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141-557: The PGC Building (also known as the Pyne Gould Corporation building or PGC House ) was a five-story postmodern office building in Christchurch, New Zealand. It became infamously associated with the 2011 Christchurch earthquake , with images of the failed structure and stories of trapped survivors having been widely broadcast. Eighteen people were killed in the building during the earthquake, and many more were injured, in what

282-517: A magnitude 6.0 aftershock . In 2013, it was announced that the tower and ball would be restored, and that funds were to be sought from the community to rebuild the rest of the station. The restoration was completed in 2018 with the site being reopened in November. Landslides occurred in Sumner , crushing buildings. Parts of Sumner were evacuated during the night of 22 February after cracks were noticed on

423-473: A mansard roof form as an obviously flat, false front. Another alternative to the flat roofs of modernism would exaggerate a traditional roof to call even more attention to it, as when Kallmann McKinnell & Wood 's American Academy of Arts and Sciences in Cambridge, Massachusetts, layers three tiers of low hipped roof forms one above another for an emphatic statement of shelter. A new trend became evident in

564-535: A residential red zone . Buildings in Lyttelton sustained widespread damage, with a fire officer reporting that 60% of the buildings in the main street had been severely damaged. Two people died on local walking tracks after being hit by rockfalls. The town's historic Timeball Station was extensively damaged, adding to damage from the preceding earthquake in September 2010 . The station collapsed on 13 June 2011 after

705-442: A 30-metre (98 ft) extension and refit prior to the 2011 Rugby World Cup. With extra passenger and freight movements over Cook Strait following the earthquake, the company would have been unable to cope with just two ships operating on a reduced schedule so soon after the earthquake, so pushed back the departure to the end of April. The earthquake combined with the urgency created by the unseasonably early break-up of sea ice on

846-550: A 500-year event. Initial reports by GNS Science suggested that ground motion "considerably exceeded even 2500-year design motions", beyond maximum considered events (MCE). By comparison, the 2010 quake—in which damage was predominantly to pre-1970s buildings—exerted 65% of the design loading on buildings. The acceleration experienced in February 2011 would "totally flatten" most world cities, causing massive loss of life; in Christchurch, New Zealand's stringent building codes limited

987-811: A Mayan temple or a piece of clanking art deco machinery'. The Belgian architectural firm Atelier d'architecture de Genval is renowned for its pioneering work in postmodern architecture in Belgium, particularly in Brussels with major realizations such as the Espace Leopold complex which includes the European Parliament , and other like the Euroclear Building, recalling for most of them the American postmodernist style. The Italian architect Aldo Rossi (1931–1997)

1128-399: A PGA greater than many modern buildings were designed to withstand. Although the rupture was subsurface , satellite images indicated that the net displacement of the land south of the fault was 50 cm westwards and upwards; the land movement would have been greater during the earthquake. Land movement was varied around the area horizontally—in both east and west directions—and vertically;

1269-460: A building that appeared about to collapse) that it was good. In 1964, American critic Susan Sontag defined camp as a style which put its accent on the texture, the surface, and style to the detriment of the content, which adored exaggeration, and things which were not what they seemed. Postmodern architecture sometimes used the same sense of theatricality, sense of the absurd and exaggeration of forms. The aims of postmodernism, which include solving

1410-484: A complex of six glass buildings for the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company. These buildings have neo-gothic features, including 231 glass spires, the largest of which is 82 feet (25 m) high. In 1995, he constructed a postmodern gatehouse pavilion for his residence, Glass House . The gatehouse, called "Da Monstra", is 23 feet high, made of gunite , or concrete shot from a hose, colored gray and red. It

1551-802: A huge scale. 2011 Christchurch earthquake A major earthquake occurred in Christchurch on Tuesday 22 February 2011 at 12:51 p.m. local time (23:51 UTC , 21 February). The M w 6.2 ( M L 6.3) earthquake struck the Canterbury region in the South Island , centred 6.7 kilometres (4.2 mi) south-east of the central business district. It caused widespread damage across Christchurch, killing 185 people in New Zealand's fifth-deadliest disaster . Scientists classified it as an intraplate earthquake and potentially an aftershock of

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1692-468: A listed heritage building, was undergoing repairs after the September 2010 earthquake damage when the February 2011 earthquake damaged the building further. It was deemed unstable and demolished in April 2011. St Elmo Courts had been damaged in the September 2010 earthquake and the owner intended to repair the building, but further damage caused by the February 2011 event resulted in a decision to demolish, which

1833-441: A material which until then was used mainly in building aircraft, which changed color depending upon the light. Gehry was often described as a proponent of deconstructivism , but he refused to accept that or any other label for his work. César Pelli (October 12, 1926 – July 19, 2019) was an Argentine architect who designed some of the world's tallest buildings and other major urban landmarks. Two of his most notable projects are

1974-507: A movement until the late 1970s and continues to influence present-day architecture. Postmodernity in architecture is said to be heralded by the return of "wit, ornament and reference" to architecture in response to the formalism of the International Style of modernism. As with many cultural movements, some of postmodernism's most pronounced and visible ideas can be seen in architecture. The functional and formalized shapes and spaces of

2115-645: A nearby hillside. Three deaths were reported in the Sumner area, according to the Sumner Chief Fire Officer. The Shag Rock , a notable landmark, was reduced to half of its former height. In contrast to the September 2010 earthquake, Redcliffs and the surrounding hills suffered severe damage. The cliff behind Redcliffs School collapsed onto the houses below. Large boulders were found on the lawns of damaged houses. Twelve streets in Redcliffs were evacuated on

2256-516: A piece of Chippendale furniture , and it has other more subtle references to historical architecture. His intention was to make the building stand out as a corporate symbol among the modernist skyscrapers around it in Manhattan, and he succeeded; it became the best-known of all postmodern buildings. Soon afterward he completed another postmodern project, PPG Place in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (1979–1984),

2397-409: A populist ethic, and sharing the design elements of shopping malls , cluttered with " gew-gaws ". Postmodern architects may regard many modern buildings as soulless and bland, overly simplistic and abstract. This contrast was exemplified in the juxtaposition of the "whites" against the "grays," in which the "whites" were seeking to continue (or revive) the modernist tradition of purism and clarity, while

2538-704: A postmodernist Titanium and Stainless Steel tower that rotated upon its own axis. In addition to museums and cultural centers in Japan, he designed the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles (MOCA), (1981–1986), and the COSI Columbus science museum and research center in Columbus, Ohio. The Sydney Opera House in Sydney , Australia, by the Danish architect Jørn Utzon (1918–2008), is one of

2679-583: A professor of architecture at Yale University. One of his first buildings was the Guild House in Philadelphia, built between 1960 and 1963, and a house for his mother in Chestnut Hill , in Philadelphia. These two houses became symbols of the postmodern movement. He went on to design, in the 1960s and 1970s, a series of buildings which took into account both historic precedents, and the ideas and forms existing in

2820-566: A similar house by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe became an icon of the modernist movement. He worked with Mies on another iconic modernist project, the Seagrams Building in New York City. However, in the 1950s, he began to include certain playful and mannerist forms into his buildings, such as the Synagogue of Port Chester (1954–1956), with a vaulted plaster ceiling and narrow colored windows, and

2961-642: A single building can appear like a small town or village. An example is the Abteiberg Museum by Hans Hollein in Mönchengladbach (1972–1974). Asymmetric forms are one of the trademarks of postmodernism. In 1968, the French architect Claude Parent and philosopher Paul Virilio designed the church Saint-Bernadette-du-Banlay in Nevers , France, in the form of a massive block of concrete leaning to one side. Describing

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3102-402: A symbolic picture of a house, looking back to the 18th century. This is partly achieved through the use of symmetry and the arch over the entrance. Perhaps the best example of irony in postmodern buildings is Charles Moore 's Piazza d'Italia (1978). Moore quotes (architecturally) elements of Italian Renaissance and Roman Antiquity . However, he does so with a twist. The irony comes when it

3243-422: A technological necessity. Modernist high-rise buildings had become in most instances monolithic , rejecting the concept of a stack of varied design elements for a single vocabulary from ground level to the top, in the most extreme cases even using a constant "footprint" (with no tapering or "wedding cake" design), with the building sometimes even suggesting the possibility of a single metallic extrusion directly from

3384-499: A two-block radius around the hotel was thus evacuated. The building was eventually stabilised and, on 4 March it was decided the building would be demolished over the following six months, so that further work could be done with the buildings nearby. Demolition was completed in May 2012. The 21-storey PricewaterhouseCoopers building, the city's tallest office tower, was among the office buildings to be later demolished. The Carlton Hotel ,

3525-464: A vertical direction, with eyewitness accounts of people being tossed into the air. The maximum Modified Mercalli intensity was assigned XI ( Extreme ). The upwards (positive acceleration) was greater than the downwards, which had a maximum recording of 0.9 g ; the maximum recorded horizontal acceleration was 1.7 g . The force of the earthquake was "statistically unlikely" to occur more than once in 1000 years, according to one seismic engineer, with

3666-431: Is a list of all aftershocks of Richter, moment, and body-wave magnitudes 5.0 and above that occurred in the region between 22 February 2011 and 15 January 2012. Road and bridge damage occurred and hampered rescue efforts. Soil liquefaction and surface flooding also occurred. Road surfaces were forced up by liquefaction, and water and sand were spewing out of cracks. A number of cars were crushed by falling debris. In

3807-508: Is a piece of sculptural architecture with no right angles and very few straight lines, a predecessor of the sculptural contemporary architecture of the 21st century. Frank Gehry (born 1929) was a major figure in postmodernist architecture, and is one of the most prominent figures in contemporary architecture . After studying at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles and then

3948-416: Is a prevalent trait of postmodernism. The characteristics of postmodernism were rather unified given their diverse appearances. The most notable among their characteristics is their playfully extravagant forms and the humour of the meanings the buildings conveyed. Postmodern architecture as an international style – the first examples of which are generally cited as being from the 1950s – but did not become

4089-549: Is also known for his early postmodern works, including a residential complex in the form of a castle with red walls at Calp on the coast of Spain (1973) and the social housing complex Les Espaces d'Abraxas (1983) in Noisy-le-Grand , France. The works of Austrian architect Friedensreich Hundertwasser (1928–2000) are occasionally considered a special expression of postmodern architecture. The Japanese architects Tadao Ando (born 1941) and Isozaki Arata (1931–2022) introduced

4230-525: Is an important element in many postmodern buildings; to give the façades variety and personality, colored glass is sometimes used, or ceramic tiles, or stone. The buildings of Mexican architect Luis Barragán offer bright sunlight color that give life to the forms. Humor is a particular feature of many postmodern buildings, particularly in the United States. An example is the Binoculars Building in

4371-413: Is even more prominent. The two obtruding triangular forms are largely ornamental. They exist for aesthetic or their own purpose. Postmodernism , with its sensitivity to the building's context, did not exclude the needs of humans from the building. Carlo Scarpa 's Brion Cemetery (1970–1972) exemplifies this. The human requirements of a cemetery is that it possesses a solemn nature, yet it must not cause

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4512-631: Is littered with small ornamental details that would have been considered excessive and needless in Modernism. The Venice Beach House has an assembly of circular logs which exist mostly for decoration. The logs on top do have a minor purpose of holding up the window covers. However, the mere fact that they could have been replaced with a practically invisible nail, makes their exaggerated existence largely ornamental. The ornament in Michael Graves ' Portland Municipal Services Building ("Portland Building") (1980)

4653-489: Is made up of several building units, all very different. Each building's forms are nothing like the conforming rigid ones of Modernism . These forms are sculptural and are somewhat playful. These forms are not reduced to an absolute minimum; they are built and shaped for their own sake. The building units all fit together in a very organic way, which enhances the effect of the forms. After many years of neglect, ornament returned. Frank Gehry 's Venice Beach house, built in 1986,

4794-600: Is noted that the pillars are covered with steel. It is also paradoxical in the way he quotes Italian antiquity far away from the original in New Orleans . Double coding meant the buildings convey many meanings simultaneously. The Sony Building in New York provides one example. The building is a tall skyscraper which brings with it connotations of very modern technology. However, the top contradicts this. The top section conveys elements of classical antiquity . This double coding

4935-671: Is the Piazza d'Italia in New Orleans (1978), a public square composed of an exuberant collection of pieces of famous Italian Renaissance architecture. Drawing upon the Spanish Revival architecture of the city hall, Moore designed the Beverly Hills Civic Center in a mixture of Spanish Revival, Art Deco and postmodern styles. It includes courtyards, colonnades, promenades, and buildings, with both open and semi-enclosed spaces, stairways and balconies. The Haas School of Business at

5076-729: Is the SIS Building in London by Terry Farrell (1994). The building, next to the Thames, is the headquarters of the British Secret Intelligence Service . In 1992, Deyan Sudjic described it in The Guardian as an "epitaph for the 'architecture of the eighties. ... It's a design which combines high seriousness in its classical composition with a possible unwitting sense of humour. The building could be interpreted equally plausibly as

5217-460: The 2010 Canterbury earthquake from six months earlier. Christchurch's central city and eastern suburbs were badly affected, with damage to buildings and infrastructure already weakened by the 2010 Canterbury earthquake and its aftershocks. Significant liquefaction affected the eastern suburbs, producing around 400,000 tonnes of silt . The earthquake was felt across the South Island and parts of

5358-520: The Harvard Graduate School of Design , he opened his own office in Los Angeles in 1962. Beginning in the 1970s, he began using prefabricated industrial materials to construct unusual forms on private houses in Los Angeles, including, in 1978, his own house in Santa Monica. He broke their traditional design giving them an unfinished and unstable look. His Schnabel House in Los Angeles (1986–1989)

5499-751: The Loyola Law School (1978–1984), and the California Aerospace Museum (1982–1984), then international commissions in the Netherlands and Czech Republic. His "Dancing House" in Prague (1996), constructed with an undulating façade of plaques of concrete; parts of the walls were composed of glass, which revealed the concrete pillars underneath. His most prominent project was the Guggenheim Bilbao museum (1991–1997), clad in undulating skins of titanium,

5640-667: The Peter Eisenman , Charles Gwathmey , John Hejduk and Richard Meier , was considered one of the New York Five , a group of advocates of pure modern architecture , but in 1982 he turned toward postmodernism with the Portland Building , one of the first major structures in the style. The building has since been added to the National Register of Historic Places . The most famous work of architect Charles Moore (1925–1993)

5781-681: The Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur and the World Financial Center in New York City. The American Institute of Architects named him one of the ten most influential living American architects in 1991 and awarded him the AIA Gold Medal in 1995. In 2008, the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat presented him with The Lynn S. Beedle Lifetime Achievement Award . In 1977, Pelli

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5922-526: The Ross Ice Shelf caused logistical problems with the return of Antarctic summer season research operations from Scott Base and McMurdo Station in Antarctica to Christchurch. 185 people from more than 20 countries died in the earthquake. Over half of the deaths occurred in the six-storey Canterbury Television (CTV) Building , which collapsed and caught fire in the earthquake. A state of local emergency

6063-613: The TranzAlpine service was terminating at Greymouth and the TranzCoastal terminating at Picton . The TranzAlpine was cancelled until 4 March, to allow for personnel resources to be transferred to repairing track and related infrastructure, and moving essential freight into Christchurch, while the TranzCoastal was cancelled until mid-August. KiwiRail also delayed 14 March departure of its Interislander ferry Aratere to Singapore for

6204-748: The University of California, Berkeley blends in with both the neo-Renaissance architecture of the Berkeley campus and with picturesque early 20th century wooden residential architecture in the neighboring Berkeley Hills. Philip Johnson (1906–2005) began his career as a pure modernist. In 1935, he co-authored the famous catalog of the Museum of Modern Art exposition on the International Style, and studied with Walter Gropius and Marcel Breuer at Harvard. His Glass House in New Canaan, Connecticut (1949), inspired by

6345-726: The Venice Biennale in 1980. The call for a post-modern style was joined by Christian de Portzamparc in France and Ricardo Bofill in Spain, and in Japan by Arata Isozaki . Robert Venturi (1925–2018) was both a prominent theorist of postmodernism and an architect whose buildings illustrated his ideas. After studying at the American Academy in Rome, he worked in the offices of the modernists Eero Saarinen and Louis Kahn until 1958, and then became

6486-468: The ductility of the building was poor and the design could not have legally been built according to 2011 building code standards. At the time it was designed, ductile detailing processes had not been introduced as standard. Consequently, the PGC Building was earthquake-prone by modern standards. Despite structural performance having been investigated during the renovation in the late 90s, the standards of

6627-475: The modernist style are replaced by diverse aesthetics : styles collide, form is adopted for its own sake, and new ways of viewing familiar styles and space abound. Perhaps most obviously, architects rediscovered past architectural ornament and forms which had been abstracted by the Modernist architects. Postmodern architecture has also been described as neo-eclectic , where reference and ornament have returned to

6768-475: The rose window – pushing it in. The Anglican Church decided to demolish the building and replace it with a new structure, but various groups opposed the church's intentions, with actions including taking a case to court . While the judgements were mostly in favour of the church, no further demolition occurred after the removal of the tower in early 2012. Government expressed its concern over the stalemate and appointed an independent negotiator and in September 2017,

6909-473: The "grays" were embracing a more multifaceted cultural vision, seen in Robert Venturi 's statement rejecting the "black or white" world view of modernism in favor of "black and white and sometimes gray." The divergence in opinions comes down to a difference in goals: modernism is rooted in minimal and true use of material as well as absence of ornament , while postmodernism is a rejection of strict rules set by

7050-469: The 1997 report, Holmes advised that bringing the building fully to code was not legally required. A renovation project to address some of the concerns around the building proceeded under the direction of William Fox, Warren and Mahoney and Holmes Consulting Group, including the use of steel prop reinforcement; at the time, the work was considered in excess of the required new standards of the time. From 2001 through to 2007, various alternations were made on

7191-405: The 2010–2011 Canterbury earthquakes caused over $ 44.8 billion in damages, making it New Zealand's costliest natural disaster and the 21st-most-expensive disaster in history . The 2011 Christchurch Earthquake was a 6.3-magnitude intraplate earthquake . It may have been an aftershock of the 7.1-magnitude 4 September 2010 Canterbury earthquake . New Zealand's GNS Science has stated that

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7332-689: The Art Gallery of the University of Nebraska (1963). However, his major buildings in the 1970, such as IDS Center in Minneapolis (1973) and Pennzoil Place in Houston (1970–1976), were massive, sober, and entirely modernist. With the AT&;T Building (now named 550 Madison Avenue ) (1978–1982), Johnson turned dramatically toward postmodernism. The building's most prominent feature is a purely decorative top modeled after

7473-625: The Beckenham Baptist Church were heavily damaged, and then demolished days after the earthquake. Concrete block construction fared badly, leaving many modern iconic buildings damaged. On 7 March, Prime Minister John Key said that around 10,000 houses would need to be demolished, and liquefaction damage meant that some parts of Christchurch could not be rebuilt on. Several areas in and around Christchurch were deemed infeasible to rebuild due to earthquake damage resulting from soil liquefaction and rockslides . These areas were placed into

7614-436: The Christchurch Diocesan Synod announced that ChristChurch Cathedral will be reinstated after promises of extra grants and loans from local and central government. By mid-2019 early design and stabilisation work had begun. Since 15 August 2013 the cathedral congregation has worshipped at the Cardboard Cathedral . Christchurch Hospital was partly evacuated due to damage in some areas, but remained open throughout to treat

7755-416: The City Art Gallery and the regional Canterbury CDEM Group Emergency Coordination Centre (ECC) activated in its post-earthquake operational facility adjacent to the Canterbury Regional Council offices. Within two hours of the quake national co-ordination was operating from the National Crisis Management Centre located in the basement of the Beehive in Wellington. A composite "Christchurch Response Centre"

7896-441: The Director of the Ministry of Civil Defence & Emergency Management John Hamilton as National Controller . CDEM were supported by local authorities, New Zealand Police, Fire Service, Defence Force and many other agencies and organisations. Gerry Brownlee , a Cabinet Minister , had his regular portfolios distributed amongst other cabinet ministers so that he could focus solely on earthquake recovery. A Central City Red Zone

8037-430: The NTT Headquarters in Tokyo (finished 1995) were preludes to a landmark project that Pelli designed for Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The Petronas Towers were completed in 1997, sheathed in stainless steel and reflecting Islamic design motifs. The dual towers were the world's tallest buildings until 2004. That year, Pelli received the Aga Khan Award for Architecture for the design of the Petronas Towers Pelli's design for

8178-433: The National Museum of Art in Osaka , Japan, was completed 2005, the same year that Pelli's firm changed its name to Pelli Clarke Pelli Architects to reflect the growing roles of senior principals Fred W. Clarke and Pelli's son Rafael. While postmodernism was best known as an American style, notable examples also appeared in Europe. In 1991 Robert Venturi completed the Sainsbury Wing of the National Gallery in London, which

8319-432: The Port Hills were raised by 40 cm. The earthquake was a " strike-slip event with oblique motion" which caused mostly horizontal movement with some vertical movement, with reverse thrust causing upwards vertical movement. The vertical acceleration was far greater than the horizontal acceleration. The current New Zealand building code requires a building with a 50-year design life to withstand predicted loads of

8460-453: The September 2010 event was 1.26 g , recorded near Darfield. The PGA is also one of the greatest-ever ground accelerations recorded in the world, and was unusually high for a 6.2 quake, and the highest in a vertical direction. The central business district (CBD) experienced PGAs in the range of 0.574 and 0.802 g . As a comparison, the 7.0 M w 2010 Haiti earthquake had an estimated PGA of 0.5 g . The acceleration occurred mainly in

8601-406: The Venice neighborhood of Los Angeles, designed by Frank Gehry in collaboration with the sculptor Claes Oldenburg (1991–2001). The gateway of the building is in the form of an enormous pair of binoculars; cars enter the garage passing under the binoculars. "Camp" humor was popular during the postmodern period; it was an ironic humor based on the premise that something could appear so bad (such as

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8742-419: The World Financial Center in New York, which includes the grand public space of the Winter Garden, was completed in 1988. Among other significant projects during this period are the Crile Clinic Building in Cleveland, Ohio, completed 1984; Herring Hall at Rice University in Houston, Texas (also completed 1984); completion in 1988 of the Green Building at the Pacific Design Center in West Hollywood, California; and

8883-456: The affected areas. They also provided forensic analysis and evidence gathering at fatalities and Disaster Victim Identification (DVI) teams, working closely with pathologists, forensic dentists and scientists, and the coroner at the emergency mortuary established at Burnham Military Camp . They were aided by DVI teams from Australia, UK, Thailand Taiwan and Israel. The New Zealand Fire Service coordinated search and rescue, with support from

9024-404: The architect of the Neue Staatsgalerie in Stuttgart, Germany (1984), described the style as "representation and abstraction, monumental and informal, traditional and high-tech." Postmodern architecture often breaks large buildings into several different structures and forms, sometimes representing different functions of those parts of the building. With the use of different materials and styles,

9165-411: The bounds of the four avenues since the September 2010 earthquakes. The six-storey Canterbury Television (CTV) building collapsed in the earthquake, leaving only its lift shaft standing, which caught fire. 115 people died in the building, which housed a TV station, a medical clinic and an English language school. On 23 February police decided that the damage was not survivable, and rescue efforts at

9306-480: The building posed a risk. The commission concluded that the main factor in the failure of the building was the intense force in the east–west direction of the building overwhelming the structure, which met less than 40% of the building code in 2011. The PGC Building was designed in 1963 by Paul Pascoe & Linton Architects. Applications for a building permit were lodged the follow year, with construction taking place in March 1964 and completing in 1966. The building

9447-402: The building was cleared with no victims discovered. The earthquake destroyed the ChristChurch Cathedral 's spire and part of its tower, and severely damaged the structure of the remaining building. The remainder of the tower was demolished in April 2012. The west wall suffered collapses in the June 2011 earthquake and the December 2011 quake due to a steel structure – intended to stabilise

9588-551: The building were suspended. Fire-fighting and recovery operations resumed that night, later joined by a Japanese search and rescue squad. Twelve Japanese students from the Toyama College of Foreign Languages died in the building collapse. A government report later found that the building's construction was faulty and should not have been approved. The five-storey PGC Building (Pyne Gould Corporation House) on Cambridge Terrace, headquarters of Pyne Gould Corporation , collapsed, with 18 casualties. On Wednesday morning, 22 hours after

9729-429: The building, including a roof support beam, work on levels three and four, and a redesign of the ground floor, with further redesign options considered. In 2009, Pyne Gould Corporation transferred the property to a company named Cambridge 233 Limited. The PGC Building was rapidly assessed following the 2010 Canterbury earthquakes . From September through to January 2011, the building was assessed four times by Holmes. It

9870-439: The buildings that collapsed were known to have been appreciably damaged in the September 2010 earthquake but the local authority had permitted the building to be re-occupied (CTV and PGC buildings) or protective barriers adjacent to them moved closer to areas at risk of falling debris (Colombo Street). An additional 28 people were killed in various places across the city centre, and twelve were killed in suburban Christchurch. Due to

10011-541: The ceiling above appears like a sky." Following his description, future concert halls, such as the Walt Disney Concert Hall by Frank Gehry in Los Angeles, and the Philharmonie de Paris of Jean Nouvel (2015) used the term "vineyard style" and placed the orchestra in the center, instead of on a stage at the end of the hall. Postmodern architecture first emerged as a reaction against the doctrines of modern architecture , as expressed by modernist architects including Le Corbusier and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe . In place of

10152-480: The central city, two buses were crushed by falling buildings. Because the earthquake hit during the lunch hour, some people on the footpaths were buried by collapsed buildings. Damage occurred to many older buildings, particularly those with unreinforced masonry and those built before stringent earthquake codes were introduced. On 28 February 2011, the Prime Minister announced that there would be an inquiry into

10293-411: The collapse happened within several seconds of the earthquake starting, and pancaked in the style of a controlled demolition. The collapse killed eighteen people and trapped and injured a number of others, some severely. Due to the urgency of the situation and ongoing aftershocks, at least one hacksaw amputation was performed on site to free a victim. Some survivors of the collapse waited several hours in

10434-526: The collapse of buildings that had been signed off as safe after the previous earthquake on 4 September 2010, "to provide answers to people about why so many people lost their lives." Of the 3,000 buildings inspected within the four avenues which bound the central business district by 3 March 2011, 45% had been given red or yellow stickers to restrict access because of the safety problems. Many heritage buildings were given red stickers after inspections. As of February 2015, there had been 1240 demolitions within

10575-634: The construction of the Wells Fargo Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in 1989. Pelli was named one of the ten most influential living American Architects by the American Institute of Architects in 1991. In 1995, he was awarded the American Institute of Architects Gold Medal. In May 2004, Pelli was awarded an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from the University of Minnesota Duluth where he designed Weber Music Hall. In 2005, Pelli

10716-516: The country, along with a 323-strong contingent of Australian Police, who were sworn in as New Zealand Police on their arrival, bringing the total number of officers in the city to 1200. Many of them received standing ovations from appreciative locals as they walked through Christchurch Airport upon arrival. Alongside regular duties, the police provided security cordons, organised evacuations, supported search and rescue teams, missing persons and family liaison, and organised media briefings and tours of

10857-729: The destruction of British cities in the years after World War II. He designed colorful public housing projects in the postmodern style, as well as the Neue Staatsgalerie in Stuttgart , Germany (1977–1983) and the Kammertheater in Stuttgart (1977–1982), as well as the Arthur M. Sackler Museum at Harvard University in the United States. One of the most visible examples of the postmodern style in Europe

10998-485: The disaster. It is also possible that "seismic lensing" contributed to the ground effect, with the seismic waves rebounding off the hard basalt of the Port Hills back into the city. Geologists reported liquefaction was worse than the 2010 earthquake. The earthquake generated a significant series of its own aftershocks . More than 361 aftershocks occurred in the first week following the magnitude 6.3 earthquake. Below

11139-436: The earlier, more austere modernist concert halls. The real revolution was inside, where Scharoun placed the orchestra in the center, with the audience seated on terraces around it. He described it this way: "The form given to the hall is inspired by a landscape; In the center is a valley, at the bottom of which is found the orchestra. Around it on all sides rise the terraces, like vineyards. Corresponding to an earthly landscape,

11280-408: The early modernists and seeks meaning and expression in the use of building techniques, forms, and stylistic references. One building form that typifies the explorations of postmodernism is the traditional gable roof, in place of the iconic flat roof of modernism. Shedding water away from the center of the building, such a roof form always served a functional purpose in climates with rain and snow, and

11421-398: The earthquake was part of the aftershock sequence that has been occurring since the September magnitude-7.1 quake, however a seismologist from Geoscience Australia considers it a separate event given its location on a separate fault system. Although smaller in magnitude than the 2010 earthquake, the February earthquake was more damaging and deadly for a number of reasons. The epicentre

11562-600: The earthquake, 80% of Christchurch was without power. Water and wastewater services were disrupted throughout the city, with authorities urging residents to conserve water and collect rainwater. Prime Minister John Key confirmed that, "All Civil Defence procedures have now been activated; the Civil Defence bunker at parliament is in operation here in Wellington ." On 23 February the Minister of Civil Defence, John Carter declared

11703-624: The easy unity of exclusion. In place of the functional doctrines of modernism, Venturi proposed giving primary emphasis to the façade, incorporating historical elements, a subtle use of unusual materials and historical allusions, and the use of fragmentation and modulations to make the building interesting. Accomplished architect and urban planner Denise Scott Brown , who was Venturi's wife, and Venturi wrote Learning from Las Vegas (1972), co-authored with Steven Izenour , in which they further developed their joint argument against modernism. They urged architects to take into consideration and to celebrate

11844-453: The entire history of architecture—both high-style and vernacular, both historic and modern—and In response to Mies van der Rohe 's famous maxim "Less is more", Venturi responded, to "Less is a bore." Venturi cited the example of one of his wife's and his own buildings, Guild House , in Philadelphia, as examples of a new style that welcomed variety and historical references, without returning to academic revival of old styles. In Italy at about

11985-481: The existing architecture in a place, rather than to try to impose a visionary utopia from their own fantasies. This was in line with Scott Brown's belief that buildings should be built for people, and that architecture should listen to them. Scott Brown and Venturi argued that ornamental and decorative elements "accommodate existing needs for variety and communication". The book was instrumental in opening readers' eyes to new ways of thinking about buildings, as it drew from

12126-567: The façade, replacing the aggressively unornamented modern styles. This eclecticism is often combined with the use of non-orthogonal angles and unusual surfaces, most famously in the State Gallery of Stuttgart by James Stirling and the Piazza d'Italia by Charles Moore . The Scottish Parliament Building in Edinburgh has also been cited as being of postmodern vogue. Modernist architects may regard postmodern buildings as vulgar, associated with

12267-480: The form, they wrote: "a diagonal line on a white page can be a hill, or a mountain, or slope, an ascent, or a descent." Parent's buildings were inspired in part by concrete German blockhouses he discovered on the French coast which had slid down the cliffs, but were perfectly intact, with leaning walls and sloping floors. Postmodernist compositions are rarely symmetric, balanced and orderly. Oblique buildings which tilt, lean, and seem about to fall over are common. Color

12408-652: The ground, mostly by eliminating visual horizontal elements—this was seen most strictly in Minoru Yamasaki 's World Trade Center buildings. Another return was that of the "wit, ornament and reference" seen in older buildings in terra cotta decorative façades and bronze or stainless steel embellishments of the Beaux-Arts and Art Deco periods. In postmodern structures this was often achieved by placing contradictory quotes of previous building styles alongside each other, and even incorporating furniture stylistic references at

12549-536: The highest recording 2.2 g , at Heathcote Valley Primary School, a shaking intensity equivalent to MMI X+ . Subsequent analysis revised the Heathcote Valley Primary School acceleration down to 1.37 g , with the 1.89 g reading at Pages Road Pumping Station in Christchurch revised down to 1.51 g . Nevertheless, these were the highest PGAs ever recorded in New Zealand; the highest reading during

12690-471: The history and culture of the cities where it appeared. In 1966, Venturi formalized the movement in his book, Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture . Venturi summarized the kind of architecture he wanted to see replace modernism: I speak of a complex and contradictory architecture based on the richness and ambiguity of modern experience, including that experience which is inherent in art. ... I welcome

12831-537: The horizontal beneath the Port Hills." While both the 2010 and 2011 earthquakes occurred on "blind" or unknown faults, New Zealand's Earthquake Commission had, in a 1991 report, predicted moderate earthquakes in Canterbury with the likelihood of associated liquefaction. Initial measurement of peak ground acceleration (PGA) in central Christchurch exceeded 1.8 g (i.e. 1.8 times the acceleration of gravity ), with

12972-574: The ideas of the postmodern movement to Japan. Before opening his studio in Osaka in 1969, Ando traveled widely in North America, Africa and Europe, absorbing European and American styles, and had no formal architectural education, though he taught later at Yale University (1987), Columbia University (1988) and Harvard University (1990). Most of his buildings were constructed of raw concrete in cubic forms, but had wide openings which brought in light and views of

13113-411: The injured. On 23 February, Hotel Grand Chancellor , Christchurch's tallest hotel, was reported to be on the verge of collapse. The 26-storey building was displaced by half a metre in the quake and had dropped by 1 metre on one side; parts of the emergency stairwells collapsed. The building was thought to be irreparably damaged and have the potential to bring down other buildings if it fell; an area of

13254-438: The injuries sustained some bodies remained unidentified. Between 6,600 and 6,800 people were treated for minor injuries, and Christchurch Hospital alone treated 220 major trauma cases connected to the quake. Rescue efforts continued for over a week, then shifted into recovery mode. The last survivor was pulled from the rubble the day after the quake. The nationalities of the deceased are as follows. Immediately following

13395-441: The last quarter of the 20th century as some architects started to turn away from modern functionalism which they viewed as boring, and which some of the public considered unwelcoming and even unpleasant. These architects turned toward the past, quoting past aspects of various buildings and melding them together (even sometimes in an inharmonious manner) to create a new means of designing buildings. A vivid example of this new approach

13536-449: The lower and central North Island. While the initial quake only lasted for approximately 10 seconds, the damage was severe because of the location and shallowness of the earthquake's focus in relation to Christchurch as well as previous quake damage. Subsequent population loss saw the Christchurch main urban area fall behind the Wellington equivalent, to decrease from second- to third-most populous area in New Zealand. Adjusted for inflation,

13677-466: The modernist doctrines of simplicity as expressed by Mies in his famous "less is more;" and functionality, "form follows function" and the doctrine of Le Corbusier that "a house is a machine to live in," postmodernism, in the words Robert Venturi, offered complexity and contradiction . Postmodern buildings had curved forms, decorative elements, asymmetry, bright colours, and features often borrowed from earlier periods. Colours and textures were unrelated to

13818-596: The most prestigious award in architecture, in 1995. Isozaki Arata worked two years in the studio of Kenzo Tange (1913–2005), before opening his own firm in Tokyo in 1963. His Museum of Contemporary Art in Nagi artfully combined wood, stone and metal, and joined three geometric forms, a cylinder, a half-cylinder and an extended block, to present three different artists in different settings. His Art Tower in Mito , Japan (1986–1990) featured

13959-407: The most recognizable of all works of postwar architecture, and spans the transition from modernism to postmodernism. Construction began in 1957, but it was not completed until 1973 due to difficult engineering problems and growing costs. The giant shells of concrete soar over the platforms which form the roof of the hall itself. The architect resigned before the structure was completed, and the interior

14100-509: The nature outside. Beginning in the 1990s, he began using wood as a building material, and introduced elements of traditional Japanese architecture, particularly in his design of the Museum of Wood Culture (1995). His Bennesse House in Naoshima, Kagama, has elements of classic Japanese architecture and a plan which subtly integrates the house into the natural landscape, He won the Pritzker Prize ,

14241-404: The next two years, following a report by Holmes Consulting Group, the company was given consent approval to modify the facade and renovate offices on level four. The company was also considering structural strengthening work as part of its plans. A predecessor of Holmes had been involved in the design of the building, and some of the original structural drawings and calculations had been retained; in

14382-505: The night of 24 February 2011 after some cliffs and hills surrounding Redcliffs were deemed unstable. Redcliffs Primary School, then located at 140 Main Road, right under the cliffs, was moved to Van Asch Deaf Education Centre, 4.5 km from the main site soon afterwards. After 9 years, the school was moved to Redcliffs Park, reopening in July 2020. The cost of the rebuild was $ 16 million. The quake

14523-873: The offices and ECC. Once the composite Christchurch Coordination Centre was established on 23 February the CDEM Group Controllers and ECC personnel relocated to the City Art Gallery to supplement the management personnel available to the National Controller. As per the protocols of New Zealand's Coordinated Incident Management System , the Civil Defence Emergency Management Act, and the National Civil Defence Emergency Management Plan and Guide, Civil Defence Emergency Management became lead agency—with

14664-400: The pancake effect seen by witnesses. The ground floor stayed relatively intact due to its stronger seismic strength compared to the upper floors. In the final report, the commission concluded that the 2010 Canterbury earthquake did not significantly weaken the building, and that neither liquefaction nor foundation instability were a factor. Rather, the intense force in the east–west direction

14805-427: The problems and exploit the uncertainties. ... I like elements which are hybrid rather than "pure", compromising rather than "clean" ... accommodating rather than excluding. ... I am for messy vitality over obvious unity. ... I prefer "both-and" to "either-or", black and white, and sometimes gray, to black or white. ... An architecture of complexity and contradiction must embody the difficult unity of inclusion rather than

14946-489: The problems of Modernism, communicating meanings with ambiguity, and sensitivity for the building's context, are surprisingly unified for a period of buildings designed by architects who largely never collaborated with each other. These aims do, however, leave room for diverse implementations as can be illustrated by the variety of buildings created during the movement. The characteristics of postmodernism allow its aim to be expressed in diverse ways. These characteristics include

15087-411: The quake, a survivor was pulled from the rubble. The reinforced concrete building had been constructed in 1963–1964. The Forsyth Barr Building survived the earthquake but many occupants were trapped after the collapse of the stairwells, forcing some to abseil out after the quake. Search of the building was technically difficult for USAR teams, requiring the deconstruction of 4-tonne stair sets, but

15228-548: The real life of the cities around them. Michael Graves (1934–2015) designed two of the most prominent buildings in the postmodern style, the Portland Building and the Denver Public Library . He later followed up his landmark buildings by designing large, low-cost retail stores for chains such as Target and J.C. Penney in the United States, which had a major influence on the design of retail stores in city centers and shopping malls. In his early career, he, along with

15369-509: The rubble before they were rescued. Some of the victims' families gathered outside overnight; the last survivor was freed 26 hours after the collapse. A number of specialists were brought in to help with the rescue effort, including the New Zealand Army and Australian Urban Search Rescue. A Royal Commission investigation into the building noted that the building had several "critical structural issues" including poorer seismic resistance on

15510-481: The same time, a similar revolt against strict modernism was being launched by the architect Aldo Rossi , who criticized the rebuilding of Italian cities and buildings destroyed during the war in the modernist style, which had had no relation to the architectural history, original street plans, or culture of the cities. Rossi insisted that cities be rebuilt in ways that preserved their historical fabric and local traditions. Similar ideas were and projects were put forward at

15651-409: The side of the building that to some extent appear to be real, yet they are not. The Hood Museum of Art (1981–1983) has a typical asymmetrical façade which was at the time prevalent throughout postmodern buildings. Robert Venturi's Vanna Venturi House (1962–1964) illustrates the postmodernist aim of communicating a meaning and the characteristic of symbolism. The façade is, according to Venturi,

15792-515: The situation a state of national emergency , only the second time that New Zealand had declared a national civil defence emergency; the first occasion was the 1951 waterfront dispute . The New Zealand Red Cross launched an appeal to raise funds to help victims. A full response management structure was put in place within minutes of the quake, with the Christchurch City Council's alternate Emergency Operations Centre re-established in

15933-684: The structure or function of the building. Rejecting the "puritanism" of modernism, it called for a return to ornament, and an accumulation of citations and collages borrowed from past styles. It borrowed freely from classical architecture, rococo , neoclassical architecture , the Vienna Secession , the British Arts and Crafts movement , the German Jugendstil . Postmodern buildings often combined astonishing new forms and features with seemingly contradictory elements of classicism. James Stirling

16074-500: The time did not flag the PGC Building as being at risk, and subsequent renovations were considered to be of good standard. After earthquake performance standards were changed in the 2000s, Holmes Consulting Group performed a full seismic assessment in 2007 on the structure and deemed it would perform "reasonably well" in a report that was accepted by the Christchurch City Council . Other structural assessments also did not find

16215-467: The time of its collapse, the PGC Building was home to several related companies: PGC, Marac Finance, Perpetual Trust, Leech and Partners, and Marsh Insurance, which operated across different levels. The building had been declared safe to open after four assessments following the 2010 Canterbury earthquake and subsequent aftershocks, but some staff in the building raised concerns after noticing cracks appearing in columns. A Royal Commission report found that

16356-456: The upper floors compared to the ground floor and a lack of ductility in the structure which predated ductile detailing used in modern design. By modern standards, the building would have been illegal to construct in 2011. Both the engineers who assessed the building before its collapse, and the Harcourts property manager, defended their decisions and processes after being scrutinised for putting

16497-562: The use of sculptural forms , ornaments, anthropomorphism and materials which perform trompe-l'œil . These physical characteristics are combined with conceptual characteristics of meaning. These characteristics of meaning include pluralism, double coding , flying buttresses and high ceilings, irony and paradox , and contextualism . The sculptural forms, not necessarily organic , were created with much ardor. These can be seen in Hans Hollein 's Abteiberg Museum (1972–1982). The building

16638-417: The victims at risk. The collapse was determined to have started by the failure of reinforced concrete core walls in the eastern and western area of the building on the first two levels, with the failure of the west section causing catastrophic vertical compression and increased horizontal deflections on the eastern walls. On some floors, the connections between the shear core and the floor slabs failed, causing

16779-491: The visitor to become depressed. Scarpa's cemetery achieves the solemn mood with the dull gray colors of the walls and neatly defined forms, but the bright green grass prevents this from being too overwhelming. Postmodern buildings sometimes utilize trompe-l'œil , creating the illusion of space or depths where none actually exist, as has been done by painters since the Romans . The Portland Building (1980) has pillars represented on

16920-521: The water and sewerage system was severely damaged. The earthquake also caused an increased spring activity in the Avon and Heathcote Rivers . GNS Science stated that the earthquake arose from the rupture of an 8 km x 8 km fault running east-northeast at a depth of 1–2 km beneath the southern edge of the Avon-Heathcote Estuary and dipping southwards at an angle of about 65 degrees from

17061-420: Was "almost impossible" for buildings to survive intact. Liquefaction was significantly greater than that of the 2010 quake, causing the upwelling of more than 200,000 tonnes of silt which needed to be cleared. The increased liquefaction caused significant ground movement, undermining many foundations and destroying infrastructure, damage which "may be the greatest ever recorded anywhere in a modern city". 80% of

17202-445: Was a logical way to achieve larger spans with shorter structural members, but it was nevertheless relatively rare in Modernist buildings. However, postmodernism's own modernist roots appear in some of the noteworthy examples of "reclaimed" roofs. For instance, Robert Venturi's Vanna Venturi House breaks the gable in the middle, denying the functionality of the form, and Philip Johnson's 1001 Fifth Avenue building in Manhattan advertises

17343-459: Was broken into individual structures, with a different structure for every room. His Norton Residence in Venice, California (1983) built for a writer and former lifeguard, had a workroom modeled after a lifeguard tower overlooking the Santa Monica beach. In his early buildings, different parts of the buildings were often different bright colors. In the 1980s he began to receive major commissions, including

17484-473: Was closer to Christchurch, and shallower at 5 kilometres (3 mi) underground, whereas the September quake was measured at 10 kilometres (6 mi) deep. The February earthquake occurred during lunchtime on a weekday when the CBD was busy, and many buildings were already weakened from the previous quakes. The peak ground acceleration (PGA) was extremely high, and simultaneous vertical and horizontal ground movement

17625-471: Was demolished soon after the earthquake in February 2011. The site was purchased by the crown and turned into a park with benches, a lawn, and a commemorative plaque requesting that visitors respect the site. Postmodern architecture Postmodern architecture emerged in the late 1960s as a reaction against the perceived shortcomings of modern architecture , particularly its rigid doctrines, its uniformity, its lack of ornament, and its habit of ignoring

17766-709: Was demolished. Both Our City and the Civic are on the register of Heritage New Zealand . The Catholic Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament was also severely damaged, with the towers falling. A decision was made to remove the dome because the supporting structure was weakened. Several other churches were seriously damaged, including: Knox Presbyterian Church, St Luke's Anglican Church , Durham Street Methodist Church , St Paul's-Trinity-Pacific Presbyterian Church , Oxford Terrace Baptist Church , Holy Trinity Avonside and Holy Trinity, Lyttelton. Sydenham Heritage Church and

17907-582: Was described as a "catastrophic collapse." It was the second most deadly incident in the earthquake after the CTV Building collapse . Built in the mid-1960s, it was originally used as an office space for the Christchurch Drainage Board. Ownership was transferred to Pyne Gould Corporation in 1997. Over the next decade, the company undertook several projects to renovate the building and also explored options to structurally strengthen it. In 2011 at

18048-542: Was designed largely after he left the project. The influence of the Sydney Opera House, can be seen in later concert halls with soaring roofs made of undulating stainless steel. One of the most influential buildings of the postmodern period was the Berlin Philharmonic , designed by Hans Scharoun (1893–1972) and completed in 1963. The exterior, with its sloping roofs and glided façade, was a distinct break from

18189-474: Was done the following month. The historic Canterbury Provincial Council Buildings were severely damaged, with the Stone Chamber completely collapsing. The second civic office building of Christchurch City Council, Our City , had already been damaged in the September earthquake and was heavily braced following the February event. The Civic , the council's third home, was heavily damaged in February and

18330-700: Was established in the Christchurch Art Gallery , a modern earthquake-resilient building in the centre of the city which had sustained only minor damage. Meanwhile, the Canterbury CDEM Group ECC had relocated to the fully operational University of Canterbury Innovation (UCi3) building to the West of the city, when the Copthorne Hotel adjacent to the Regional Council offices threatened to fall onto

18471-543: Was established on the day of the earthquake as a public exclusion zone in central Christchurch. Both COGIC, French Civil Protection and the American USGS requested the activation of the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters on the behalf of MCDEM New Zealand, thus readily providing satellite imagery for aid and rescue services. Christchurch Police were supplemented by staff and resources from around

18612-460: Was felt as far north as Tauranga and as far south as Invercargill , where the 111 emergency network was rendered out of service. At the Tasman Glacier some 200 kilometres (120 miles) from the epicentre, around 30 million tonnes (33 million ST) of ice tumbled off the glacier into Tasman Lake , hitting tour boats with tsunami waves 3.5 metres (11 ft) high. KiwiRail reported that

18753-535: Was honored with the Connecticut Architecture Foundation's Distinguished Leadership Award. Buildings designed by Pelli during this period are marked by further experimentation with a variety of materials (most prominently stainless steel ) and his evolution of the skyscraper. One Canada Square at Canary Wharf in London (opened in 1991); Plaza Tower in Costa Mesa, California (completed 1991); and

18894-629: Was initially declared by the Mayor of Christchurch, which was superseded when the government declared a state of national emergency , which stayed in force until 30 April 2011. Of the 185 victims, 115 people died in the CTV Building alone, while another 18 died in the collapse of the PGC Building , and eight were killed when masonry fell on Red Bus number 702 in Colombo Street . In each of these cases

19035-577: Was known for his postmodern works in Europe, the Bonnefanten Museum in Maastricht , the Netherlands , completed in 1995. Rossi was the first Italian to win the most prestigious award in architecture, the Pritzker Prize , in 1990. He was noted for combining rigorous and pure forms with evocative and symbolic elements taken from classical architecture. The Spanish architect Ricardo Bofill (born 1939)

19176-536: Was modern but harmonized with the neoclassical architecture in and around Trafalgar Square . The German-born architect Helmut Jahn (1940–2021) constructed the Messeturm skyscraper in Frankfurt, Germany, a skyscraper adorned with the pointed spire of a medieval tower. One of the early postmodernist architects in Europe was James Stirling (1926–1992). He was a first critic of modernist architecture, blaming modernism for

19317-423: Was originally constructed as an administrative office for what was then the Christchurch Drainage Board. After the department was dissolved in 1989, various options were explored for the future of the building, including a sale that fell through in 1993 after a disagreement about who should be liable for a structural analysis. In 1997, Christchurch City Council transferred the property to Pyne Gould Corporation. Over

19458-563: Was selected to be the dean of the Yale School of Architecture in New Haven, Connecticut , and served in that post until 1984. Shortly after Pelli arrived at Yale, he won the commission to design the expansion and renovation of the Museum of Modern Art in New York, which resulted in the establishment of his own firm, Cesar Pelli & Associates. The museum's expansion/renovation and the Museum of Modern Art Residential Tower were completed 1984;

19599-401: Was several times stronger than the building could withstand, and the building was not up to code for new building standards. The visual image of the collapsed PGC Building remains closely linked to the 2011 Christchurch earthquake. As the second most deadly incident in the earthquake, the PGC Building and the memories of the victims are a notable part of anniversary memorials. The PGC building

19740-417: Was subsequently reopened after various reports into the building, including by engineering firm Beca, found it suffered minor damage but did not pose immediate risk. Some of those in the building allegedly raised concern after noticing cracks appearing on columns. During the 2011 Christchurch earthquake the building collapsed in what was later described as a "severe failure" of the structure. A witness claimed

19881-417: Was that postmodernism saw the comeback of columns and other elements of premodern designs, sometimes adapting classical Greek and Roman examples. In Modernism , the traditional column (as a design feature) was treated as a cylindrical pipe form, replaced by other technological means such as cantilevers , or masked completely by curtain wall façades. The revival of the column was an aesthetic , rather than

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