Misplaced Pages

#253746

84-632: The Pahaquarry Copper Mine is an abandoned copper mine located on the west side of Kittatinny Mountain presently in Hardwick Township in Warren County , New Jersey in the United States. Active mining was attempted for brief periods during the mid-eighteenth, mid-nineteenth, and early twentieth centuries but was never successful despite developments in mining technology and improving mineral extraction methods. Such ventures were not profitable as

168-413: A heap leaching or dump leaching . The resulting pregnant leach solution is purified by solvent extraction (SX). It is treated with an organic solvent and an organic chelators. The chelators bind the copper ions (and no other ions, ideally), the resulting complexes dissolve in the organic phase. This organic solvent is evaporated, leaving a residue of the copper complexes. The copper ions are liberated from

252-442: A concentrates with 27–29% and 37–40% copper contents from chalcopyrite and chalcocite , respectively. Oxidised copper ores include carbonates such as azurite and malachite , the silicate chrysocolla , and sulfates such as atacamite . In some cases, sulfide ores are allowed to degrade to oxides. Such ores are amenable to hydrometallurgy. Specifically, such oxide ores are usually extracted into aqueous sulfuric acid , usually in

336-515: A few years before selling their copper assets. Reportedly gains were not as high as anticipated. Investments in copper mining concentrated in Chile in the 1980s and 1990s given that copper mining in other countries faced problems like political instability ( Peru ), increased environmental requirements (developed countries) or overall disinterest in foreign investment in a nationalized mining industry ( Zaire , Zambia ). The average grade of copper ores in

420-406: A high grade copper concentrate. The roasting process is generally undertaken in combination with reverberatory furnaces . In the roaster, the copper concentrate is partially oxidised to produce " calcine ". Sulfur dioxide is liberated. The stoichiometry of the reaction is: Roasting generally leaves more sulfur in the calcined product (15% in the case of the roaster at Mount Isa Mines ) than

504-488: A higher profit. This extraction process can be applied to large quantities of low-grade ores, at a lower capital cost with minimal environmental impact. Generally, direct froth flotation is not used to concentrate copper oxide ores, as a result of the largely ionic and hydrophilic structure of the copper oxide mineral surface. Copper oxide ores are typically treated via chelating-reagent flotation and fatty-acid flotation, which use organic reagents to ensure adsorption onto

588-493: A parallel reaction the iron sulfide is converted to slag: The purity of this product is 98%, it is known as blister because of the broken surface created by the escape of sulfur dioxide gas as blister copper pigs or ingots are cooled. By-products generated in the process are sulfur dioxide and slag . The sulfur dioxide is captured and converted to sulfuric acid and either sold on the open market or used in copper leaching processes. Belvidere, New Jersey Belvidere

672-526: A partisan basis as part of the November general election. A mayor is elected directly by the voters to a four-year term of office. The town council consists of six members elected to serve three-year terms on a staggered basis, with two seats coming up for election each year in a three-year cycle. As of 2022 , the Mayor of Belvidere is Republican Kathy B Miers, whose term of office ends December 31, 2023. Members of

756-424: A significant portion of the sulfur has been eliminated during the roasting stage, and the calcine consists of a mixture of copper and iron oxides and sulfides. The reverberatory furnace acts to allow these species to approach chemical equilibrium at the furnace operating temperature (approximately 1600 °C at the burner end of the furnace and about 1200 °C at the flue end; the matte is about 1100 °C and

840-515: A sinter plant leaves in the sintered product (about 7% in the case of the Electrolytic Refining and Smelting smelter ). As of 2005, roasting is no longer common in copper concentrate treatment because its combination with reverberatory furnaces is not energy efficient and the SO 2 concentration in the roaster offgas is too dilute for cost-effective capture. Direct smelting is now favored, and uses

924-590: A total of 1,687 registered voters in Belvidere, of which 380 (22.5% vs. 21.5% countywide) were registered as Democrats , 611 (36.2% vs. 35.3%) were registered as Republicans and 694 (41.1% vs. 43.1%) were registered as Unaffiliated . There were 2 voters registered as either Libertarians or Greens . Among the town's 2010 Census population, 62.9% (vs. 62.3% in Warren County) were registered to vote, including 84.3% of those ages 18 and over (vs. 81.5% countywide). In

SECTION 10

#1732852098254

1008-675: A turnout of 76.8% (vs. 76.3% in the whole county). In the 2013 gubernatorial election , Republican Chris Christie received 68.3% of the vote (494 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 27.0% (195 votes), and other candidates with 4.7% (34 votes), among the 740 ballots cast by the town's 1,758 registered voters (17 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 42.1%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election , Republican Chris Christie received 480 votes (56.7% vs. 61.3% countywide), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 221 votes (26.1% vs. 25.7%), Independent Chris Daggett with 116 votes (13.7% vs. 9.8%) and other candidates with 18 votes (2.1% vs. 1.5%), among

1092-533: Is a town and the county seat of Warren County , in the U.S. state of New Jersey . As of the 2020 United States census , the town's population was 2,520, a decrease of 161 (−6.0%) from the 2010 census count of 2,681, which in turn reflected a decline of 90 (−3.2%) from the 2,771 counted in the 2000 census . Belvidere was incorporated as a town by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 7, 1845, from portions of Oxford Township , based on

1176-474: Is a minor part of a supergene profile it will not be recovered and will report to the tailings . When rich enough, native copper ore bodies may be treated to recover the contained copper by gravity separation . Often, the nature of the gangue is important, as clay-rich native copper ores prove difficult to liberate. This is because clay minerals interact with flotation reagents used in extraction processes, that are then consumed, which results in minimal recovery of

1260-422: Is a mixture of copper, iron and sulfur that is enriched in copper, which is called matte or copper matte . The term matte grade is normally used to refer to the copper content of the matte. The purpose of the matte smelting stage is to eliminate as much of the unwanted iron, sulfur and gangue minerals (such as silica, magnesia, alumina and limestone) as possible, while minimizing the loss of copper. This

1344-421: Is achieved by reacting iron sulfides with oxygen (in air or oxygen enriched air) to produce iron oxides (mainly as FeO , but with some magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 )) and sulfur dioxide . Copper sulfide and iron oxide can mix, but when sufficient silica is added, a separate slag layer is formed. Adding silica also reduces the melting point (or, more properly, the liquidus temperature) of the slag, meaning that

1428-608: Is an energy-efficient smelting process that was jointly developed from the 1970s to the 1990s by Mount Isa Mines (a subsidiary of MIM Holdings and now part of Glencore ) and the Government of Australia 's CSIRO . It has relatively low capital and operating costs for a smelting process. ISASMELT technology has been applied to lead, copper, and nickel smelting. As of 2021, 22 plants were in operation in eleven countries, along with three demonstration plants located at Mt Isa. The installed capacity of copper/nickel operating plants in 2020

1512-470: Is at Timna Valley , Israel, and has been used since the fourth millennium BC, with surface deposit usage occurring in the fifth and sixth millennium. The Pločnik archaeological site in southeastern Europe ( Serbia ) contains the oldest securely dated evidence of copper making at high temperature, from 5,000 BCE. The find in June 2010 extends for an additional 500 years, dated to 5th millennium BCE, representing

1596-465: Is constantly forced through the slurry. The air bubbles attach to the hydrophobic copper sulfide particles, which are conveyed to the surface where the froth is skimmed off. These skimmings are generally subjected to a cleaner-scavenger cell to remove excess silicates and to remove other sulfide minerals that can deleteriously impact the concentrate quality (typically, galena ), and the final concentrate sent for smelting. The rock that has not floated off in

1680-411: Is eliminated from the concentrate). It is essentially a melting process. Consequently, wet-charged reverberatory furnaces have less copper in their matte product than calcine-charged furnaces, and they also have lower copper losses to slag. Gill quotes a copper in slag value of 0.23% for a wet-charged reverberatory furnace vs 0.37% for a calcine-charged furnace. In the case of calcine-charged furnaces,

1764-427: Is normally added to help form the slag. The furnace is fired with burners using pulverized coal, fuel oil or natural gas. Reverberatory furnaces can additionally be fed with molten slag from the later converting stage to recover the contained copper and other materials with a high copper content. Because the reverberatory furnace bath is quiescent, very little oxidation of the feed occurs (and thus very little sulfur

SECTION 20

#1732852098254

1848-498: The 2000 U.S. Census , there were 2,771 people, 1,088 households, and 716 families residing in the town. The population density was 2,091.7 inhabitants per square mile (807.6/km ). There were 1,165 housing units at an average density of 879.4 per square mile (339.5/km ). The racial makeup of the town was 98.02% White , 0.51% African American , 0.04% Native American , 0.51% Asian , 0.25% from other races , and 0.69% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.31% of

1932-581: The 2012 presidential election , Republican Mitt Romney received 656 votes (53.8% vs. 56.0% countywide), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 521 votes (42.7% vs. 40.8%) and other candidates with 24 votes (2.0% vs. 1.7%), among the 1,220 ballots cast by the town's 1,724 registered voters, for a turnout of 70.8% (vs. 66.7% in Warren County). In the 2008 presidential election , Republican John McCain received 693 votes (55.0% vs. 55.2% countywide), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 514 votes (40.8% vs. 41.4%) and other candidates with 27 votes (2.1% vs. 1.6%), among

2016-659: The 2024-2025 session , the 23rd legislative district of the New Jersey Legislature is represented in the State Senate by Doug Steinhardt ( R , Lopatcong Township ) and in the General Assembly by John DiMaio (R, Hackettstown ) and Erik Peterson (R, Franklin Township ). Warren County is governed by a three-member Board of County Commissioners , who are chosen at-large on a staggered basis in partisan elections with one seat coming up for election each year as part of

2100-791: The Boy Scouts of America . The land was then purchased by the United States Army Corps of Engineers in preparation for the building of the controversial Tocks Island Dam project . The copper ore deposit found here is the grayish mineral chalcocite (copper sulfide) embedded in a hard gray sandstone band of the Bloomsburg Red Beds . The similar color and low ore yield make visual identification difficult. Secondary minerals that can be seen include green malachite and blue-green chrysocolla . Between 1903 and 1906, Dr. Keith reported an average yield of 3.25% copper using 100 samples. In 1943,

2184-633: The Lenape worked the mine even before European settlers arrived. However, archeological and scientific testing show that the copper artifacts from the area originated from major native copper mines in Isle Royale and the Keweenaw Peninsula Michigan. Another legend claims that early Dutch settlers of New Netherland in the 1650s discovered and worked the mine in Lenape territory. This then leads to

2268-571: The Minisink region and commencing mining operations at this location before 1650. In order to bring this ore to market, the miners are alleged to have built a 104 miles (167 km) road, the Old Mine Road linking these mines near the Delaware Water Gap with Kingston, New York . This tradition has been refuted by recent research, and it is thought the road has no connection with the mines but

2352-544: The United States Geological Survey reported yields of 0.11% to 0.38% copper and recommended that no more work be done at Pahaquarry. Copper mine The Old Copper Complex in North America has been radiometrically dated to 9500 BP—i.e., about 7480 BCE—making it one of the oldest known examples of copper extraction in the world. The earliest evidence of the cold-hammering of native copper comes from

2436-469: The refractory bricks lining the furnace. When the removal of the matte or slag is complete, the hole is normally plugged with clay, which is removed when the furnace is ready to be tapped again. Reverberatory furnaces were often used to treat molten converter slag to recover contained copper. This would be poured into the furnaces from ladles carried by cranes. However, the converter slag is high in magnetite and some of this magnetite would precipitate from

2520-417: The 1,260 ballots cast by the town's 1,684 registered voters, for a turnout of 74.8% (vs. 73.4% in Warren County). In the 2004 presidential election , Republican George W. Bush received 779 votes (61.9% vs. 61.0% countywide), ahead of Democrat John Kerry with 452 votes (35.9% vs. 37.2%) and other candidates with 21 votes (1.7% vs. 1.3%), among the 1,259 ballots cast by the town's 1,640 registered voters, for

2604-655: The 1750s, when John Reading, Jr. and his partners purchased land along the Mine Brook in early Walpack Township along the Delaware River in northwestern New Jersey. Reading, a prominent surveyor and land investor and member of the Provincial Council, served as the New Jersey colony's acting governor in 1747, and from 1757–1758. By 1760, the venture was a failure and mining activity ceased. The next attempt began with

Pahaquarry Copper Mine - Misplaced Pages Continue

2688-450: The 1960s. In the 1960s and 1970s large copper mining operations by U.S. companies were nationalized in many of the main copper producing countries. Thus by the 1980s state owned enterpises overtook the dominant role U.S. companies like Anaconda Copper and Kennecott had had until then. In the late 1970s and early 1980s various oil companies like ARCO , Exxon ( Exxon Minerals ) and Standard Oil Company expanded into copper mining for

2772-517: The 21st century is below 0.6% copper, with a proportion of economic ore minerals being less than 2% of the total volume of the ore rock. Thus, all mining operations, the ore must usually be beneficiated (concentrated). The concentrate is typically sold to distant smelters , although some large mines have smelters located nearby. Such colocation of mines and smelters was more typical in the 19th and early 20th centuries, when smaller smelters could be economic. The subsequent processing techniques depend on

2856-417: The 847 ballots cast by the town's 1,642 registered voters, yielding a 51.6% turnout (vs. 49.6% in the county). The Belvidere School District serves students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade . As of the 2020–21 school year, the district, comprised of two schools, had an enrollment of 631 students and 61.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 10.3:1. Schools in

2940-681: The Alleghany Mining Company in the 1890s. The last mining attempt began in 1901 when the Montgomery Gold Leaf Mining Company, founded by the brothers, Henry and Oliver Deshler of Belvidere, New Jersey , purchased the assets of the Alleghany Mining Company. After unsuccessful operations, the company reorganized as the Pahaquarry Copper Company in 1904. During the next years, a large ore processing mill, adjoining buildings and infrastructure were constructed at

3024-636: The Delaware River. The 2010 United States census counted 2,681 people, 1,054 households, and 682 families in the town. The population density was 1,847.0 inhabitants per square mile (713.1/km ). There were 1,140 housing units at an average density of 785.4 per square mile (303.2/km ). The racial makeup was 96.01% (2,574) White , 1.57% (42) Black or African American , 0.11% (3) Native American , 0.78% (21) Asian , 0.00% (0) Pacific Islander , 0.22% (6) from other races , and 1.31% (35) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.62% (97) of

3108-674: The November general election. At an annual reorganization meeting held in the beginning of January, the board selects one of its members to serve as Commissioner Director and other as Deputy Director. As of 2024 , Warren County's Commissioners are: Deputy Director Jason J. Sarnoski ( R , Lopatcong Township ; 2025), Lori Ciesla (R, Lopatcong Township; 2026), and Director James R. Kern III (R, Pohatcong Township ; 2025). Constitutional officers of Warren County are: Clerk Holly Mackey (R, Alpha ; 2027), Sheriff James McDonald Sr. (R, Phillipsburg ; 2025) and Surrogate Michael J. Doherty (R, Washington ; 2025). As of March 2011, there were

3192-607: The Town Council are Council President Laurel Napolitani (R, 2023), Glen E. Matlock (R, 2022; elected to serve an unexpired term), Kathleen Miers (R, 2023), Donald Mitchell (R, 2022), Joseph Roth (R, 2024) and Adam Zmigrodski (R, 2024). Glen Matlock was elected in November 2020 to serve the term of office expiring in December 2022 that had been held by Charles A. Makatura Jr. until he resigned from office in January 2020. In March 2015,

3276-520: The area. The mill underwent many changes as the technology developed by Nathaniel S. Keith was new and untested. New ore was not dug until 1911, and stopped after three months, producing perhaps only three ingots of refined copper. The last of the mining equipment was removed in 1928, ending copper mining in the area. From 1925 to 1972, the area was a camp for the George Washington Council (now merged and part of Central New Jersey Council) of

3360-407: The average family size was 3.17. In the town, the population was spread out, with 28.1% under the age of 18, 6.1% from 18 to 24, 32.2% from 25 to 44, 20.7% from 45 to 64, and 12.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.5 males. The median income for a household in the town

3444-412: The concentrate is dispersed in an air or oxygen stream and the smelting reactions are largely completed while the mineral particles are still in flight. The reacted particles then settle in a bath at the bottom of the furnace, where they behave like calcine in a reverberatory furnace. A slag layer forms on top of the matte layer, and they can separately be tapped from the furnace. The ISASMELT process

Pahaquarry Copper Mine - Misplaced Pages Continue

3528-452: The concentration of copper in the ore bodies decreased, the energy costs of smelting the whole ore also became prohibitive, and it became necessary to concentrate the ores first. Initial concentration techniques included hand-sorting and gravity concentration. These resulted in high losses of copper. Consequently, the development of the froth flotation process was a major step forward in mineral processing. The modern froth flotation process

3612-406: The converter slag (due to its higher melting point), forming an accretion on the hearth of the reverberatory furnace and necessitating shut downs of the furnace to remove the accretion. This accretion formation limits the quantity of converter slag that can be treated in a reverberatory furnace. While reverberatory furnaces have very low copper losses to slag, they are not very energy-efficient and

3696-421: The copper dissolved in slags from mattes containing less than 50% copper is sulfidic copper. Above this figure, oxidic copper begins to dominate. The loss of copper as prills suspended in the slag depends on the size of the prills, the viscosity of the slag and the settling time available. Rosenqvist suggested that about half the copper losses to slag were due to suspended prills. The mass of slag generated in

3780-467: The copper from the pregnant leach solution . To ensure the best recovery of copper, it is important to acknowledge the effect copper dissolution, acid consumption, and gangue mineral composition has on the efficacy of extraction. Supergene sulfide ores rich in native copper are refractory to treatment with sulfuric acid leaching on all practicable time scales, and the dense metal particles do not react with froth flotation media. Typically, if native copper

3864-629: The county by the Warren County Special Services School District in Oxford Township (for Pre-K–12). Belvidere was rated one of the Top 5 Schools in each county with the highest rate of drug/violence/bullying incidents, based on the number of incidents per every 100 enrolled students. As of May 2010 , the town had a total of 16.39 miles (26.38 km) of roadways, of which 14.38 miles (23.14 km) were maintained by

3948-404: The crushed ore is wetted, suspended in a slurry, and mixed with reagents that render the sulfide particles hydrophobic . Typical reagents ("collectors") include potassium ethylxanthate and sodium ethylxanthate , but dithiophosphates and dithiocarbamates are also used. The slurry is introduced to a water-filled aeration tank containing a surfactant such as methylisobutyl carbinol (MIBC). Air

4032-409: The depletion of copper resources. Processes including in situ, dump, and heap leaching are cost-effective methods that are suitable for extracting copper from low-grade ores. Extraction processes for secondary copper sulfides and low-grade ores includes the process of heap bioleaching. Heap bioleaching presents a cost efficient extraction method that requires a less intensive energy input resulting in

4116-518: The district (with 2020–21 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics ) are Oxford Street Elementary School with 262 students in grades PreK-8, and Belvidere High School with 367 students in grades 9-12. As part of a cost-saving measure, Third Street School was closed after the 2018–2019 school year and merged into Oxford Street Elementary School. Students from Harmony Township , Hope Township and White Township attend

4200-509: The district's high school as part of sending/receiving relationships with the respective districts. Students from the town and from all of Warren County are eligible to attend Ridge and Valley Charter School in Blairstown (for grades K–8) or Warren County Technical School in Washington borough (for 9–12), with special education services provided by local districts supplemented throughout

4284-594: The earlier record of copper smelting from Rudna Glava ( Serbia ). Copper smelting technology gave rise to the Copper Age , aka Chalcolithic Age, and then the Bronze Age . The Bronze Age would not have been possible without the development of smelting technology. Until the latter half of the 20th century, smelting sulfide ores was almost the sole means of producing copper metal from mined ores ( primary copper production). As of 2002, 80% of global primary copper production

SECTION 50

#1732852098254

4368-464: The excavation at Çayönü Tepesi in eastern Anatolia , which dates between 7200 to 6600 BCE. Among the various items considered to be votive or amulets, there was one that looked like a fishhook and one like an awl. Another find, at Shanidar Cave in Mergasur, Iraq, contained copper beads, and dates back to 8,700 BCE. One of the world's oldest known copper mines, as opposed to usage of surface deposits,

4452-402: The flotation cell is either discarded as tailings or further processed to extract other metals such as lead (from galena) and zinc (from sphalerite ), should they exist. A variety of measures are taken to improve the efficiency of the froth flotation. Lime is used to raise the pH of the water bath, causing the collector to bond more efficiently to the copper sulfides. The process can produce

4536-449: The following smelting technologies: flash smelting , Isasmelt , Noranda, Mitsubishi or El Teniente furnaces. The initial melting of the material to be smelted is usually referred to as the smelting or matte smelting stage. It can be undertaken in a variety of furnaces, including the largely obsolete blast furnaces and reverberatory furnaces , as well as flash furnaces , Isasmelt furnaces, etc. The product of this smelting stage

4620-419: The formation of the Alleghany Mining Company in 1847 by a group of men from Flemington, New Jersey . New mining activity began, but quickly ended in 1848, due to the poor quality of the ore. New management of the company restarted operations in 1861, but again mining quickly stopped the next year. In 1867, Aaron Keyser bought the property for bark and timber. This soon ended when the land was transferred back to

4704-427: The furnace as separate streams. The slag layer is periodically allowed to flow through a hole in the wall of the furnace above the height of the matte layer. The matte is removed by draining it through a hole into ladles for it to be carried by crane to the converters. This draining process is known as tapping the furnace. The matte taphole is normally a hole through a water-cooled copper block that prevents erosion of

4788-509: The legend that the Dutch built the Old Mine Road stretching 104 miles (167 km) to Esopus, New York to transport the ore. While the nearby roadside historical marker repeats these claims, no hard evidence has been found to support either one. Many references to this mining area continue to repeat these old legends as fact. The Pahaquarry mine site was operated for three brief periods of mining activity. The earliest documented reports are from

4872-459: The loss of copper to slag in the smelting stage are: This means that there is a practical limit on how high the matte grade can be if the loss of copper to slag is to be minimized. Therefore, further stages of processing (converting and fire refining) are required. The following subsections briefly describe some of the processes used in matte smelting. Reverberatory furnaces are long furnaces that can treat wet, dry, or roasted concentrate. Most of

4956-463: The low concentrations of sulfur dioxide in their off-gases make its capture uneconomic. Consequently, smelter operators devoted a lot of money in the 1970s and 1980s to developing new, more efficient copper smelting processes. In addition, flash smelting technologies had been developed in earlier years and began to replace reverberatory furnaces. By 2002, 20 of the 30 reverberatory furnaces still operating in 1994 had been shut down. In flash smelting ,

5040-437: The mineral chalcocite; a mineral formed from primary sulfides, like chalcopyrite , that undergo chemical processes such as oxidation or reduction. Typically, secondary sulfide ores are concentrated using froth flotation. Other extraction processes like leaching are effectively used for the extraction of secondary copper sulfides, but as demand for copper rises, extraction processes tailored for low-grade ores are required, due to

5124-426: The mineral surface through the formation of hydrophobic compounds on the mineral surface. Some supergene sulfide deposits can be leached using a bacterial oxidation heap leach process to oxidize the sulfides to sulfuric acid, which also allows for simultaneous leaching with sulfuric acid to produce a copper sulfate solution. For oxide ores, solvent extraction and electrowinning technologies are used to recover

SECTION 60

#1732852098254

5208-648: The municipality and 2.01 miles (3.23 km) by Warren County. The most prominent highway is County Route 620 . The Riverton–Belvidere Bridge crosses the Delaware River , connecting Belvidere with Riverton, Pennsylvania , operated by the Delaware River Joint Toll Bridge Commission . There is no toll for crossing on either side, after tolls were abolished by the Joint Commission for the Elimination of Toll Bridges in 1929. The bridge

5292-409: The nature of the ore. In the usual case when it is primarily sulfide copper minerals (such as chalcopyrite , FeCuS 2 ), the ore is treated by comminution , where the rock is crushed to produce small particles (<100 μm) consisting of individual mineral phases. These particles are then ready to be separated to remove gangue (silicate rocks residues) using froth flotation. In froth flotation,

5376-809: The ore extracted proved to be of too low a concentration of copper . This site incorporates the mining ruins, hiking trails, and nearby waterfalls, and is located within the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area and administered by the National Park Service . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 as a contributing property to the Old Mine Road Historic District . Local tradition and several early historians recount legends of seventeenth-century Dutch miners searching for copper in

5460-403: The oxygen potential of the slag increases. The oxygen potential generally increases as the copper content of the matte is increased. Thus, the loss of copper as oxide increases as the copper content of the matte increases. On the other hand, the solubility of sulfidic copper in slag decreases as the copper content of the matte increases beyond about 40%. Nagamori calculated that more than half

5544-432: The population were under the age of 18, 8.2% from 18 to 24, 23.4% from 25 to 44, 30.6% from 45 to 64, and 12.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41.0 years. For every 100 females, the population had 93.0 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 88.5 males. The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income

5628-410: The population. There were 1,088 households, out of which 36.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.0% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.1% were non-families. 28.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and

5712-419: The population. Of the 1,054 households, 30.8% had children under the age of 18; 48.8% were married couples living together; 12.3% had a female householder with no husband present and 35.3% were non-families. Of all households, 28.7% were made up of individuals and 10.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 3.17. 25.3% of

5796-517: The residue with sulfuric acid. The barred (denuded) sulfuric acid recycled back on to the heaps. The organic ligands are recovered and recycled as well. Alternatively, the copper can be precipitated out of the pregnant solution by contacting it with scrap iron; a process called cementation . Cement copper is normally less pure than SX-EW copper. Secondary sulfides—those formed by supergene secondary enrichment—are resistant ( refractory ) to sulfuric leaching. Secondary copper sulfides are dominated by

5880-684: The results of a referendum held that day. The town's name means "beautiful to see" in Italian . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the town had a total area of 1.48 square miles (3.84 km ), including 1.45 square miles (3.75 km ) of land and 0.04 square miles (0.09 km ) of water (2.36%). Dildine Island is located in the Delaware River , approximately 4 miles (6.4 km) north of Belvidere. Belvidere borders White Township in Warren County and Northampton County in Pennsylvania across

5964-428: The reverberatory furnaces used in the latter years treated roasted concentrate because putting dry feed materials into the reverberatory furnace is more energy efficient, and because the elimination of some of the sulfur in the roaster results in higher matte grades. The reverberatory furnace feed is added to the furnace through feed holes along the sides of the furnace, and the solid charge is melted. Additional silica

6048-403: The slag is about 1195 °C ). In this equilibration process, oxygen associated with copper compounds exchanges with sulfur associated with iron compounds, increasing the iron oxide content of the furnace, and the iron oxides interact with silica and other oxide materials to form the slag. The main equilibration reaction is: The slag and the matte form distinct layers that can be removed from

6132-453: The smelting process can be operated at a lower temperature. The slag forming reaction is: Slag is less dense than matte, so it forms a layer that floats on top of the matte. Copper can be lost from the matte in three ways: as cuprous oxide (Cu 2 O) dissolved in the slag, as sulfide copper dissolved in the slag or as tiny droplets (or prills ) of matte suspended in the slag. The amount of copper lost as oxide copper increases as

6216-401: The smelting stage depends on the iron content of the material fed into the smelting furnace and the target matte grade. The greater the iron content of the feed, the more iron that will need to be rejected to the slag for a given matte grade. Similarly, increasing the target matte grade requires the rejection of more iron and an increase in the slag volume. Thus, the two factors that most affect

6300-569: The term of office. Belvidere is located in the 7th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 23rd state legislative district. For the 118th United States Congress , New Jersey's 7th congressional district is represented by Thomas Kean Jr. ( R , Westfield ). New Jersey is represented in the United States Senate by Democrats Cory Booker ( Newark , term ends 2027) and George Helmy ( Mountain Lakes , term ends 2024). For

6384-461: The town council selected Laurel Napolitani from among three names nominated by the Republican municipal committee to fill the term expiring in December 2016 that had been held by Michael Viglianco, who resigned from council in December 2014 after moving out of Belvidere. Napolitani served on an interim basis until the November 2015 general election, when Walter Tutka was elected to serve the balance of

6468-399: The town council selected Timothy Petre from three candidates nominated by the Republican municipal committee to fill the seat expiring in December 2017 that had been held by William J. Murphy until he resigned from office. Petre served on an interim basis until the November 2015 general election, when Laurel Napolitani was elected to serve the balance of the term of office. In December 2014,

6552-505: The town, manufacturing products including arachidonic acid and beta-carotene by fermentation processes, is located on the town's border with White Township. Belvidere is governed under the Town form of municipal government. The town is one of nine municipalities (of the 564) statewide that use this traditional form of government. The governing body is comprised of the mayor and the six-member Town Council, with all positions elected at-large on

6636-453: Was $ 52,792, and the median income for a family was $ 62,212. Males had a median income of $ 41,800 versus $ 31,444 for females. The per capita income for the town was $ 23,231. About 1.3% of families and 3.4% of the population were below the poverty line , including 0.4% of those under age 18 and 10.4% of those age 65 or over. A large site of DSM-Firmenich Nutritional Products that includes 250,000 square feet (23,000 m ) of facilities in

6720-423: Was $ 60,707 (with a margin of error of +/− $ 10,476) and the median family income was $ 74,028 (+/− $ 13,366). Males had a median income of $ 53,796 (+/− $ 11,432) versus $ 32,000 (+/− $ 7,359) for females. The per capita income for the town was $ 28,220 (+/− $ 2,359). About 0.8% of families and 2.3% of the population were below the poverty line , including none of those under age 18 and 2.9% of those age 65 or over. As of

6804-419: Was 9.76 million tonnes per year of feed materials and 750 thousand tonnes per year across lead operating plants. The matte, which is produced in the smelter, contains 30–70% copper (depending on the process used and the operating philosophy of the smelter), primarily as copper sulfide, as well as iron sulfide. The sulfur is removed at a high temperature as sulfur dioxide by blowing air through molten matte: In

6888-634: Was built as Dutch families from New York settled the Minisink in the Eighteenth Century. The earliest evidence of mining at Pahaquarry is 1740 with a brief venture funded by John Reading, Jr . Later attempts in the middle of the nineteenth century and a renewed effort during the early years of the twentieth century were brief and likewise unsuccessful. There are several legends associated with this mine that have been discredited by historians and archaeologists, notably Herbert C. Kraft . One legend claims that

6972-425: Was from copper–iron–sulfur minerals, and the vast majority of these were treated by smelting. Copper was initially recovered from sulfide ores by directly smelting the ore in a furnace. The smelters were initially located near the mines to minimize the cost of transport. This avoided the prohibitive costs of transporting the waste minerals and the sulfur and iron present in the copper-containing minerals. However, as

7056-581: Was independently invented in the early 1900s in Australia by C.V Potter and around the same time by G. D. Delprat . It made the development of the giant Bingham Canyon mine in Utah possible. In the twentieth century, most ores were concentrated before smelting. Smelting was initially undertaken using sinter plants and blast furnaces , or with roasters and reverberatory furnaces . Roasting and reverberatory furnace smelting dominated primary copper production until

#253746