Juventus ' Italian Argentine footballer Mauro Camoranesi , who

448-635: The Italians, as a result of the Montferrat inheritance, could launch an invasion in the future in hopes of placing a Catholic Palaiologos on the Byzantine throne. Byzantine fears of Latinisation became true; Theodore converted to Catholicism and on his subsequent visits to Constantinople, Theodore shocked the Byzantines with his shaven face and Western customs. The Palaeologus-Montferrat family ruled at Montferrat until

480-505: The Italy national team, selected several for the victorious 1934 FIFA World Cup side. He rebutted critics of this policy by saying "if they can die for Italy, they can play for Italy", a reference to conscription . Enrique Guaita , Scopelli and Stagnaro tried to leave for France to avoid being called up for the Abyssinian campaign in 1936. Oriundi as a term in Italian football dates from

512-542: The Paleologo name. Giorgio was Adolfo's only child and was unmarried and childless. With his death in 2013, this short-lived cadet branch went extinct. Oriundo The term oriundo ( pronounced [oˈrjundo] ; Italian plural oriundi ) is an Italian and Portuguese noun describing an immigrant in a country, whose ancestry is from that same country. It comes from the Latin verb oriri ( orior ), "be born", and

544-403: The Paleologo-Oriundi family, Flaminio's eldest son, Teodoro (?–1586), was also accused of conspiracy and took refuge in his wife's homeland, Camerano , near Ancona . In order to pass unnoticed, he adopted the fake last name Calabraga, which would periodically be adopted by later members of the family as well. The Paleologo-Oriundi also claim that Teodoro's son, Flaminio II (1562–1624), was granted

576-586: The dominant club of the early years of the European Cup . In 1962, the Spanish League banned all foreign players, as their presence was blamed for the poor performance of the national team. Oriundi were allowed if they had not been capped by their native country. As a result, clubs were anxious to prove Spanish ancestry for would-be imports, resulting in some dubious cases. Some players obtained forged birth certificates , providing spurious Spanish ancestors. This

608-402: The earlier "Oriundi" to "Paleologo-Oriundi" through a court decision. The legal system of 20th century Italy provided ample grounds for claimants and imposters, and the Paleologo-Oriundi, whether genuine or not, were not the only who managed to secure limited legal recognition for claims of Byzantine descent. The Italian courts who gave out "recognitions" typically did not investigate the claims of

640-442: The early 1950s. The category existed separately from native and foreign players at intervals until the 1970s. Omar Sivori , Humberto Maschio and Antonio Valentín Angelillo , the three stars of the Argentina national team that won the 1957 Copa América were signed by Italian clubs and given citizenship, thereby missing Argentina's disappointing showing at the 1958 FIFA World Cup . In 1966, no new foreigners were admitted to

672-436: The empire and conquer the city of Thessalonica . In his will from 1372, John II claimed that Andronikos II's deposition in 1328 by his grandson Andronikos III (John V's father, r.  1328–1341 ) had been unlawful and thus disqualified Andronikos III and all his heirs from the legitimate line of succession to the throne of Byzantium. John II also pointed out that since Andronikos II had disinherited Andronikos III, John II

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704-460: The families. In 1988, the historian M. L. Bierbrier deemed the Paleologo-Oriundi and other modern claimants to Palaiologos descent to be dubious, and that such claims should "not be taken seriously by any genealogist". There existed a cadet branch of the Paleologo-Oriundi family native to Rome , the Quintini-Paleologo, descended matrilineally from Giuseppe (1792–1861), uncle of Federico. It

736-668: The family marked with bold text, women marked with italics. The Palaeologus-Montferrat family was a medieval cadet branch of the Palaiologos dynasty, the last ruling family of the Byzantine Empire . It was created in 1306 when Theodore Palaiologos , fourth son of Byzantine Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos ( r.   1282–1328), inherited the March of Montferrat through his mother, and Andronikos II's second wife, Yolande of Montferrat . Andronikos II's fourth son, rather than one of

768-587: The marquis had unsuccessfully attempted to have legitimised. Although Flaminio would end his life accused of conspiracy against the Gonzagas, being violently killed in prison on 24 May 1571, he would supposedly be survived by seven children. The accusations against Flaminio were true, as he had unsuccessfully worked to overthrow the Gonzagas and gain control of Montferrat. Two of Flaminio's supposed sons are said to have had children of their own, with there being an extinct lineage descending from his younger son Ferdinando, and

800-421: The older sons, was specifically chosen to not jeopardize the imperial line of succession. The Byzantine aristocracy were unenthusiastic about the creation of a western cadet branch of the imperial family; that a Byzantine prince, born in the purple , would be sent to live among, and rule over, Latin barbarians, was bad enough but there were also fears that he and his descendants might become 'Latinised' and that

832-507: The right to use the title Prince of the Holy Roman Empire by Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor ( r.  1619–1637 ). Flaminio II's great-grandson, Pietro II (1667–1704), was the first to use the name Oriundi. The word oriundo (of which Oriundi is the plural form) is an Italian noun describing an immigrant that is originally of Italian ancestry, it comes from the Latin oriri and

864-634: Was a lawyer in Venice and fought in the First World War . He also worked as a historian and wrote extensively on the history of his family, together with his brother Ottorino (1891–1916), their work being published in the Italian heraldic magazine Rivista Araldica . The current head of the family is Arnaldo's son Carlo Paleologo-Oriundi (born 1924), a Venetian banker who lives in Mestre . The Paleologo-Oriundi only added "Paleologo" to their family name in 1930, changing

896-507: Was easy in Paraguay during the corrupt dictatorship of Alfredo Stroessner . Consequent scandals emerged at various times, including one exposed by FC Barcelona in 1972. In 1973, to reduce the incentive for corruption, up to two non- oriundi foreigners were allowed per team. Nevertheless, the recruiting of Latin American players continued so strong the Argentine FA in preparation for hosting

928-572: Was eligible for Italian citizenship through a great-grandfather who in 1873 emigrated from Potenza Picena , in Italy's Marche region, to Argentina. Camoranesi won the 2006 FIFA World Cup with the azzurri . The number of Argentines playing rugby in Italy has increased since the sport embraced professionalism in 1995 , while the Argentine league system remains amateur . (Professionals, however, including those based in Europe, are eligible to play for

960-477: Was founded through the marriage of Giuseppe's granddaughter Ida (1854–1927) and Achille Quintini. Ida and Achille had five children; the son Adolfo (1893–1960) and four daughters. Though Adolfo simply used the name Quintini, Adolfo's son Giorgio (1933–2013) assumed the full last name Quintini Paleologo in the 1960s, a name which was not recognised by the Paleologo-Oriundi in Venice, who opposed matrilineal descendants using

992-550: Was inherited by the Gonzaga family of Mantua . The new marquis, Federico II Gonzaga , was connected to the family by marriage, being the husband of Margaret Paleologa , niece of John George. Federico had married Margaret on 3 October 1531, with the explicit goal of acquiring Montferrat. The deaths of John George and later Margaret did not spell the end for the male-line lineage of the Palaeologus-Montferrat family. John George had an illegitimate son, Flaminio Paleologo , born in 1518, who

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1024-449: Was the rightful emperor as the only true heir to Andronikos II. John II even petitioned the Papacy to recognize his claims to Thessalonica and to the empire, and to help him conquer them. An expedition to "recover" these territories was never organised. Upon the death of John George Palaeologus , the last Marquis of Montferrat of the Palaeologus-Montferrat family, on 30 April 1533, Montferrat

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