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72-626: The Pacific Community ( PC ), formerly the South Pacific Commission ( SPC ), is an international development organisation governed by 27 members, including 22 Pacific island countries and territories around the Pacific Ocean . The organisation's headquarters are in Nouméa , New Caledonia , and it has regional offices in Suva , Pohnpei , and Port Vila , as well as field staff in other locations in

144-471: A class divide by creating demand for more educated people in order to maintain corporate and industrial profitability. Thus the popular demand for education, which in turn drives the cost of education higher through the principle of supply and demand , as people would want to be part of the new economic elite. Higher costs for education lead to a situation where only the people with enough money to pay for education can receive sufficient education to qualify for

216-533: A "one member, one vote" principle for SPC. However, this decision did not come without criticism as some pointed out that the combination of allowing membership to non-independent territories and establishing a one-vote per member principle effectively provided additional votes to France and the United States who continued to maintain control over Pacific territories. It was also during the Saipan Conference that

288-605: A Council of Pacific Arts, permanently making culture issues a part of the SPC mandate and establishing the Festival of Pacific Arts as a regular event. In response to demand to rapid development of the Pacific regions media industry, SPC established a Regional Media Center in 1973 in collaboration with the recently created University of the South Pacific . The center produced audio material for

360-499: A South Seas Commission Conference in 1947 included the statement that "the [South Pacific] Commission to be set up should not be empowered to deal in any way with political matters or questions of defense or security". This constraint on discussion (particularly the constraint on discussing nuclear weapons testing in the region) led to the 1971 creation of the South Pacific Forum (now Pacific Islands Forum), which not only excluded

432-688: A body of 26 UN agencies that work on water issues, is responsible for the triennial UN World Water Development Report which monitors progress towards the Millennium Development Goals related to water. The World Water Assessment Programme, which produces the Report, has articulated how eight of the MDGs are linked to water resources. This is provision of access to quality healthcare to the population in an efficient and consistent manner and according to their needs. The standard and level of provision that

504-889: A competition but a cultural exchange, reunites people and reinforces regional identity and mutual appreciation of Pacific-wide culture. Participating countries select artist-delegates to represent the nation at this crossroads of cultures, considered a great honour. The 10th Festival of Pacific Arts was hosted by American Samoa from 20 July to 2 August 2008. About 2,000 artists attended the 2008 Festival of Pacific Arts from these participating countries: American Samoa, Australia , Cook Islands , Easter Island , Federated States of Micronesia , Fiji , French Polynesia , Guam , Hawaii , Kiribati , Marshall Islands , Nauru , New Caledonia , New Zealand , Niue , Norfolk Island , Northern Mariana Islands , Palau , Papua New Guinea , Pitcairn Islands , Samoa , Solomon Islands , Tokelau , Tonga , Tuvalu , Vanuatu , and Wallis and Futuna . Taiwan

576-584: A less developed society. That is partially why institutions such as the Center for Global Development are searching for "pro-poor" economic policies. Modern poverty reduction and development programmes often have dignity as a central theme. Dignity is also a central theme of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , the very first article of which starts with: The concept of dignity in development has been extensively explored by many, and related to all of

648-701: A multi-country review of development progress, improved outcomes on these measures has generally been found to be driven by a combination of smart leadership, policies, institutions, and social networks, according to the Overseas Development Institute . Migration has throughout history also led to significant international development. As people move, their culture, knowledge, skills and technologies move with them. Migrants' ties with their past homes and communities lead to international relationships and further flows of goods, capital and knowledge. The value of remittances sent home by migrants in modern times

720-480: A periodic basis, possibly with a rural clinic serving several different communities. The provision of access to healthcare is both an engineering challenge as it requires infrastructure such as hospitals and transport systems and an education challenge as it requires qualified healthworkers and educated consumers. The fourth Millennium Development Goal is to reduce by two thirds the mortality rate among children under five . The fifth Millennium Development Goal

792-578: A region. More recently, the focus in this field has been projects that aim towards empowering women, building local economies, and caring for the environment. In context of human development it usually encompasses foreign aid , governance , healthcare , education , poverty reduction , gender equality , disaster preparedness , infrastructure , economics , human rights , environment and issues associated with these. During recent decades, development thinking has shifted from modernization and structural adjustment programs to poverty reduction . Under

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864-556: A shared regional responsibility, it made sense for a regional organization to respond to this need. SPC established the Regional Germplasm Centre (RGC) in 1998. The facility grew rapidly and in 2007 was renamed Centre for Pacific Crops and Trees (CePaCT). It currently holds more than 2000 varieties of genetic material on Pacific strains of taro, banana, breadfruit and others, and has been instrumental in helping to rebuild island agriculture after disasters. In 2000, SPC became

936-575: A single vote. When Western Samoa joined as newly independent state in 1965 the rules were changed to ensure that the Western foundation nations would maintain firm control over the organization. Australia was given five votes, France, Britain, New Zealand, and the United States four and Western Samoa just one. In 1972, the first South Pacific Arts Festival was convened by SPC in Suva, Fiji. The event drew more than 1000 participants from 14 countries. In 1975 SPC created

1008-582: Is a direct donor for some projects. The UK rejoined in 2021 after reopening its high commissions in Tonga, Samoa and its embassy in Vanuatu in the past two years. In 1996, the Pacific Heads of Agriculture and Livestock Programmes asked "to put in place, both in their countries and through regional cooperation, policies to conserve, protect and best utilize their plant genetic resources". As these resources were considered

1080-406: Is acceptable or appropriate depends on many factors and is highly specific to country and location. For example, in a large city (whether in a 'developing' country or not), it is appropriate and often practical to provide a high standard hospital which can offer a full range of treatments; in a remote rural community it may be more appropriate and practical to provide a visiting healthworker on

1152-507: Is an engineering challenge, as well as a societal and political challenge as it includes education and behaviour change elements and is closely connected with shelter, politics and human rights. The seventh Millennium Development Goal was to ensure environmental sustainability , including reducing by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and achieving significant improvement in lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers, by 2020 . UN-Water ,

1224-457: Is an approach to growth and human development that aims to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The aim is to have a society where living conditions and resources meet human needs without undermining planetary integrity . Sustainable development aims to balance the needs of the economy , environment , and social well-being . The Brundtland Report in 1987 helped to make

1296-446: Is another important aspect of international development. It is a good example of how the focus today is on sustainable development in these countries; education gives people the skills required to keep themselves out of poverty. International development is related to the concept of international aid , but is distinct from, disaster relief and humanitarian aid . While these two forms of international support seek to alleviate some of

1368-460: Is concentrated on providing technical and scientific advice to its member governments and administrations, particularly in areas where small island states lack the wherewithal to maintain purely national cadres of expertise, or in areas where regional co-operation or interaction is necessary. The operational budget of the Pacific Community in 2018 was approximately €82 million. The organization

1440-404: Is concerned with ensuring that a development project or programme is of the correct scale and technical level, and is culturally and socially suitable for its beneficiaries. This should not be confused with ensuring something is low-technology, cheap or basic – a project is appropriate if it is acceptable to its recipients and owners, economically affordable and sustainable in the context in which it

1512-431: Is executed. For example, in a rural sub-Saharan community it may not be appropriate to provide a chlorinated and pumped water system because it cannot be maintained or controlled adequately – simple hand pumps may be better; while in a big city in the same country it would be inappropriate to provide water with hand pumps, and the chlorinated system would be the correct response. The economist E. F. Schumacher championed

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1584-638: Is financially supported through a combination of membership fees and donor funding. Its major funding partners include the European Union , the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade , the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs , and the governments of France and the United States . Additional funding and knowledge partners include: The SPC works across more than 25 sectors. It

1656-429: Is given to countries which have not yet hosted. The festival host country pays participants' costs of local travel, accommodation, meals, and other forms of hospitality. Entry to all artistic events is free to the public thereby maximising cultural outreach and inclusion. By its vastness, the Pacific Ocean inhibits social and cultural interchange between the inhabitants of its mostly island countries . The festival, not

1728-570: Is involved in such areas as fisheries science, public health surveillance, geoscience and conservation of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture, statistics and education. Using a multi-sector approach in responding to its members' development priorities, SPC draws on skills and capabilities from around the region and internationally, and supports the empowerment of Pacific communities and sharing of expertise and skills between countries and territories. SPC currently has nine divisions: International development Historically, development

1800-561: Is much greater than the total in international aid given. International development and disaster relief are both often grouped into sectors, which correlate with the major themes of international development (and with the Millennium Development Goals – which are included in the descriptions below). There is no clearly defined list of sectors, but some of the more established and universally accepted sectors are further explored here. The sectors are highly interlinked, illustrating

1872-448: Is one which will be able to carry on indefinitely with no further international involvement or support, whether it be financial or otherwise. International development projects may consist of a single, transformative project to address a specific problem or a series of projects targeted at several aspects of society. Promoted projects are ones which involve problem solving that reflects the unique culture, politics, geography, and economy of

1944-580: Is the condition of lacking economic access to fundamental human needs such as food, shelter and safe drinking water. While some define poverty primarily in economic terms, others consider social and political arrangements also to be intrinsic – often manifested in a lack of dignity . There are a number of theories about how desirable change in society is best achieved. Such theories draw on a variety of social scientific disciplines and approaches, and include historical theories such as: International development institutions and international organisations such as

2016-437: Is the true measure of human development. The concept of participation is concerned with ensuring that the intended beneficiaries of development projects and programmes are themselves involved in the planning and execution of those projects and programmes. This is considered important as it empowers the recipients of development projects to influence and manage their own development – thereby removing any culture of dependency . It

2088-596: Is to reduce by three quarters the maternal mortality ratio . The sixth Millennium Development Goal is to halt and begin to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS and to halt and begin to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases . Reaching these goals is also a management challenge. Health services need to make the best use of limited resources while providing the same quality of care to every man, woman and child everywhere. Achieving this level of services requires innovation, quality improvement and expansion of public health services and programs. The main goal

2160-642: Is to make public health truly public. Examples of organizations working in health are: Festival of Pacific Arts The Festival of Pacific Arts and Culture ( FestPAC ), also known as the Pacific Arts Festival , is a travelling festival hosted every four years in Oceania . It was conceived by the Pacific Community as a means to stem erosion of traditional cultural practices by sharing and exchanging culture at each festival. The major theme of

2232-554: Is widely considered to be one of the most important concepts in modern development theory. The UN System Network on Rural Development and Food Security describes participation as: one of the ends as well as one of the means of development Local participants in development projects are often products of oral communities . This has led to efforts to design project planning and organizational development methods, such as participatory rural appraisal , which are accessible to non-literate people. The concept of something being appropriate

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2304-563: The Millennium Development Goals (2000 to 2015) and the Sustainable Development Goals (2015 to 2030). The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) served a successful framework to guide international development efforts, having achieved progress on some of the 8 goals. For example, by 2015 the extreme poverty rate had already been cut into half. Other targets achieved include access to safe drinking water, malaria, and gender equality in schooling. Yet, some scholars have argued that

2376-747: The Sustainable Development Goals to be achieved by 2030. For example, the Sustainable Development Goal 17 advocates for enhanced international support for capacity building in developing countries to support national plans to implement the 2030 Agenda .   Rights-based approach to development has been adopted by many nongovernmental organizations and the United Nations as the new approach to international development. Rights-based approach combines many different concepts of international development, such as capacity building , human rights , participation, and sustainability . The goal of

2448-567: The Tumon Games in Guam . Dutch New Guinea , formerly represented in the SPC by the Netherlands, was transferred to United Nations authority in 1962 and to Indonesia the following year. Without any territory remaining in the region, the Netherlands withdrew from the SPC in 1962. Governance of the SPC reflected the changing political environment. At inception, each member had equal representation and

2520-619: The repatriation of art and artefacts to the Solomon Islands from non-Pacific countries. The 13th Festival of Pacific Arts & Culture convened in Hawaii in June 2024. "Ho‘oulu Lāhui: Regenerating Oceania" served as the theme of FestPAC Hawaiʻi 2024, honouring the traditions that FestPAC exists to perpetuate with an eye toward the future. In 2018, the Hawaii State Legislature appointed

2592-669: The Committee of Representatives of Governments and Administrations (CRGA) was established, creating the only Pacific regional organization that was both fully representative of the Pacific, and fully governed by its membership. In 1988, the SPC become a founding member of the Council of Regional Organisations in the Pacific or CROP (formerly the South Pacific Organisations Coordinating Committee, SPOCC) "to improve cooperation, coordination, and collaboration among

2664-598: The ICE's 2009–2010 president Paul Jowitt , are representative of a change of approach in the UK at least to start drawing together the huge capacity available to western governments, industry, academia and charity to develop such a partnership. International development also aims to improve general government policies of these developing countries. " State building " is the strengthening of regional institutions necessary to support long-term economic, social, and political development. Education

2736-580: The Le Promenade complex at Anse Vata. In 1962, the Pacific Community created the South Pacific Games Council with the goal of holding a regular Pacific wide sporting event. The first games Games were held in Suva, Fiji in 1963, with 646 participants from 13 Pacific territories taking part. Initially the Games were held at three-year intervals although this was subsequently expanded to four following

2808-536: The MDG agenda, 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were created, with 169 indicators. UN resolution 70/1 adopted on September 25, 2015, was titled "Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development", solidifying 17 new goals that had been in motion since 2014. The goals came into force in January 2016, focusing on areas of climate change, economic inequality, democracy, poverty, and peacebuilding. Although

2880-521: The MDGs lack the critical perspectives required to alleviate poverty and structures of inequality, reflected in the serious lags to achieving numerous other goals. As the MDG era came to an end, 2015 marked the year that the United Nations General Assembly adopted a new agenda for development. Former UN Secretary General Ban Ki Moon referred to this as a "defining moment in history" calling on states to "act in solidarity". Succeeding

2952-510: The OECD, IMF and World Bank) The MDGs have catalysed a significant amount of action, including new initiatives such as Millennium Promise . Most of these initiatives however work in small scale interventions which do not reach the millions of people required by the MDGs. Recent praise has been that it will be impossible to meet the first seven goals without meeting the eighth by forming a Global Partnership for Development . No current organisation has

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3024-613: The Pacific. Its working languages are English and French. It primarily provides technical and scientific advice, and acts as a conduit for funding of development projects from donor nations. Unlike the slightly smaller Pacific Islands Forum , PaciCom is not a trade bloc, and does not deal with military or security issues. PaciCom's regional development issues include climate change, disaster risk management , fisheries, food security , education, gender equality, human rights, non-communicable diseases, agriculture, forestry and land use, water resources, and youth employment. The Pacific Community

3096-476: The SDGs were built on the foundation of the MDGs, there are some key differences in both processes. Before adoption, unlike the MDGs, the SDGs had been in discussion for months, involving civil society actors, NGOs, as well as an opening summit involving intergovernmental negotiations. The new global development agenda places a greater emphasis on collective action, combining the efforts of multiple stakeholders to increase

3168-761: The UN promote the realisation of the fact that economic practices such as rapid globalisation and certain aspects of international capitalism can lead to, and, allegedly, have led to an economic divide between countries, sometimes called the north–south divide. Such organisations often make it a goal and to help reduce these divides by encouraging co-operation amongst the Global South and other practices and policies that can accomplish this. International development can also cause inequality between richer and poorer factions of one nation's society. For example, when economic growth boosts development and industrialisation , it can create

3240-449: The better-paying jobs that mass-development brings about. This restricts poorer people to lesser-paying jobs but technological development makes some of these jobs obsolete (for example, by introducing electronic machines to take over a job, such as creating a series of machines such as lawn mowers to make people such as gardeners obsolete). This leads to a situation where poorer people cannot improve their lives as easily as they could have in

3312-408: The capacity to dissolve the enormous problems of the developing world alone – especially in cities, where an increasing number of poor people live – as demonstrated by the almost nonexistent progress on the goal of improving the lives of at least 100 Million slum dwellers. The Institution of Civil Engineers Engineering Without Frontiers panel and its recommendations, and the 2007 Brunel Lecture by

3384-435: The cause of appropriate technology and founded the organization ITDG (Intermediate Technology Design Group), which develops and provides appropriate technologies for development (ITDG has now been renamed Practical Action ). The concept of right-financing has been developed to reflect the need for public and private financial support systems that foster and enable development, rather than hinder it. Sustainable development

3456-442: The complexity of the problems they seek to deal with. In development, this is the provision of water and sanitation ( toilets , bathing facilities, a healthy environment) of sufficient quantity and quality to supply an acceptable standard of living . This is different from a relief response, where it is the provision of water and sanitation in sufficient quantity and quality to maintain life. The provision of water and sanitation

3528-403: The concept of human rights. The first seven Millennium Development Goals present measurable goals, while the eighth lists a number of 'stepping stone' goals – ways in which progress towards the first seven goals could be made. Each goal uses indicators based on statistical series collected and maintained by respected organisations in each relevant field (usually the UN agency responsible but also

3600-414: The concept of sustainable development better known. Capacity building (or capacity development, capacity strengthening) is the improvement in an individual's or organization's facility (or capability) "to produce, perform or deploy".  The terms capacity building and capacity development have often been used interchangeably, although a publication by OECD-DAC stated in 2006 that capacity development

3672-608: The development sectors. For example, in Development with Dignity Amit Bhaduri argues that full employment with dignity for all is both important and possible in India, while the UN Millennium Project's task force on Water and Sanitation links the sector directly to dignity in the report Health, Dignity and Development: What will it take? . The Asian Human Rights Commission released a statement in 2006 claiming that: Human dignity

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3744-571: The different sectors above. Some of them are: An interesting way of seeing development is through modernization. This includes electronification of households and increases in phone plans. This does not accurately convey social development although it is hard to precisely measure, and institutions differ greatly in their methods. This goes into the debate on whether economic growth causes social growth or vice versa. Indicators of social change can be used to complement economic factors as indicators of development and in formulating development policies. In

3816-532: The entire Pacific region. The current logo was officially adopted in 2015. The Pacific Community today includes 22 Pacific island countries and territories, which were all previously territories (or, in the case of Tonga, a protectorate ) of the original founding members of the SPC, along with the developed countries of Australia, France, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States: The SPC

3888-420: The festival is traditional song and dance. The Pacific Cultural Council (former " Pacific Arts Council " or " Council of Pacific Arts ," originally " South Pacific Arts Festival Council ") selects the host country and recognises that each participating country desires the opportunity to showcase its unique indigenous culture by hosting the festival. Host selection is based on principles of equity and preference

3960-503: The first CROP organization to be headed by a woman, Lourdes Pangelinan of Guam, who served in the role from 2000 to 2006. The SPC began producing a television program, known as The Pacific Way , in 1995. Supported by UNESCO as a trial for exchanging news stories, the first season was shared freely with just one tape circulated between TV stations in several Pacific Island nations. The programs' regional and local focus made it popular addition to local television schedules and at its height

4032-561: The first time that a holistic strategy to meet the development needs of the world has been established, with measurable targets and defined indicators. Because the MDGs were agreed as global targets to be achieved by the global community, they are independent of, but by no means unrelated to, individual national interests. The goals imply that every state has a set of obligations to the world community to meet and that other states, who have achieved those goals, have an obligation to help those who have not. As such they may represent an extension of

4104-485: The former system, poor countries were encouraged to undergo social and economical structural transformations as part of their development, creating industrialization and intentional industrial policy. Poverty reduction rejects this notion, consisting instead of direct budget support for social welfare programs that create macroeconomic stability leading to an increase in economic growth. The concept of poverty can apply to different circumstances depending on context. Poverty

4176-504: The more distant "metropolitan" powers of France, UK and US, but also at the time their Pacific island territories. In 1949, the Pacific Community established its permanent headquarters in Nouméa, New Caledonia, at a former American military base. In 1995, a new headquarters was constructed close to the same location and the military base was demolished. A monument and plaque commemorating SPC's original headquarters location can be found on site of

4248-449: The more holistic and multi-disciplinary sense of human development. Other related concepts are, for instance, competitiveness , quality of life or subjective well-being . "International development" is different from the simple concept of "development". Whereas the latter, at its most basic, denotes simply the idea of change through time, international development has come to refer to a distinct field of practice, industry, and research;

4320-449: The postwar Pacific. Two founding members, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, have since withdrawn from the SPC as the Pacific territories they controlled either gained independence or the right to represent themselves in the organization. From the start, the SPC's role was constrained. The invitation from Australia and New Zealand to the US, France, the Netherlands and the UK to participate in

4392-402: The problems associated with a lack of development, they are most often short term fixes – they are not necessarily long-term solutions. International development, on the other hand, seeks to implement long-term solutions to problems by helping developing countries create the necessary capacity needed to provide such sustainable solutions to their problems. A truly sustainable development project

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4464-412: The protection of cultural heritage. While the acronym "SPC" has been consistent since the organization's founding in 1947, the name and logo have evolved over the years. The organization's original name was the South Pacific Commission , which represented the limited nature of its membership and activities. The name was changed in 1997 to the Pacific Community , reflecting the growth of membership across

4536-425: The regions radio stations and provided training in video production. With decolonization efforts expanding, newly independent states and nonindependent territories were also allowed to apply for membership. "As its membership grew, the character and scope of the SPC evolved to incorporate the indigenous peoples of the Pacific." In 1983, at the Saipan Conference, unequal voting was abandoned, once again establishing

4608-507: The rights-based approach to development is to empower the rights-holders, or the group that does not exercise full rights, and strengthen the capacity of the duty-bearers, or the institution or government obligated to fill these rights. The judging of how developed a country or a community is highly subjective, often highly controversial, and very important in judging what further development is necessary or desirable. There are many different measures of human development, many of them related to

4680-528: The subject of university courses and professional categorisations. It remains closely related to the set of institutions—especially the Bretton Woods Institutions —that arose after the Second World War with a focus on economic growth, alleviating poverty, and improving living conditions in previously colonised countries. The international community has codified development aims in, for instance,

4752-490: The sustainability of the goals. This emphasis on sustainability has also led to more cross-sector partnerships, and combined international efforts across areas of environmental, social, cultural, political, and economic development. In 2000, United Nations signed the United Nations Millennium Declaration , which includes eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to be achieved by 2015. This represented

4824-456: The various intergovernmental regional organisations to work toward achieving the common goal of sustainable development in the Pacific region". The United Kingdom withdrew from the organisation in 1996 and rejoined in 1998. The UK withdrew a second time in 2004 . The UK's interests in the Pacific Community were prior to Brexit primarily managed through the European Union, although the UK also

4896-579: Was allowed to send a delegation of 80 performers and artists, most of whom were Taiwanese aborigines , to the Festival of Pacific Arts for the first time in 2008. Doreen Kuper was the Chair of the Festival of Pacific Arts that was held in Honiara in 2012. The festival attracted an audience of 200,000 people, with 3,000 performers from twenty-four countries taking part. During her time as Chair, Kuper led calls for

4968-623: Was founded in 1947 as the South Pacific Commission by six developed countries with strategic interests and territories in the region: Australia , France , the Netherlands , New Zealand , the United Kingdom , and the United States . The SPC's founding charter is the Canberra Agreement. In the aftermath of World War II , the six colonial powers which created the SPC arguably intended it to secure Western political and military interests in

5040-477: Was largely synonymous with economic development, and especially its convenient but flawed quantification (see parable of the broken window ) through readily gathered (for developed countries) or estimated monetary proxies (estimated for severely undeveloped or isolationist countries) such as gross domestic product (GDP), often viewed alongside actuarial measures such as life expectancy . More recently, writers and practitioners have begun to discuss development in

5112-534: Was producing and distributing 26 annual episodes to 21 TV stations around the region. Since 2017, the Pacific Way has been developing 10 episodes per season for television and has been reintroduced to radio through its complementary podcasts. The half-hour show shares development stories about the Pacific for the Pacific. It covers important topics and key issues, such as climate change adaptation, health, youth employment, innovation in agriculture, fisheries management and

5184-475: Was the preferable term. Since the 1950s, international organizations, governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and communities use the concept of capacity building as part of " social and economic development " in national and subnational plans. The United Nations Development Programme defines itself by "capacity development" in the sense of "'how UNDP works" to fulfill its mission. The UN system applies it in almost every sector, including several of

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