Saiddhantika
60-430: Non - Saiddhantika The Paadal Petra Sthalam ( Tamil : பாடல் பெற்ற தலங்கள் ), also known as Tevara Sthalam , are 276 temples that are revered in the verses of Shaiva Nayanars in the 6th-9th century CE. The Divya Desams by comparison are the 108 Vishnu temples glorified in the poems of the contemporary Vaishnava Alvars of Tamil Nadu , India. Tevaram literally means, "garland of divine songs" and refers to
120-468: A lexical root to which one or more affixes are attached. Most Tamil affixes are suffixes . Tamil suffixes can be derivational suffixes, which either change the part of speech of the word or its meaning, or inflectional suffixes, which mark categories such as person , number , mood , tense , etc. There is no absolute limit on the length and extent of agglutination , which can lead to long words with many suffixes, which would require several words or
180-480: A , as with other Indic scripts . This inherent vowel is removed by adding a tittle called a puḷḷi , to the consonantal sign. For example, ன is ṉa (with the inherent a ) and ன் is ṉ (without a vowel). Many Indic scripts have a similar sign, generically called virama , but the Tamil script is somewhat different in that it nearly always uses a visible puḷḷi to indicate a 'dead consonant' (a consonant without
240-740: A 2001 survey, there were 1,863 newspapers published in Tamil, of which 353 were dailies. Tamil is the primary language of the majority of the people residing in Tamil Nadu , Puducherry , (in India) and in the Northern and Eastern provinces of Sri Lanka . The language is spoken among small minority groups in other states of India which include Karnataka , Telangana , Andhra Pradesh , Kerala , Maharashtra , Gujarat , Delhi , Andaman and Nicobar Islands in India and in certain regions of Sri Lanka such as Colombo and
300-524: A divine musical form. There is a common view that Sanskritisation of names of the temples are carried out in later period that superseded the names mentioned in Tevaram - some of the common examples are Chidambaram as against Tillai in Tevaram and Kumbakonam as against Kudanthai. The 275 temples that are mentioned in Tevaram are referred as the Paadal Petra Sthalam, meaning the temples that were sung in
360-511: A family of around 26 languages native to the Indian subcontinent . It is also classified as being part of a Tamil language family that, alongside Tamil proper, includes the languages of about 35 ethno-linguistic groups such as the Irula and Yerukula languages (see SIL Ethnologue ). The closest major relative of Tamil is Malayalam ; the two began diverging around the 9th century CE. Although many of
420-591: A number of apparent Tamil loanwords in Biblical Hebrew dating to before 500 BCE, the oldest attestation of the language. Old Tamil is the period of the Tamil language spanning the 3rd century BCE to the 8th century CE. The earliest records in Old Tamil are short inscriptions from 300 BCE to 700 CE. These inscriptions are written in a variant of the Brahmi script called Tamil-Brahmi . The earliest long text in Old Tamil
480-650: A number of skeletons were found buried in earthenware urns dating from at least 696 BCE in Adichanallur . Some of these urns contained writing in Tamil Brahmi script, and some contained skeletons of Tamil origin. Between 2017 and 2018, 5,820 artifacts have been found in Keezhadi . These were sent to Beta Analytic in Miami , Florida , for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) dating. One sample containing Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions
540-512: A number of sound changes, in particular, a tendency to lower high vowels in initial and medial positions, and the disappearance of vowels between plosives and between a plosive and rhotic. Contact with European languages affected written and spoken Tamil. Changes in written Tamil include the use of European-style punctuation and the use of consonant clusters that were not permitted in Middle Tamil. The syntax of written Tamil has also changed, with
600-556: A sentence in English. To give an example, the word pōkamuṭiyātavarkaḷukkāka (போகமுடியாதவர்களுக்காக) means "for the sake of those who cannot go" and consists of the following morphemes : போக pōka go முடி muṭi accomplish Tiruvalaputhur Manickavannar Temple Tiruvalaputhur Manickavannar Temple is a Hindu temple located at Tiruvalaputhur in Mayiladuthurai district of Tamil Nadu , India . The presiding deity
660-620: A small number speak the language. In Reunion where the Tamil language was forbidden to be learnt and used in public space by France it is now being relearnt by students and adults. Tamil is also spoken by migrants from Sri Lanka and India in Canada , the United States , the United Arab Emirates , the United Kingdom , South Africa , and Australia . Tamil is the official language of
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#1732851668316720-595: A subject of study in schools in the French overseas department of Réunion . In addition, with the creation in October 2004 of a legal status for classical languages by the Government of India and following a political campaign supported by several Tamil associations, Tamil became the first legally recognised Classical language of India. The recognition was announced by the contemporaneous President of India , Abdul Kalam , who
780-458: A variety of dialects that are all collectively known as Brahmin Tamil . These dialects tend to have softer consonants (with consonant deletion also common). These dialects also tend to have many Sanskrit loanwords. Tamil in Sri Lanka incorporates loan words from Portuguese , Dutch , and English. In addition to its dialects, Tamil exhibits different forms: a classical literary style modelled on
840-438: A vowel). In other Indic scripts, it is generally preferred to use a ligature or a half form to write a syllable or a cluster containing a dead consonant, although writing it with a visible virama is also possible. The Tamil script does not differentiate voiced and unvoiced plosives . Instead, plosives are articulated with voice depending on their position in a word, in accordance with the rules of Tamil phonology . In addition to
900-665: Is Shiva . He is called as Manicka Vannar and Rathna Pureeswarar. His consort is known as Brama Kunthalambica and Vandar Poonkuzhali. It is one of the shrines of the 275 Paadal Petra Sthalams - Shiva Sthalams glorified in the early medieval Tevaram poems by Tamil Saivite Nayanars Tirugnanasambandar and Sundarar . Tirugnanasambandar describes the feature of the deity as: பொடியுடைமார்பினர் போர்விடையேறிப் பூதகணம் புடைசூழக் கொடியுடையூர்திரிந் தையங் கொண்டு பலபலகூறி வடிவுடைவாணெடுங் கண்ணுமைபாக மாயவன்வாழ்கொளி புத்தூர்க் கடிகமழ் மாமலரிட்டுக் கறைமிடற்றானடி காண்போம். This article about Hindu place of worship in Tamil Nadu
960-622: Is a Dravidian language natively spoken by the Tamil people of South Asia . It is one of the two longest-surviving classical languages in India , along with Sanskrit , attested since c. 300 BCE. The language belongs to the southern branch of the Dravidian language family and shares close ties with Malayalam and Kannada . Despite external influences, Tamil has retained a sense of linguistic purism, especially in formal and literary contexts. Tamil
1020-6466: Is as shown below. 1. Kovil (Chidambaram) 2. Tiruvetkalam 3. Tirunelvayil 4. Tirukkazhippalai 5. Tirunallurpperumanam 6. Mahendrapalli 7. Ten Tirumullaivayil 8. Kalikkaamoor 9. Tiruchaaikaadu 10. Pallavaneeswaram 11. Thiruvenkadu 12. Keezhai Tirukkattuppalli 13. Thirukkurugavur 14. Sirkazhi 15. Tirukkolakka 16. Pullirukkuvelur (Vaideeswaran Koyil) 17. Kannaar Kovil 18. Tirukkadaimudi 19. Tiruninriyur 20. Tiruppunkur 21. Tiruneedur 22. Anniyur 23. Tiruvelvikudi 24. Edirkolpaadi 25. Tirumanancheri 26. Tirukkurukkai 27. Karuppariyalur 28. Kurakkukka 29. Tiruvaalkoliputrur 30. Tirumannippadikkarai 31. Omampuliyur 32. Tirukkaanaattumulloor 33. Tirunaarayur 34. Kadambur 35. Pandanallur 36. Kanjanoor 37. Tirukkodikka 38. Tirumangalakkudi 39. Tiruppanantaal 40. Tiruvaappaadi 41. Tirucheignalur 42. Tirundudevankudi 43. Tiruviyalur 44. Kottaiyur 45. Innambar 46. Thirupirambiyam 47. Vijayamangai 48. Tiruvaikavur 49. Vadakurangaaduturai 50. Tiruppazhanam 51. Thiruvaiyaru 52. Tiruneittanam 53. Tirupperumpuliyur 54. Thirumazhapadi 55. Tiruppazhuvur (Aalanturai) 56. Tirukkaanoor 57. Anbilalanturai 58. Tirumaanturai 59. Tiruppaatrurai 60. Tiru Aanaikkaa 61. Tiruppainneeli 62. Tiruppaachilasramam 63. Tiruveengoimalai 1. Vaatpokki 2. Kadambar Kovil 3. Thirupparaithurai 4. Tirukkarkudi (Uyyakkondan Malai) 5. Thirumukeeswaram 6. Tiruchirappalli 7. Tiruverumbur 8. Nedunkalam 9. Melaittirukkattuppalli 10. Tiruvalampozhil 11. Tiruppoonturutti 12. Thirukkandiyur 13. Tiruchotrutturai 14. Tiruvedikudi 15. Tenkudittittai 16. Tirupullamangai 17. Tiruchakrapalli 18. Thirukkarugavur 19. Tiruppaalaitturai(Papanasam) 20. Tirunallur 21. Aavoor Pasupateeswaram 22. Satthi Mutram 23. Patteswaram 24. Pazhayarai 25. Tiruvalanchuzhi 26. Adi Kumbeswarar Temple 27. Tirukkudandai Keezhkottam 28. Kudandaikkaaronam 29. Tirunageswaram 30. Tiruvidaimarudur 31. Ten Kurangaaduturai 32. Tiruneelakkudi 33. Tiruvaikalmaadakkovil 34. Tirunallam 35. Tirukkozhambam 36. Tiruvavaduturai 37. Tirutturutti 38. Tiruvazhundur 39. Mayiladuturai 40. Viilanagar 41. Tiruppariyalur 42. Tiruchemponpalli 43. Tirunanipalli 44. Tiruvalampuram 45. Tiruttalaichankadu 46. Aakkoor 47. Tirukkadavur 48. Tirukkadavur Mayaanam 49. Tiruvettakkudi 50. Tiruttelicheri 51. Dharumapuram 52. Thirunallar 53. Tirukkottaru 54. Ambar 55. Ambar Maakaalam 56. Tirumeeyachur 57. Tirumeeyachur Ilamkovil 58. Thilataipati 59. Tiruppaampuram 60. Sirukudi 61. Tiruveezhimizhalai 62. Tiruvanniyur 63. Karuvili Kottittai 64. Penu Perunturai 65. Naraiyur 66. Arisirkaraiputtur 67. Sivapuram 68. Kalayanallur 69. Tirukkarukkudi 70. Tiruvanchiyam 71. Nannilam 72. Tirukkondeeswaram 73. Tiruppanaiyur 74. Virkudi 75. Tiruppugalur 76. Tiruppugalur Vardhamaneswaram 77. Ramanadeeswaram 78. Tiruppayatrankudi 79. Tiruchenkattankudi 80. Thirumarugal 81. Tiruchaattamangai 82. Nagaikkaronam 83. Sikkal 84. Keevalur 85. Tiruttevur 86. Palliyin Mukkoodal 87. Achaleswaram 88. Tiruvarur 89. Arurparavaiumandali 90. Vilamar 91. Karaveeram 92. Peruvelur 93. Talaiyalankadu 94. Tirukkudavaayil 95. Tirucherai 96. Tirunalurmayaanam 97. Kaduvaaikaaraiputhur 98. Tiruvirumpoolai 99. Aradaipperumpazhi 100. Avalivanallur 101. Paridiniyamam 102. Tiruvenniyur (Koyil venni) 103. Tiruppoovanur 104. Paadaaleeswaram 105. Tirukkalar 106. Tiruchitremam 107. Tiru Usaattaanam 108. Tiruidumbavanam 109. Kadikkulam 110. Tandalaineeneri 111. Kottur 112. Vanduturai 113. Tirukkollampudur 114. Pereyil 115. Tirukkollikkadu 116. Tenkoor 117. Tirunellikka 118. Tirunatyattankudi 119. Tirukkarayil 120. Kanraappur 121. Valivalam 122. Kaichinam 123. Tirukkolili 124. Tiruvaimur 125. Tirumaraikkadu 126. Tiru Agathiyan Palli 127. Kodikkarai 128. Kiliyanur 129. Tiruvidaivai 1. Tirukkonamalai 2. Tirukketheeswaram 1. Aalavaai (Madurai) 2. Aappudaiyaar Kovil 3. Tirupparankunram 4. Tiruvedakam 5. Tirukkodunkunram 6. Tirupputhur 7. Thiruppunavayil 8. Rameswaram 9. Tiruvadanai 10. Tirukkaanapper 11. Tiruppoovanam 12. Thiruchuzhial 13. Thirukutralam 14. Tirunelveli 1. Thiruvanchikulam 1. Avinaasi 2. Thirumuruganpoondi 3. Thirunana 4. Kodimadachenkunoor 5. Venchamaakoodal 6. Paandikkodumudi 7. Karuvoor Aanilai 1. Tirunelvayil Aratturai 2. Pennaagadam 3. Goodalaiyatrur 4. Erukkattampuliyur 5. Tiruttinai Nagar 6. Tiruchopuram 7. Tiruvatikai 8. Thirunaavalur 9. Tirumudukunram 10. Tirunelvennei 11. Tirukkovilur 12. Arankandanallur 13. Tiruvidaiyaru 14. Thiruvennainallur 15. Tirutturaiyur 16. Vatukur 17. Tirumaanikkuzhi 18. Thirupathiripuliyur 19. Tirumundeeswaram 20. Puravaar Panankattur 21. Tiruvamathur 22. Tiruvannamalai 1. Kachi Ekambam 2. Kachi Metrali 3. Onakanthan Thali 4. Kachi Anekatangavadam 5. Kachi Nerikkaaraikkadu 6. Kuranganilmuttam 7. Tirumaagaral 8. Tiruvothur 9. Panankattur 10. Tiruvallam 11. Thirumarperu 12. Tiruvooral, Takkolam 13. Ilambayankottur 14. Tiruvirkolam 15. Thiruvalangadu 16. Tiruppaasur 17. Tiruvenpakkam 18. Tirukkallil 19. Sri Kalahasti 20. Thiruvotriyur 21. Tiruvalithayam 22. Vada Tirumullaivayil 23. Thiruverkadu 24. Tirumayilai 25. Thiruvanmiyur 26. Tirukkachoor 27. Tiruvidaichuram 28. Tirukalukundram 29. Tiru Acharapakkam 30. Tiruvakkarai 31. Arasili 32. Irumbai Maakalam 1. Gokarnam 1. Indraneelaparvatam (Nepal) 2. Srisailam 3. Anekatangavadam (Gowrikund) 4. Tirukkedaram (Kedarnath) 5. Tirukkayilaayam (Mount Kailash) This refers to
1080-457: Is based on the dialect of Jaffna . After Tamil Brahmi fell out of use, Tamil was written using a script called vaṭṭeḻuttu amongst others such as Grantha and Pallava . The current Tamil script consists of 12 vowels , 18 consonants and one special character, the āytam . The vowels and consonants combine to form 216 compound characters, giving a total of 247 characters (12 + 18 + 1 + (12 × 18)). All consonants have an inherent vowel
1140-401: Is deemed unlikely by Southworth due to the contemporary use of the compound 'centamiḻ', which means refined speech in the earliest literature. The Tamil Lexicon of University of Madras defines the word "Tamil" as "sweetness". S. V. Subramanian suggests the meaning "sweet sound", from tam – "sweet" and il – "sound". Tamil belongs to the southern branch of the Dravidian languages ,
1200-563: Is extensively described in the oldest known grammar book for Tamil, the Tolkāppiyam . Modern Tamil writing is largely based on the 13th-century grammar Naṉṉūl which restated and clarified the rules of the Tolkāppiyam , with some modifications. Traditional Tamil grammar consists of five parts, namely eḻuttu , col , poruḷ , yāppu , aṇi . Of these, the last two are mostly applied in poetry. Tamil words consist of
1260-406: Is famous for the ajapa natanam (dance without chanting), that is executed by the deity itself. According to legend, a Chola king named Mucukunta obtained a boon from Indra (a celestial deity) and wished to receive an image of Thyagaraja Swamy (presiding deity, Shiva in the temple) reposing on the chest of reclining Vishnu . Indra tried to misguide the king and had six other images made, but
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#17328516683161320-501: Is found in Tholkappiyam , which is dated as early as late 2nd century BCE. The Hathigumpha inscription , inscribed around a similar time period (150 BCE), by Kharavela , the Jain king of Kalinga , also refers to a Tamira Samghatta ( Tamil confederacy ) The Samavayanga Sutra dated to the 3rd century BCE contains a reference to a Tamil script named 'Damili'. Southworth suggests that
1380-405: Is generally taken to have been completed by the 8th century, was characterised by a number of phonological and grammatical changes. In phonological terms, the most important shifts were the virtual disappearance of the aytam (ஃ), an old phoneme, the coalescence of the alveolar and dental nasals, and the transformation of the alveolar plosive into a rhotic . In grammar, the most important change
1440-409: Is generally used in formal writing and speech. For instance, it is the language of textbooks, of much of Tamil literature and of public speaking and debate. In recent times, however, koṭuntamiḻ has been making inroads into areas that have traditionally been considered the province of centamiḻ . Most contemporary cinema, theatre and popular entertainment on television and radio, for example,
1500-410: Is in koṭuntamiḻ , and many politicians use it to bring themselves closer to their audience. The increasing use of koṭuntamiḻ in modern times has led to the emergence of unofficial 'standard' spoken dialects. In India, the 'standard' koṭuntamiḻ , rather than on any one dialect, but has been significantly influenced by the dialects of Thanjavur and Madurai . In Sri Lanka, the standard
1560-771: Is not always consistently applied. ISO 15919 is an international standard for the transliteration of Tamil and other Indic scripts into Latin characters. It uses diacritics to map the much larger set of Brahmic consonants and vowels to Latin script , and thus the alphabets of various languages, including English. Apart from the usual numerals, Tamil has numerals for 10, 100 and 1000. Symbols for day, month, year, debit, credit, as above, rupee, and numeral are present as well. Tamil also uses several historical fractional signs. /f/ , /z/ , /ʂ/ and /ɕ/ are only found in loanwords and may be considered marginal phonemes, though they are traditionally not seen as fully phonemic. Tamil has two diphthongs : /aɪ̯/ ஐ and /aʊ̯/ ஔ ,
1620-577: Is predominantly spoken in Tamil Nadu , India, and the Northern and Eastern provinces of Sri Lanka . It has significant speaking populations in Malaysia , Singapore , and among diaspora communities . Tamil has been recognized as a classical language by the Indian government and holds official status in Tamil Nadu, Puducherry and Singapore. The earliest extant Tamil literary works and their commentaries celebrate
1680-409: Is the Tolkāppiyam , an early work on Tamil grammar and poetics, whose oldest layers could be as old as the late 2nd century BCE. Many literary works in Old Tamil have also survived. These include a corpus of 2,381 poems collectively known as Sangam literature . These poems are usually dated to between the 1st century BCE and 5th century CE. The evolution of Old Tamil into Middle Tamil , which
1740-772: Is used as one of the languages of education in Malaysia , along with English, Malay and Mandarin. A large community of Pakistani Tamils speakers exists in Karachi , Pakistan , which includes Tamil-speaking Hindus as well as Christians and Muslims – including some Tamil-speaking Muslim refugees from Sri Lanka. There are about 100 Tamil Hindu families in Madrasi Para colony in Karachi. They speak impeccable Tamil along with Urdu, Punjabi and Sindhi. Many in Réunion , Guyana , Fiji , Suriname , and Trinidad and Tobago have Tamil origins, but only
1800-458: The Pandiyan Kings for the organization of long-termed Tamil Sangams , which researched, developed and made amendments in Tamil language. Even though the name of the language which was developed by these Tamil Sangams is mentioned as Tamil, the period when the name "Tamil" came to be applied to the language is unclear, as is the precise etymology of the name. The earliest attested use of the name
1860-584: The University of Madras , was one of the earliest dictionaries published in Indian languages. A strong strain of linguistic purism emerged in the early 20th century, culminating in the Pure Tamil Movement which called for removal of all Sanskritic elements from Tamil. It received some support from Dravidian parties . This led to the replacement of a significant number of Sanskrit loanwords by Tamil equivalents, though many others remain. According to
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1920-486: The 11th century, retain many features of the Vaishnava paribasai , a special form of Tamil developed in the 9th and 10th centuries that reflect Vaishnavite religious and spiritual values. Several castes have their own sociolects which most members of that caste traditionally used regardless of where they come from. It is often possible to identify a person's caste by their speech. For example, Tamil Brahmins tend to speak
1980-476: The Indian state of Haryana , purportedly as a rebuff to Punjab , though there was no attested Tamil-speaking population in the state, and was later replaced by Punjabi , in 2010. In Malaysia, 543 primary education government schools are available fully in Tamil as the medium of instruction . The establishment of Tamil-medium schools has been in process in Myanmar to provide education completely in Tamil language by
2040-469: The Indian state of Tamil Nadu and one of the 22 languages under schedule 8 of the constitution of India . It is one of the official languages of the union territories of Puducherry and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Tamil is also one of the official languages of Singapore . Tamil is one of the official and national languages of Sri Lanka, along with Sinhala . It was once given nominal official status in
2100-585: The Tamil language, Kannada still preserves a lot from its roots. As part of the southern family of Indian languages and situated relatively close to the northern parts of India, Kannada also shares some Sanskrit words, similar to Malayalam. Many of the formerly used words in Tamil have been preserved with little change in Kannada. This shows a relative parallel to Tamil, even as Tamil has undergone some changes in modern ways of speaking. According to Hindu legend, Tamil or in personification form Tamil Thāi (Mother Tamil)
2160-673: The Tamils who settled there 200 years ago. Tamil language is available as a course in some local school boards and major universities in Canada and the month of January has been declared "Tamil Heritage Month" by the Parliament of Canada . Tamil enjoys a special status of protection under Article 6(b), Chapter 1 of the Constitution of South Africa and is taught as a subject in schools in KwaZulu-Natal province. Recently, it has been rolled out as
2220-442: The ancient language ( sankattamiḻ ), a modern literary and formal style ( centamiḻ ), and a modern colloquial form ( koṭuntamiḻ ). These styles shade into each other, forming a stylistic continuum. For example, it is possible to write centamiḻ with a vocabulary drawn from caṅkattamiḻ , or to use forms associated with one of the other variants while speaking koṭuntamiḻ . In modern times, centamiḻ
2280-532: The collection of verses sung in praise of Shiva, the supreme god of the Shaivite sect of Hinduism, by three Tamil poets known as Shaiva Kuruvars - Sambandar, Appar, and Sundarar. The three are considered the primary three among the sixty-three Nayanars . The former two lived during the 7th century CE while the latter around the 8th century CE. All songs in Tevaram are believed to be in sets of ten songs, called patikam in Tamil. Some musical experts consider Tevaram as
2340-670: The culture associated with the Neolithic complexes of South India, but it has also been related to the Harappan civilization . Scholars categorise the attested history of the language into three periods: Old Tamil (300 BCE–700 CE), Middle Tamil (700–1600) and Modern Tamil (1600–present). About of the approximately 100,000 inscriptions found by the Archaeological Survey of India in India are in Tamil Nadu. Of them, most are in Tamil, with only about 5 percent in other languages. In 2004,
2400-936: The dialect of Madurai , and iṅkaṭe in some northern dialects. Even now, in the Coimbatore area, it is common to hear " akkaṭṭa " meaning "that place". Although Tamil dialects do not differ significantly in their vocabulary, there are a few exceptions. The dialects spoken in Sri Lanka retain many words and grammatical forms that are not in everyday use in India, and use many other words slightly differently. Tamil dialects include Central Tamil dialect , Kongu Tamil , Madras Bashai , Madurai Tamil , Nellai Tamil , Kumari Tamil in India ; Batticaloa Tamil dialect , Jaffna Tamil dialect , Negombo Tamil dialect in Sri Lanka; and Malaysian Tamil in Malaysia. Sankethi dialect in Karnataka has been heavily influenced by Kannada . The dialect of
2460-399: The differences between Tamil and Malayalam demonstrate a pre-historic divergence of the western dialect, the process of separation into a distinct language, Malayalam, was not completed until sometime in the 13th or 14th century. Additionally Kannada is also relatively close to the Tamil language and shares the format of the formal ancient Tamil language. While there are some variations from
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2520-634: The district of Palakkad in Kerala has many Malayalam loanwords, has been influenced by Malayalam's syntax, and has a distinctive Malayalam accent. Similarly, Tamil spoken in Kanyakumari District has more unique words and phonetic style than Tamil spoken at other parts of Tamil Nadu. The words and phonetics are so different that a person from Kanyakumari district is easily identifiable by their spoken Tamil. Hebbar and Mandyam dialects, spoken by groups of Tamil Vaishnavites who migrated to Karnataka in
2580-699: The hill country . Tamil or dialects of it were used widely in the state of Kerala as the major language of administration, literature and common usage until the 12th century CE. Tamil was also used widely in inscriptions found in southern Andhra Pradesh districts of Chittoor and Nellore until the 12th century CE. Tamil was used for inscriptions from the 10th through 14th centuries in southern Karnataka districts such as Kolar , Mysore , Mandya and Bengaluru . There are currently sizeable Tamil-speaking populations descended from colonial-era migrants in Malaysia , Singapore , Philippines , Mauritius , South Africa , Indonesia, Thailand, Burma , and Vietnam . Tamil
2640-432: The introduction of new aspectual auxiliaries and more complex sentence structures, and with the emergence of a more rigid word order that resembles the syntactic argument structure of English. In 1578, Portuguese Christian missionaries published a Tamil prayer book in old Tamil script named Thambiran Vanakkam , thus making Tamil the first Indian language to be printed and published. The Tamil Lexicon , published by
2700-530: The king chose the right image at Tiruvarur . The other six images were installed in ThiruNallaaru, Nagapattinam , Tirukarayil, Tirukolili, Thiruvaaimur and Tirumaraikadu . All the seven places are villages situated in the river Cauvery delta. All seven Thyagaraja images are said to dance when taken in procession (it is the bearers of the processional deity who actually dance). The temples with dance styles are regarded as Sapta Vidangam (seven dance moves) and
2760-456: The latter of which is restricted to a few lexical items. Tamil employs agglutinative grammar, where suffixes are used to mark noun class , number , and case , verb tense and other grammatical categories. Tamil's standard metalinguistic terminology and scholarly vocabulary is itself Tamil, as opposed to the Sanskrit that is standard for most Indo-Aryan languages . Much of Tamil grammar
2820-423: The name comes from tam-miḻ > tam-iḻ "self-speak", or "our own speech". Kamil Zvelebil suggests an etymology of tam-iḻ , with tam meaning "self" or "one's self", and " -iḻ " having the connotation of "unfolding sound". Alternatively, he suggests a derivation of tamiḻ < tam-iḻ < * tav-iḻ < * tak-iḻ , meaning in origin "the proper process (of speaking)". However, this
2880-531: The old aspect and time markers. The Nannūl remains the standard normative grammar for modern literary Tamil, which therefore continues to be based on Middle Tamil of the 13th century rather than on Modern Tamil. Colloquial spoken Tamil, in contrast, shows a number of changes. The negative conjugation of verbs, for example, has fallen out of use in Modern Tamil – instead, negation is expressed either morphologically or syntactically. Modern spoken Tamil also shows
2940-643: The person who does not budge for thiruvasagam won't budge for anything else. There are around 276 temples that are revered by the verses of Shaiva Nayanmars and are amongst the greatest Shiva Temples of Tamil Nadu . 267 temples in Tamil Nadu, 2 temples in Andhra pradesh, 1 temple in kerala, 1 temple in karnataka, 2 temples in Uttarakhand, 2 temples in Sri Lanka, 1 temple in Nepal, and Tirukailayam in Mount Kailash. The list
3000-966: The principal deities in the palanquins. After the Poochorithal , the palanquins leave for their respective places. The seven temples are The seven temples are: Aathara Stalam indicates the places that serve as the personifications of tantric chakras associated with the human anatomy. Annamalaiyar temple is called the Manipooraga stalam associated with Manipooraga, regarded to be the human anatomical cause for spiritual ignorance, thirst, jealousy, treachery, shame, fear, disgust, delusion, foolishness, and sadness. Five temples are located in Tamil Nadu , one in Andhra Pradesh , and one at Varanasi . Tamil language Sri Lanka Singapore Malaysia Canada and United States Tamil ( தமிழ் , Tamiḻ , pronounced [t̪amiɻ] )
3060-410: The related temples are as under: The sapthasthanam festival is conducted at Tiruvaiyaru during April every year. Hundreds of people witness the convergence of seven glass palanquins carrying principal deities of respective temples from seven places at Tiruvaiyaru . The palanquins are paraded near the car stand, the crowd witnessed the Poochorithal (flower festival) in which a doll offers flowers to
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#17328516683163120-465: The standard characters, six characters taken from the Grantha script , which was used in the Tamil region to write Sanskrit, are sometimes used to represent sounds not native to Tamil, that is, words adopted from Sanskrit, Prakrit , and other languages. The traditional system prescribed by classical grammars for writing loan-words, which involves respelling them in accordance with Tamil phonology, remains, but
3180-549: The temples that are the manifestations of the five elements of the universe according to Hinduism: land, water, air, sky, and fire. This is a category temples where Shiva is believed to have performed his cosmic dance called the tandava . This category includes eight temples where Shiva is believed to have vanquished his foe. The eight temples are in 1. Thiruvadhikai 2. Thirukoyilur 3. Thirukkadayur 4. Vazhoovur 5. Thirukkurakaval ( kurukkai ) 6. Thiruppaliyalur 7. Thirukandiyur 8. Thiruvirkudi. The Thyagarajar Temple at Tiruvarur
3240-471: The verses. On the contrary, Vaippu Sthalam are temples that were mentioned casually in the songs of the text. In modern times, the verses of the Tevaram are sung daily and during the festive occasions in most Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu by musicians called Odhuvars. Manikkavacakar is considered the 4th in the line of Shaiva Kuravars, whose verses are classified as Thiruvasagam . There is a saying that "Thiruvasagathuku urugar, oru vasagathukum orugar" meaning
3300-517: The word for "here"— iṅku in Centamil (the classic variety)—has evolved into iṅkū in the Kongu dialect of Coimbatore , inga in the dialects of Thanjavur and Palakkad , and iṅkai in some dialects of Sri Lanka . Old Tamil's iṅkaṇ (where kaṇ means place) is the source of iṅkane in the dialect of Tirunelveli , Old Tamil iṅkiṭṭu is the source of iṅkuṭṭu in
3360-526: Was a Tamilian himself, in a joint sitting of both houses of the Indian Parliament on 6 June 2004. The socio-linguistic situation of Tamil is characterised by diglossia : there are two separate registers varying by socioeconomic status , a high register and a low one. Tamil dialects are primarily differentiated from each other by the fact that they have undergone different phonological changes and sound shifts in evolving from Old Tamil. For example,
3420-586: Was claimed to be dated to around 580 BCE. John Guy states that Tamil was the lingua franca for early maritime traders from India. Tamil language inscriptions written in Brahmi script have been discovered in Sri Lanka and on trade goods in Thailand and Egypt. In November 2007, an excavation at Quseir-al-Qadim revealed Egyptian pottery dating back to first century BCE with ancient Tamil Brahmi inscriptions. There are
3480-528: Was created by Lord Shiva . Murugan , revered as the Tamil God, along with sage Agastya , brought it to the people. Tamil, like other Dravidian languages, ultimately descends from the Proto-Dravidian language , which was most likely spoken around the third millennium BCE, possibly in the region around the lower Godavari river basin. The material evidence suggests that the speakers of Proto-Dravidian were of
3540-504: Was the lingua franca for early maritime traders, with inscriptions found in places like Sri Lanka , Thailand , and Egypt . The language has a well-documented history with literary works like Sangam literature , consisting of over 2,000 poems. Tamil script evolved from Tamil Brahmi, and later, the vatteluttu script was used until the current script was standardized. The language has a distinct grammatical structure, with agglutinative morphology that allows for complex word formations. Tamil
3600-451: Was the emergence of the present tense. The present tense evolved out of the verb kil ( கில் ), meaning "to be possible" or "to befall". In Old Tamil, this verb was used as an aspect marker to indicate that an action was micro-durative, non-sustained or non-lasting, usually in combination with a time marker such as ṉ ( ன் ). In Middle Tamil, this usage evolved into a present tense marker – kiṉṟa ( கின்ற ) – which combined
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