15-747: Pakuashipi ( Pakua Shipi , or Pakua Shipu in Innu-aimun and St-Augustin Indian Settlement ) is an Innu community in the Canadian province of Quebec , located on the north shore of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence in the Côte-Nord region. It is on the western shore of the mouth of the Saint-Augustin River, opposite the settlement of Saint-Augustin . It is not an Indian reserve , but an Indian settlement within
30-554: Is an Algonquian language spoken by over 10,000 Innu in Labrador and Quebec in Eastern Canada . It is a member of the Cree –Montagnais– Naskapi dialect continuum and is spoken in various dialects depending on the community. Since the 1980s, Innu-aimun has had considerable exposure in the popular culture of Canada and France due to the success of the rock music band Kashtin and
45-963: Is giving way to a place distinction. The column titles here refer chiefly to the place of articulation of the long vowel. Macron accent marks over the long vowels are omitted in general writing. e is not written with a macron because there is no contrasting short e . Innu-aimun is a polysynthetic , head-marking language with relatively free word order . Its three basic parts of speech are nouns , verbs , and particles . Nouns are grouped into two genders , animate and inanimate, and may carry affixes indicating plurality , possession , obviation , and location. Verbs are divided into four classes based on their transitivity : animate intransitive (AI), inanimate intransitive (II), transitive inanimate (TI), and transitive animate (TA). Verbs may carry affixes indicating agreement (with both subject and object arguments ), tense , mood , and inversion . Two different sets, or orders , of verbal affixes are used depending on
60-654: Is the Innu name of the Saint-Augustin River and means "shallow river", from pakua ("drained" or "dried up") and shipi ("river"). The inhabitants of this settlement are identified by other Innu groups as the Pakua-shipiunnuat , and are considered the most traditional, the most conservative Innu band, in terms of both culture and language. The area was originally home to nomadic Innu and Inuit tribes. Most of them, however, were displaced once Europeans began to exploit
75-488: The Atikamekw ( Nēhinawēwin and Nehirâmowin ) of the Atikamekw ( Nehiraw , Nehirowisiw ) in the upper Saint-Maurice River valley of Quebec . Innu-aimun is divided into four dialects – Southern Montagnais (Mashteuiatsh, Betsiamites), Eastern Montagnais (Ekuanitshit, Nutashkuan, Unamen Shipu, Pakuashipi), Central Montagnais (Uashat and Maliotenam, Matimekosh) and Labrador-Montagnais (Sheshatshit). The speakers of
90-524: The Municipality of Saint-Augustin , occupied by the Innu band of Pakua Shipi. Although they hold no formal legal title to the land at this time, negotiations are still ongoing to determine their indigenous rights . The community is serviced by a health centre, a community centre, a church, a school, a community store, a youth centre, a community radio station, an inn, municipal water and sewer system, fire station, and an indigenous police force. Pakuashipi
105-502: The Red Road Ensemble ) for the television documentary film The Native Americans . The album was Robertson's first foray into writing music specifically inspired by his Mohawk heritage. Robertson brought in his son Sebastian Robertson to handle the drums on "Golden Feather", "Skinwalker", "It Is a Good Day to Die" and "Words of Fire, Deeds of Blood". His daughter Delphine Robertson sings backing vocals on "Coyote Dance". The album
120-518: The area. In July 1949, the Government of Quebec offered to the Innu population land with an area of 1.3 ha (3.2 acres) in order to create a reserve . But this was refused by the Government of Canada who deemed its population too small to justify such a decision. In the early 1960s, in order to provide essential services, the federal government decided to incorporate the Saint-Augustin group with
135-658: The band at La Romaine reserve and relocated them there. But during the night, in a storm, the group returned to their ancestral land. On June 4, 1971, the Quebec Ministry of Lands and Forests authorized the Government of Canada to build houses for the First Nations people of Saint Augustin on the current site. On July 27, 1987, the Saint Augustin Band changed its name to "Pakua Shipi Montagnais Band". As of July 2021,
150-468: The band had a registered population of 401 people. The number of private dwellings occupied by usual residents is 65 out of a total of 90. As of the 2016 Canadian census mother tongues spoken are as follows: Population trend (1991 - 2016): There is only one school on the settlement, École Pakuashipish , that provides pre-Kindergarten to Secondary grade 4, and had an enrolment of 88 students in 2008-2009. Innu-aimun Innu-aimun or Montagnais
165-505: The different dialects can communicate well with each other. The Naskapi language and culture are quite different from those of the Montagnais, in which the dialect changes from y to n as in Iiyuu versus Innu . Music for The Native Americans Music for The Native Americans is a 1994 album by Robbie Robertson , compiling music written by Robertson and other colleagues (billed as
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#1732851406820180-512: The later solo careers of its founders Claude McKenzie and Florent Vollant . Widely heard hit songs with Innu-language lyrics have included " Ish-kuess " ("Girl"), " E Uassiuian " ("My Childhood"), " Tipatshimun " ("Story") and in particular " Akua tuta " ("Take care of yourself"), which appeared on soundtrack compilations for the television series Due South and the documentary Music for The Native Americans . The lyrics of Akua Tuta are featured on over 50 websites, making this one of
195-465: The most broadly accessible pieces of text written in any native North American language. Florent Vollant has also rendered several well-known Christmas carols into Innu in his 1999 album Nipaiamianan . In 2013, "a comprehensive pan-Innu dictionary, covering all the Innu dialects spoken in Quebec and Labrador [was] published in Innu, English and French ." Innu-aimun has the following phonemes (with
210-470: The standard orthography equivalents in angle brackets, this section discusses the Sheshatshit dialect): The plosives are voiced to [b d dʒ ɡ ɡʷ] between vowels. /ʃ/ frequently merges with /h/ in younger speakers ( shīshīp [ʃiʃip ~ ʃihip ~ hihip] ' duck ' ). There are three pairs of so-called "long" and "short" vowels, and one long vowel with no short counterpart, though the length distinction
225-541: The verb's syntactic context . In simple main clauses, the verb is marked using affixes of the independent order , whereas in subordinate clauses and content-word questions, affixes of the conjunct order are used. Innu-aimun is related to East Cree ( Īyiyū Ayimūn – Northern/Coastal dialect and Īnū Ayimūn – Southern/Inland dialect) spoken by the James Bay Cree of the James Bay region of Quebec and Ontario and
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