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45-894: PBS Wisconsin (formerly Wisconsin Public Television or WPT ) is a network of non-commercial educational television stations operated primarily by the Wisconsin Educational Communications Board and the University of Wisconsin–Madison . It comprises all of the PBS member stations in the state outside of Milwaukee (which has its own PBS stations ). The state network is available via flagship station WHA-TV in Madison and five full-power satellite stations throughout most of Wisconsin. As of April 5, 2009, all stations have converted to digital-only transmissions. PBS Wisconsin

90-492: A charitable organization or public college . Money can be accepted if there is no on-air mention of the sponsor. NCE stations may also not mention prices or qualities of commercial products or services in any situation which would be construed as promoting or endorsing any company, regardless of whether it sponsors the station. Underwriting spots are brief and to-the-point, as they must not be disruptive to programming. Additionally, underwriting spots on public TV are at

135-421: A deferred live . Such a delay may be to prevent mistakes or unacceptable content from being broadcast. Longer delays lasting several hours can also be introduced so that the material is aired at a later scheduled time (such as the prime time hours) to maximize viewership. Tape delays lasting several hours can also be edited down to remove filler material or to trim a broadcast to the network's desired run time for

180-519: A broadcast slot, but this is not always the case. A short delay is often used to prevent profanity , bloopers , nudity , or other undesirable material from making it to air. In this instance, it is often referred to as a "seven-second delay" or "profanity delay". Longer delays, however, may also be introduced, often to allow a show to air at the same time for the local market as is sometimes done with nationally broadcast programs in countries with multiple time zones . Considered as time shifting , that

225-535: A few examples of this); most of those stations now broadcast as affiliates of commercially owned networks. This is also rare in Mexico, though XEIMT-TV , a cultural channel in Mexico City, and XEWH-TV , the main station of the state network of Sonora, operate under commercial concessions and not permits. A number of new low power FM ( LPFM ) NCE stations operating in the non-reserved part of the spectrum have been licensed by

270-569: A pioneering radio talk show in New York City in 1954, was one of the early users of a tape delay system that was invented by his engineer, Russell Tinklepaugh. Another announcer who was said to use a tape-delay was talk show pioneer Jerry Williams at WMEX in Boston in the late 1950s. In 1977, the capacity of RAM ( random-access memory ) had reached 16  kilobits per chip, enough to think about using computerized digital audio means to create

315-923: A process that would ensure that non-commercial applicants would have a chance against those who could afford to bid at spectrum auctions . Two such stations are WGPB FM in Rome, Georgia and WNGH-FM in Chatsworth, Georgia , former commercial stations purchased in 2007 and 2008 and operated by Georgia Public Broadcasting (GPB), serving the mountains northwest of Atlanta which previously had no GPB radio service. In addition, there were at least four stations with commercial licenses that formerly operated as PBS member stations ( WNYC-TV in New York City , WMHX in Albany, New York , KAUT-TV in Oklahoma City , and KCPQ-TV in Seattle are

360-812: A result, until today, many live programs, such as music and talent competition shows, are usually tape delayed for the western half of the country and aired as-live (although they may include edits to streamline the broadcast or resolve technical faults). Australian network television schedule is largely patterned from the U.S. format. In countries that span multiple time zones and are the most populous in their western or central regions, like Brazil , Russia and Indonesia , all television schedules nationwide are simultaneous with their broadcast sources, enabling full nationwide live telecasts regardless of time zones (although Russia conducts separate live primetime newscast versions for each range of time zones in that country). The continents of Europe and Africa, which both fall in

405-426: A sufficient delay for content deletion. By storing audio digitally, it was possible to move a "virtual tape head" along recorded audio. Eventide, Inc. created the first digital broadcast delay for this purpose. The device (known colloquially as a "dump box") had a large "DUMP"/"DELAY DUMP" button that would bring the delay to zero, thus removing unwanted segments. In addition to this convenience, it would also "rebuild"

450-534: Is also available on most satellite and cable television outlets. WHA-TV, along with Chicago -based WTTW , serve the Rockford, Illinois , television market exclusively through cable and satellite, as Rockford is one of a few television markets in the United States that lacks a PBS station of its own. Until the gradual move of instructional broadcasting to IPTV services, the network, as Wisconsin Public Television,

495-468: Is known as the reserved band , sometimes known by the term "left of the dial" (taken from the Replacements' song of the same name ), which refers to the college and other non-commercial stations that broadcast from those frequencies. It also includes channel 200 (87.9 MHz), but only for class D NCE stations unable to find another frequency; the frequency has been unused for its intended purpose in

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540-469: Is often achieved by a "tape delay", using a video tape recorder , modern digital video recorders , or other similar technology. Tape delay may also refer to the process of broadcasting an event at a later scheduled time because a scheduling conflict prevents a live telecast, or a broadcaster seeks to maximize ratings by airing an event in a certain timeslot. That can also be done because of time constraints of certain portions, usually those that do not affect

585-588: Is one of the oldest educational radio stations in the world. By the time channel 21 signed on, UW had already launched a radio network that evolved into today's Wisconsin Public Radio . However, for most of the time from the 1950s through the 1970s, it was one of only three stations in the state that was a member of National Educational Television (NET) and its successor, PBS. The others were WMVS (channel 10) and WMVT (channel 36) in Milwaukee. The only other areas of

630-811: The Academy Awards , Golden Globe Awards , Grammy Awards , Emmy Awards and Tony Awards , yearly specials like the Miss Universe and Miss World pageants, and major sporting events like the Olympic Games , FIFA World Cup and the National Football League 's Super Bowl , air to totality live on both television and the internet virtually all across the world's time zones in and out of their countries of origin. In addition, television networks nowadays mandate prime time rebroadcasts (featuring edits as desired by broadcasters) for regions that are not covered by

675-571: The American Archive of Public Broadcasting to preserve digitized items in the WPT collection. On November 4, 2019, Wisconsin Public Television was renamed PBS Wisconsin, aligning itself with the new national PBS brand identity unveiled the same day. There are six full-power stations in the state network, each located in major cities throughout the state, and all are broadcast on the UHF band. On April 5, 2009,

720-756: The Sydney Olympics in 2000 and the Beijing Olympics in 2008, daytime events were occurring at early morning hours in the Americas, Africa, and Europe but were aired in the afternoon and evening hours live entirely in Asia, Australia, and Oceania. That made some broadcasters show high-profile events twice (live and then rebroadcast during prime time), but others withheld the same event to be broadcast solely during prime time. Often, tape-delaying of those events would mean editing them down for time considerations, highlighting what

765-515: The FCC since the Local Community Radio Act was enacted in 2010. The FCC defines several different activities as being commercial in nature. Sponsorship of NCE stations is called underwriting , and stations may make announcements of these grants on-air. However, they may not accept money for such mentions, only goods and services , unless the sponsor itself is a non-profit , such as

810-422: The FCC's spectrum repacking, but both stations continue to use their virtual channel mappings. All transmitters broadcast the same four digital subchannels . A translator network also serves portions of the state where over-the-air reception for a full-power station is hindered by area topography (or in the case of Door County , distance from Green Bay), and to fill in holes between full-power stations. All of

855-781: The Green Bay and Milwaukee markets. In 1971, the state legislature created the Wisconsin Educational Communications Board, activating five stations as semi-satellites of WHA-TV during the 1970s; the network launched using new studio facilities located within Vilas Hall on the UW–Madison campus, along with WHA-TV and WHA radio. The first was WPNE-TV in Green Bay in 1972, ending KFIZ-TV's part-time affiliation with WHA (and hastening its demise only two months after WPNE went on

900-408: The U.S. NCE band as noncommercial or with limited advertising based on each individual licence, but there are exceptions, such as CIXL , a fully commercial station that operates on 91.7.) NCE stations may also operate on a non-reserved channel. However this was rare in the United States due to the high cost of buying a commercial broadcasting station, and because for years the FCC failed to maintain

945-791: The United States since KSFH shut down in 2021. Many of the reserved-band channels are used by stations bordering the United States, such as with broadcasting in the San Diego/Tijuana metropolitan area . Additionally, neither the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission nor Mexico's Federal Telecommunications Institute have such a reserved band. (In Mexico, individual stations belonging to state and federal governments, educational institutions, and non-profit groups are licensed under permits or permisos , which are non-commercial, non-profit licenses that do not permit advertising. Canada, in practice, generally keeps most of

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990-684: The air on May 3, 1954, as the first educational station in Wisconsin and the seventh in the United States. WHA-TV is the only public television station in the country that maintains a three-letter callsign , and one of only three analog-era UHF stations altogether (along with WHP-TV in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania , and WWJ-TV in Detroit ) with a three-letter callsign. Wisconsin was a relative latecomer to educational television, despite its earlier leading role in educational radio. Channel 21's radio sister, WHA-AM ,

1035-611: The air). This was followed by WHWC-TV in Menomonie and WHLA-TV in La Crosse in 1973; WHRM-TV in Wausau in 1975 and WLEF in Park Falls in 1977, most taking call signs that originated from their co-owned radio counterparts. Originally, programming origination was split between WHA-TV and WPNE-TV. The stations adopted the on-air name of "Wisconsin Public Television" in 1986, and by then WHA-TV had become

1080-448: The auxiliary service within the allowable bit rate . NCE digital television (DTV) stations do not pay the FCC a percentage of their revenue from these leases as commercial DTV stations do. No such datacasting fee is levied on any analog or FM/AM station, whether commercial or NCE. Tape-delayed In radio and television , broadcast delay is an intentional delay when broadcasting live material, technically referred to as

1125-729: The beginning or end of the TV show rather than in the middle, as they have increasingly become on commercial stations. Retransmission consent has often been chosen over must-carry by the major commercial television networks. Under the present rules, a new agreement is negotiated every three years, and stations must choose must-carry or retransmission consent for each cable system they wish their signal to be carried on. Non-commercial stations (such as local PBS stations) may not seek retransmission consent and may only invoke must-carry status. Like commercial stations, NCE stations are allowed to lease subcarriers in exchange for money , essentially making

1170-472: The broadcaster feels are the most interesting portions of the event, or advertising, resulting in reduced desired TV coverage for the given multiple sporting events. However, since many live events became available via social media in the late 2000s, tape delays have become increasingly irrelevant because of live television 's resurgence as a broadcast format. Since the mid-2010s, several high-profile entertainment programs with huge live global audiences like

1215-480: The broadcaster time to censor the audio (and video) feed. This can be accomplished by cutting directly to a non-delayed feed, essentially jumping past the undesired moment (something that can be quite jarring to a viewer or listener). In other cases, dedicated hardware units similar to the original digital unit but with improved quality and editing capability can be used. These products can even "build up" delay with difficult program material such as music. Alternatively,

1260-426: The delay time by unnoticeably lengthening the normal pauses in spoken material. Thus, a minute or so later, the broadcaster would again have full delay, often leaving the listener unaware that material had been deleted. In modern systems, a profanity delay can be a software module manually operated by a broadcast technician that puts a short delay (usually, 30 seconds) into the broadcast of live content. This gives

1305-467: The listed translators are owned by the WECB, and flash-cut from analog to digital in the first two weeks of November 2008, including adding the subchannel services. Each translator has its virtual channel mapped to the channel number of the closest full-power station to the translator. PBS Wisconsin's public affairs programming is carried by WMVS in Milwaukee, including Here and Now , while Duluth's WDSE airs

1350-458: The original live primetime broadcasting and previously and solely relied on delayed telecasts on prime time among these otherwise live events. In certain professional competitions, like chess, broadcast delays may be used to prevent cheating or other irregularities. The radio station WKAP in Allentown, Pennsylvania , introduced a tape delay system consisting of an external playback head, which

1395-432: The outcome of the show, are edited out, or the availability of hosts or other key production staff only at certain times of the day, and it is generally applicable for cable television programs. In countries that span multiple time zones and have influential domestic eastern regions, such as Australia , Canada, Mexico, and the United States , television networks usually delay the entirety of their schedule for stations in

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1440-430: The same range of time zones, are receptive to each other's live telecasts, while most of Asia from India eastwards, which includes China alongside the most populous time zone in the world , also receive simultaneous live telecasts within those cluster of regions. International tape delays of live global events, intended by major television networks, dominated world television until the early 2010s. For example, during

1485-748: The shows in northeast Minnesota and northwest Wisconsin. The two stations also air the state network's live teen issues program Teen Connection quarterly with PBS Wisconsin, along with political debates and other important events originating from the Capitol such as the State of the State address and biennial budget address produced by the state network; in turn some Milwaukee PBS programming (such as Outdoor Wisconsin ) and MPTV-produced debates air on PBS Wisconsin, with programs such as Wisconsin Foodie in turn airing on WMVS. Some of

1530-472: The sole originating station. Transmission and station identification is based out of ECB's Madison facility; all stations still maintain studios at their respective universities but have generally been deprecated with the evolution of public broadcasting and technology. From 1960 to 2007, WHA-TV/WPT aired same-day tape-delayed coverage of some Wisconsin Badgers football and men's basketball home games, which

1575-434: The state network ended analog service for all stations, which map to their former analog channel location; WLEF's analog signal was terminated on February 3, 2009. All digital facilities and channels in the network except for WLEF were designed for pre- and post-transition use. WPNE moved its physical channel from 42 to 25 on July 1, 2018, and WHLA moved its physical channel from 30 to 15 on September 7, 2018, both as part of

1620-542: The state network's tape-delayed sports coverage airs in Milwaukee on WMVT . In March 2021, PBS Wisconsin, by way of WHA-TV, was quietly added to Dish Network 's Duluth–Superior local feed in standard definition . Non-commercial educational On the FM broadcast band , the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has reserved the lowest 20 channels, 201~220 (88.1~91.9 MHz ) for NCE stations only. This

1665-589: The state outside of Milwaukee and Madison that had a clear signal from an NET/PBS member station were the northwest (from Duluth, Minnesota 's WDSE-TV ) and the southwest (from the Twin Cities ' KTCA-TV ). During the late 60s and into the early 70s, commercial station KFIZ-TV in Fond du Lac was contracted by the UW-Madison Board of Regents to simulcast portions of WHA-TV's broadcast day, bringing WHA's programming into

1710-504: The station a common carrier . This may be for a commercial audio , video , or data service, or a non-commercial one like a radio reading service for the blind . NCE stations broadcasting in digital TV or HD Radio may lease part of their bandwidth (actually bitrate ) in a similar manner, however, the commercial use is limited. The main program must always be non-commercial, and must not have its quality diminished excessively by increased lossy compression done in order to fit

1755-399: The time prohibited the broadcasting of a live telephone conversation. However, there was no rule prohibiting a taped playback of a telephone call, provided that a "beep" tone was heard by the caller every 15 seconds so that the caller knew he was being recorded. The six-second delay constituted a "taped" telephone conversation, thus complying with FCC regulations. The broadcast profanity delay

1800-522: The west, so prime time programming can be time shifted to air in local primetime hours to improve accessibility and viewership. Although Mexico and Canada have now regularly televised their live programs in real time simultaneously across all of their territories, in the U.S., "east" feeds usually target the Eastern and Central time zones, while "west" feeds are usually oriented towards the Pacific time zone . As

1845-489: Was invented by C. Frank Cordaro (July 13, 1919 – February 20, 1997), who was Chief Engineer of WKAP during the 1950s and early 1960s. Ogden Davies, then-General Manager of WKAP, assigned Cordaro the task of developing a device whereby profanity during a "live" conversation could be deleted by the radio talk show host before it was broadcast. This new device was to be used on the Open Mic radio talk show. The device Cordaro developed

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1890-546: Was produced in association with UW-Madison's athletic department. This ended in 2007 with the Big Ten Conference 's new media rights deals (including the new Big Ten Network cable channel). The state network offers tape-delayed broadcasts of Badgers men's and women's hockey , women's basketball and volleyball throughout the year over the secondary Wisconsin Channel. In 2018, Wisconsin Public Television collaborated with

1935-414: Was spaced far enough away from the record head to produce a six-second delay. A system of rollers guided the tape over the playback head before it wound up on the take up reel. This system was introduced in 1952, when WKAP started a talk show called Open Mic . It is believed that this was the first time a telephone call-in show was broadcast with the telephone conversation "live" on the air. The FCC rules at

1980-505: Was the first tape delay system. WKAP was one of several stations owned by the Rahal brothers of West Virginia (later Rahal Communications). First tested and used at WKAP, this tape system for broadcast profanity delay was then installed at the other Rahal-owned radio stations. From the Rahal brothers' stations, the broadcast profanity delay went into common usage throughout the US. John Nebel , who began

2025-462: Was the main conduit of educational television , GED preparation and instructional television programming produced by the WECB, which aired through PBS, Annenberg Media , those stations serving portions of Wisconsin without a WPT station, and other educational television distributors. As of October 2014, the WECB now distributes this programming exclusively online, allowing the over-the-air network to carry PBS programming full-time. WHA-TV signed on

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