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26-465: Palembang , also known as Palembang Malay ( Baso Pelémbang ), is a Malayic variety of the Musi dialect chain primarily spoken in the city of Palembang and nearby lowlands, and also as a lingua franca throughout South Sumatra . Since parts of the region used to be under direct Javanese rule for quite a long time, Palembang is significantly influenced by Javanese , down to its core vocabularies. While

52-448: A 6-vowel system for Palembang, with /i/ and /u/ in closed syllables being realized as [ ɪ ] and [ ʊ ] , respectively. Some dictionaries of Palembang, however, also add [ ɛ ] and [ ɔ ] into the sound inventory for pronunciation guides without claiming their phonemic statuses (though one can see some minimal pairs as in [d͡ʒəro] 'inside' vs [d͡ʒərɔ] 'deterred'). An orthography has been made by

78-533: A distinction between schwa and /a/ in final closed syllables . To the north and east of Palembang, towards the border with Jambi Province and the waters of Bangka Strait , there exists the Pesisir or coastal variety, which is structurally very similar to the urban Palembang dialects. That said, Pesisir speech in the outer areas share high lexical similarity rates with neighboring Malayic lects of Jambi and Bangka . In addition, coastal speakers are not as tied to

104-478: A local content subject (curriculum activity) for elementary and secondary schools in the Palembang area since 2021. Dunggio (1983) lists 26 phonemes for the Palembang dialect; specifically, there are 20 consonants and 6 vowels. However, another study by Aliana (1987) states that there are only 25 phonemes in Palembang, reanalyzing /z/ as an allophone of /s/ and /d͡ʒ/ instead. As mentioned above, Dunggio proposes

130-642: Is general consensus that the Chamic languages are closely related to Malayic. The wider affiliations of the Malayic languages are however controversial. There are two major proposals: Adelaar (2005) places Malayic within the Malayo-Sumbawan subgroup, which comprises the following languages: Blust (2010) and Smith (2017) assign Malayic to the Greater North Borneo subgroup: The Malayo-Sumbawan hypothesis

156-467: Is linked to the rise of Standard Indonesian influence in the daily speech of urban areas. In terms of phonology, Pasar speakers also tend to realize Proto-Malayic *r as an apical trill [r] as in Standard Indonesian, instead of using voiced/voiceless velar fricative [ɣ~x] as is common among traditional speakers of Palembang Lama. Lastly, only traditional speakers consistently maintain

182-528: Is listed in the Ethnologue among the "Malay" languages. In his dissertation on the languages of Borneo, Smith (2017) provides evidence for a subgroup comprising Malayic isolects in western Borneo and southern Sumatra, which he labels "West Bornean Malayic". However, he leaves other isolects unclassified. The inclusion of the Malayic languages within the Malayo-Polynesian subgroup is undisputed, and there

208-515: Is mainly based on phonological evidence with a few shared lexical innovations , while the Greater North Borneo hypothesis is based on a large corpus of lexical evidence. Kedukan Bukit inscription The Kedukan Bukit inscription is an inscription discovered by the Dutchman C.J. Batenburg on 29 November 1920 at Kedukan Bukit, South Sumatra , Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia ), on

234-480: Is used in conversations with community leaders, elders, or respected individuals, especially during Palembang traditional ceremonies. In contrast, the saghi-saghi register, which is more rooted in native Malayic vocabulary, is used in everyday conversation. Malayic languages The most probable candidate for the urheimat of the Malayic languages is western Borneo prior to spread in Sumatra. The term "Malayic"

260-559: The 17th century. This text was written in Classical Malay with some influence from the Javanese language , considering the Palembang royal family originated from Java . The Javanese influence in Palembang began at least as early as the 14th century. William Marsden noted two distinct language varieties used in Palembang in the 18th century. The language of the palace was a refined Javanese dialect and Malay mixed with foreign vocabulary, while

286-611: The Malayic subgroup, which is now universally accepted by experts in the field, was first proposed by K.A. Adelaar ( 1992 , 1993 ), based on phonological, morphological and lexical evidence. Malayic languages are spoken on Borneo , Sumatra , the Malay Peninsula , Java and on several islands located in the South China Sea and the Strait of Malacca . While there is general consensus about which languages can be classified as Malayic,

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312-616: The Musi grouping, specifically the Palembang–Lowland cluster, which also includes the Lowland subcluster containing Belide, Lematang Ilir, and Penesak varieties. Internally, the Palembang subcluster can be divided into three dialects, namely 1) Palembang Lama ("Old" Palembang), 2) Palembang Pasar ("Bazaar" Palembang) and 3) Pesisir ("Coastal"). Palembang Lama refers to the traditional variety spoken natively by ethnic Palembang communities, both within

338-404: The Palembang ethnic identity as the speakers in the urban Palembang area and its immediate vicinity. As with other Malayic varieties, the Palembang language is a descendant of Proto-Malayic , which is believed to have originated from western Kalimantan. According to Adelaar (2004), the development of Malay as a distinct ethnic group may have been influenced by contact with Indian culture following

364-1531: The banks of Tatang River, a tributary of Musi River . It is the oldest surviving specimen of the Malay language , in a form known as Old Malay . It is a small stone of 45 cm × 80 cm (18 in × 31 in). This inscription is dated 1 May 683 CE. This inscription was written in Pallava script . Svasti ! Pada 11 hari bulan separuh Vaiśākha tahun 605 Śaka , Dapunta Hiyang menaiki sampan untuk mendapatkan siddhayātra . Pada hari ke tujuh iaitu 15 hari bulan separuh Jyeṣṭha , Dapunta Hiyang berlepas dari Mināṅa membawa 20000 orang bala tentera dengan bekal-bekalan sebanyak 200 peti di sampan diiringi 1312 orang yang berjalan kaki banyaknya datang ke hulu Upang dengan sukacitanya. Pada 15 hari bulan separuh āsāḍha dengan mudah dan gembiranya datang membuat benua ... Śrīvijaya jaya siddhayātra subhikṣa nityakāla ! Selamat! Tahun Śaka memasuki 605, pada hari kesebelas, Dapunta Hiyang menaiki sampan untuk mengambil siddhayātra . Pada hari ketujuh, yaitu 15 hari pertama bulan Jyeṣṭha , Dapunta Hiyang meninggalkan Mināṅa untuk membawa 20.000 orang pasukan tentara dengan perbekalan sebanyak 200 peti di sampan diiringi sebanyak 1312 orang yang berjalan kaki datang ke hulu Upang dengan sukacita. Pada 15 hari pertama bulan āsāḍha dengan mudah dan gembiranya datang membuat benua ... Sriwijaya jaya siddhayātra subhikṣa nityakāla ! Om swasti astu! All hail and prosperity. In

390-626: The city and the "relic areas" around it. Meanwhile, Palembang Pasar is a koiné that has become a lingua franca to bridge interethnic communication in Palembang and other major population centers throughout the region. This variety is often used polyglossically with Indonesian (resulting in the so-called "Palembang Indonesian" variety) and other regional languages/dialects in the area, both Malayic and non-Malayic. In terms of lexicon , Palembang Lama retains many Javanese loanwords that are no longer used by speakers of Palembang Pasar. This decreasing number of Javanese loanwords used by Pasar speakers

416-578: The dialects of the Sea Tribes in Riau Archipelago . He tentatively classifies all Malayic languages as belonging to a "Malay" subgroup, except Ibanic, Kendayan/Selako, Keninjal , Malayic Dayak (or "Dayak Malayic") and the "fairly divergent varieties" of Urak Lawoi' and Duano . Anderbeck's classification has been adopted in the 17th edition of the Ethnologue , with the sole exception of Duano, which

442-462: The everyday language of the Palembang people was a Malay dialect, characterized primarily by the pronunciation of the vowel 'a' being changed to 'o'. Today the use of the Palembang language is officially recognized by the government of South Sumatra as one of the indigenous language varieties in South Sumatra that must be preserved. As part of efforts to promote and preserve the Palembang language,

468-578: The government of South Sumatra, supported by the Indonesian Ministry of Religious Affairs , launched the Quran (the holy book of Islam) with a Palembang language translation. This translation was released by the Research and Development Center for Religious Literature and Heritage in 2019. In addition, The refined register of the Palembang language, known as jegho / jero (or alus ), has also been included as

494-497: The inscription is a direct ancestor of modern Malay languages (including Palembang). Aside from ancient inscriptions, there are very few other written sources that can serve as references for the development of the Palembang language. One such written source is the Kitab Undang-Undang Simbur Cahaya, which is believed to have been compiled by Queen Sinuhun, the wife of Palembang ruler Prince Sido ing Kenayan, around

520-469: The internal subgrouping of the Malayic languages is still disputed. Adelaar (1993) classifies the Malayic languages as follows. Based on grammatical evidence, Ross (2004) divides the Malayic languages into two primary branches: This classification is mirrored in the Glottolog (Version 3.4) . Following Tadmor (2002) , Anderbeck (2012) makes a distinction between Malay and Malayic in his discussion about

546-474: The local office of Language Development and Fostering Agency . It is closely related to the Indonesian Spelling System , using the same 26-letters Latin alphabet with the optional use of the letter é. The Palembang language has two linguistic registers : jegho or alus (also often identified as bebaso ) and saghi-saghi . The jegho or alus register contains many borrowed Javanese words and

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572-451: The meaning assigned to them when they were established in the Standard. Based on lexicostatistical analyses, mappings of sound changes , and mutual intelligibility tests, McDowell & Anderbeck (2020) classify Malayic varieties in southern Sumatra into two dialect groups, namely 1) South Barisan Malay (also called Central Malay or Middle Malay ) and 2) Musi . Palembang is part of

598-466: The migration of Proto-Malayic speakers to southern Sumatra. The Sriwijaya Kingdom , centered in Palembang in the 7th century, was one of the earliest, if not the first, manifestations of the Malay nation-state. The Kedukan Bukit inscription found in Palembang is the earliest written evidence of the Malayic language family spoken in the region. However, linguists still debate whether the language variety used in

624-458: The name Palembang in the broad sense can also refer to the Musi dialect group as a whole, it is most commonly used as an endonym for the speech used in the city and its immediate rural vicinity. In 2008, all the ISO 639-3 codes for Musi dialects, including [plm] for Palembang, were retired and merged into [mui] Musi. The old codes ([plm], [lmt], [pen], [rws]) are no longer in active use, but still have

650-448: The year 605 of the Saka calendar, on the eleventh day at half-month of Waisaka , Sri Baginda took dugouts in order to obtain siddhayatra . On Day 7, on the 15th day at half-month of Jyestha , Sri Baginda extricated himself from minānga tāmvan . He took 20,000 troops with him ... as many as 200 in dugouts, with 1,312 foot soldiers. They arrived at ... Truly merry on the fifteenth day of

676-455: Was first coined by Dyen (1965) in his lexicostatistical classification of the Austronesian languages. Dyen's "Malayic hesion" had a wider scope than the Malayic subgroup in its currently accepted form, and also included Acehnese , Lampung and Madurese . Nothofer (1988) narrowed down the range of Malayic, but included the non-Malayic languages Rejang and Embaloh : The present scope of

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