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138-684: The PBS Satellite Service (also known as the PBS National Program Service , with the primary C-band feed being formerly known as PBS Schedule X in Eastern Time, with the West Coast delay signal designated PBS-XP) consists of feeds relayed from PBS by satellite to public television stations throughout the United States . The service was launched in September 1978. The service provides

276-572: A Secondary Audio Program . David Hobbs later explained more concerning the reasoning for using VideoCipher II. "We are planning to use that technology to install stereo audio capability system-wide, a dream that we have had in public television for 20 years. We are also working on the development of Descriptive Video Services for the blind, and multi-lingual audio tracks for the non-English-speakers in our audience." Utilizing VideoCipher II would also be cheaper for PBS and its stations; VideoCipher II decoders cost an average of $ 500 and could be easily found on

414-504: A West Coast 25,000-square-foot (2,300 m ) production facility, NPR West , which opened in Culver City , Los Angeles County, California , in November 2002. With room for up to 90 employees, it was established to expand its production capabilities, improve its coverage of the western United States , and create a backup production facility capable of keeping NPR on the air in the event of

552-491: A primary entry point for the Emergency Alert System . Its content is also available on-demand online, on mobile networks, and in many cases, as podcasts . Several NPR stations also carry programs from British public broadcaster BBC World Service . The organization's legal name is National Public Radio and its trademarked brand is NPR ; it is known by both names. In June 2010, the organization announced that it

690-403: A religious broadcasting philosophy or be used for classroom distance learning programming. Each member station receives one vote at the annual NPR board meetings—exercised by its designated Authorized Station Representative ("A-Rep"). To oversee the day-to-day operations and prepare its budget, members elect a board of directors. The board was previously composed of ten A-Reps, five members of

828-412: A ticker appeared on HD04 and HD05 alerting that both feeds would shut down on June 1, 2023, at 00:00 UTC (May 31, 2023, 8:00 p.m. ET); the ticker was later updated on May 25, 2023, with a new shutoff date of May 31, 2023, at 23:59:59 p.m. ET (11:59:59 p.m. ET). In the ticker, PBS said that program feeds on HD04 and HD05 would move to two new terrestrial-based feeds, HD64 and HD65; this was part of one of

966-456: A voluntary buyout plan to reduce staff by 10 percent and return NPR to a balanced budget by the 2015 fiscal year . In December 2018, The Washington Post reported that between 20 and 22 percent of NPR staff was classified as temps , while this compares to about five percent of a typical for-profit television station. Some of the temporary staff members told the newspaper the systems were "exploitative", but NPR's president of operations said

1104-475: A "short turnaround," such as A Capitol Fourth , Charlie Rose , and The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer ; other programs besides these, such as children’s programming and other general prerecorded programs, would still be fed via satellite. The NGIS would also revolve heavily revolve around the Internet, allowing public television stations and PBS to contact each other more easily. PBS stated within their report that

1242-588: A Satellite Service Recovery Plan. It took “less than 25 minutes” for PBS to switch service to Telstar 402R, preventing a severe disruption to their services. The fourth generation of the interconnection system launched in 1997. In April, an agreement was made with GE Americom for PBS to purchase transponder space on GE-3 , a satellite at orbital position 87W that launched on August 9, 1996. PBS moved to GE-3 in October 1997. The use of this satellite caused some trouble for areas outside too contiguous U.S., such as Alaska and

1380-519: A catastrophe in Washington, D.C. In November 2003, NPR received $ 235 million from the estate of the late Joan B. Kroc , the widow of Ray Kroc , founder of McDonald's Corporation . This was the largest monetary gift ever to a cultural institution. In 2004, the Kroc gift increased NPR's budget by over 50% to $ 153 million. Of the money, $ 34 million was deposited in its endowment . The endowment fund before

1518-498: A different "Schedule," namely 'Schedule A,' 'Schedule B,' 'Schedule C,' and 'Schedule D'. Another feed, Schedule E, launched in 1988. Also starting around 1988, PBS would begin displaying an on-screen schedule on their feeds; this was in response to confusion and concerns from home dish users concerning schedule availability. PBS would later drop this practice starting around 1996. On August 15, 1994, to coincide with an ongoing transition to digital, PBS launched nine new services to replace

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1656-514: A feed of DW's Euromaxx on Tuesdays and a feed of White House Chronicle on Fridays. Other weekly feeds included a feed of Florida Crossroads on Monday and Capitol Update on Fridays and Saturdays (originating from WFSU ), as well as two back-to-back feeds of Market to Market (originating from Iowa PBS ). HD05 did serve as the feed reserved for live political events covered by the PBS NewsHour . These broadcasts were originally fed on SD05 until

1794-530: A few other PBS stations, can be received unscrambled using a free-to-air satellite receiver set to these coordinates: PBS affiliate KETA , part of the Oklahoma Educational Television Authority (OETA), was also available on AMC-21 until June 2016. Their removal from satellite coincided with the completion of their transition to fiber distribution. PBS transitioned to a fiber-based interconnection system known as sIX, otherwise known as

1932-506: A later date. This is part of a new phase on the sIX rollout known as Phase F2, which is currently ongoing. It is not known whether PBS will decommission the satellite feeds once Phase F2 is complete. For now, stations record programs from both the satellite and terrestrial feeds. The channels currently available via Ku-band satellite on Galaxy 16 at 99°W are listed below (Lyngsat). Discontinued Feeds: Throughout much of their history on satellite, PBS utilized four transponders corresponding to

2070-426: A later statement, he reaffirmed this point again by saying, "At the outset, I would like to say once again that PBS has no plans to encrypt its regular program transmissions." In April 1988, PBS began encoding programs with VideoCipher II. The feeds were usually broadcast in a "fixed key" mode (usually 0000), which allowed anyone with a VideoCipher II receiver to be able to receive these feeds. PBS, however, would encrypt

2208-406: A memo that NPR needed to reduce spending by $ 10 million during the current fiscal year due to a drop in revenue from sponsors. The amount is approximately three percent of the organization's annual budget. In February 2023, Lansing announced in a memo that the network would be laying off approximately 10 percent of the workforce due to reduced advertising revenue. He said the annual operating budget

2346-455: A mixed variety of programming selected from PBS's regular network services. In the X/XP years a satellite feed was multicast by some PBS member stations on an over-the-air DTV subchannel along with their regular programming, or during overnight hours on their main channel to provide a second opportunity for viewers to watch or record primetime programming. PBS currently utilizes one transponder on

2484-650: A monthly schedule of programs upon request. In 1987, PBS, along with the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB), approached Congress with a request upgrade the interconnection system. On March 15, 1988, Bruce L. Christensen, the President of PBS at the time, appeared before a Senate committee to discuss the proposed Public Telecommunications Act of 1988. "The satellite currently used by public television (Westar 4) will run out of fuel by mid-1991, which means that public television must find new satellite capacity," he said in

2622-649: A more efficient approach to storing and managing content, as well as the possibility for a "joint master control" operations. CPB expected this system to be completed and operational by May 2018. The CPB tasked Vigor Systems, Inc. with developing and deploying the new interconnection system. According to Vigor, this interconnection system is known as sIX ("six"), the official meaning being " S ervice I nterconnection." Testing of sIX commenced in March 2018. With initial tests proving successful, PBS discontinued their NRT (non-real-time) file-based transponder on AMC-21, created as part of

2760-543: A new system that could fully support digital television. One other reason for the upgrade involved "[leveraging] new technologies to enhance efficiency and service to stations." PBS warned that the NGIS must be operational by October 4, 2016, otherwise, "PTV will be unable to function in its current form." One important aspect of the NGIS was that it would allow PBS to distribute programs in non-real time (NRT) by sending programs as digital video files to public television station by using

2898-498: A product or "promote the goods and services" of for-profit entities. These restrictions apply only to radio broadcasts and not NPR's other digital platforms. When questioned on the subject of how corporate underwriting revenues and foundation grants were holding up during the recession, in a speech broadcast on C-SPAN before the National Press Club on March 2, 2009, then president and CEO Vivian Schiller stated: "underwriting

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3036-864: A row) during the months of June and July. In addition to PBS programs produced for the ALS, programs from Annenberg/CPB were also fed on this feed. The ALS was discontinued in September 2005. In December 2008, with the transition to HD, PBS launched new feeds that would phase out and consolidate some of their existing SD feeds. SD01-SD04 launched on December 9, 2008, HD04 and SD05-SD07 launched on December 10, 2008, and HD01-HD03 launched on December 21, 2008, all launching at 6:00 a.m Eastern. Programming on HD04 began on December 21, 2008. Programming on SD01 began on February 11, 2009. SD01, SD03, SD05, SD06, and SD07 are now defunct. DT2A and DT3A were discontinued on December 21, 2008, at 6:00 a.m. Schedules 500 (PBS-X), 501–504, and 540 (PBS-XP) were discontinued on February 11, 2009. SD01

3174-400: A satellite at orbital position 123.5°W, would be designated as a backup in case of a failure of Westar 1. In 1982, Westar 4 replaced Westar 1 in the same orbital position; PBS transferred their feeds to this new satellite. One primary advantage of Westar 4 was that it contained 24 transponders, compared to Westar 1’s 12 transponders. To communicate with stations, PBS launched a service called

3312-535: A satellite that launched to orbital position 89°W on September 24, 1995, would serve as a backup. In 1994, with the launch of the Ku-Band feeds, PBS began testing DigiCipher I , the digital equivalent to VideoCipher. Initial tests proved to be successful, leading PBS to adopt DigiCipher I for all their services in August 1994. PBS had wanted to use the newest version of DigiCipher, known as DigiCipher II , but due to "delays in

3450-524: A slate displaying the name (e.g. Schedule HD03) and the time & date (both Eastern and Pacific time are shown). HD03 is uplinked from the PBS NOC 24/7 and was the sole feed for PBS programs before the transition to sIX. This feed was also the primary feed for a majority of programs from APT until July 2021, when all APT programs moved to sIX. This feed mostly included soft feeds, pre-feeds, and until January 2020, promo reels (which have moved to PBS Source, which

3588-499: A statement. "Faced with a failing satellite and deteriorating ground facilities, public television must acquire a new satellite distribution system if it is to continue its present services, let alone provide new opportunities for all Americans, in the future." The proposal, "authorizes an additional $ 200 million to be used over a three year period to replace the satellite interconnection system." The Public Telecommunications Act of 1988 became law on November 7, 1988, guarantee funding for

3726-402: A statement. In Diane’s statement, she echoed the sentiment felt by home-dish viewers at the time by expressing her worry about PBS potentially encrypting their signals. "PBS… [does] not have a right to scramble our public airwaves," she said in her statement. In a written statement, she said that using a satellite dish was the only way for her to receive television broadcasts because not only would

3864-504: A television antenna not receive a signal, but the local cable company was not willing to travel such a long distance to establish service. "If a satellite dish is the only way a person can receive that signal, then he/she should be allowed access," she said in her written statement. She continued, "There are the farmers, the elderly, the physically challenged, and millions of rural Americans who, for one reason or another, live in remote and isolated areas of this vast country. For them, television

4002-475: A temporary solution. In 1989, an agreement was reached with AT&T for PBS to purchase transponder space on a new satellite named Telstar 401 , which wouldn’t launch until 1993. Six Ku-band transponders were purchased, but one C-band transponder was purchased; this C-band transponder was purchased to fulfill the "clear feed" requirement in the Public Telecommunication Act of 1988. This C-band feed

4140-437: A terrestrial Internet-based network. PBS said that the "vast majority" of programming would be sent via NRT distribution, a move away from the tape-based interconnection system currently in use. Files would be stored on "cache servers" at each public television station. Even with NRT program distribution, PBS was still committed to satellite distribution, but mainly reserved satellite distribution for live or near-live programs with

4278-422: A test pattern for the whole day, though SD05 would occasionally show live feeds of major political events, such as confirmation hearings for new Supreme Court justices and, more recently, the entirety of the first and second impeachment trials of former President Donald Trump . SD05 (and sometimes SD06) was also used for host teleconferences from APT. When no program is being fed, the channels would broadcast

PBS Satellite Service - Misplaced Pages Continue

4416-531: A three-hour delay of HD01, serving as the PBS West feed. Like HD01, primetime feeds from Schedule 502 would move here, but only the “PTZ” (Pacific Time Zone) feeds. Schedule 540 feeds (PBS-XP) moved to HD02. HD03 would become the main service used by PBS to distribute HD content to stations. This service would carry content such as “soft feeds,” promo reels (from PBS and APT), pledge feeds, preview feeds, and other distributor content, such as content from APT. HD04 would be

4554-588: Is a completely closed system used to deliver subscription programming to small satellite dishes that are connected with proprietary receiving equipment. The satellite communications portion of the C band is highly associated with television receive-only satellite reception systems, commonly called "big dish" systems, since small receiving antennas are not optimal for C band. Typical antenna sizes on C-band-capable systems range from 6 to 12 feet (1.8 to 3.5 meters) on consumer satellite dishes, although larger ones also can be used. For satellite communications,

4692-735: Is almost exactly average in terms of the sex of listeners (49% male, 51% female). NPR listeners have higher incomes than average (the 2012 Pew study showed that 43% earn over $ 75,000, 27% earn between $ 30,000 and $ 75,000). A 2012 Pew Research Center survey found that the NPR audience leans Democratic (17% Republican , 37% independent , 43% Democratic) and politically moderate (21% conservative, 39% moderate, 36% liberal). A late 2019 survey, also by Pew, found that NPR's audience overwhelmingly leaned Democratic. 87% of those surveyed identified as Democrats, or leaning Democratic, and 12% were Republicans. A Harris telephone survey conducted in 2005 found that NPR

4830-707: Is an American public broadcasting organization headquartered in Washington, D.C. , with its NPR West headquarters in Culver City, California . It serves as a national syndicator to a network of more than 1,000 public radio stations in the United States. It differs from other non-profit membership media organizations, such as the Associated Press , in that it was established by an act of Congress. Funding for NPR comes from dues and fees paid by member stations, underwriting from corporate sponsors, and annual grants from

4968-478: Is approximately $ 300 million, and the gap will likely be between $ 30 and $ 32 million. In January 2024, NPR's board named former Wikimedia Foundation CEO Katherine Maher its new CEO, effective late March. NPR is a membership organization. Member stations are required to be non-commercial or non-commercial educational radio stations; have at least five full-time professional employees; operate for at least 18 hours per day; and not be designed solely to further

5106-539: Is cloud-based, using mainly the public internet and an ecosystem of centralized master control service providers". The selected model would primarily utilize "a terrestrial fiber-based network," with satellite being used as a back-up. This system would decrease the number of transponders used by PBS from three to one. As part of this plan, PBS would switch their primary feeds back to the C-band spectrum beginning in March 2016; however, this transition never occurred. The primary plan

5244-441: Is down from its 2017 high of 37.7 million, but still well above its total of 20.9 million in 2008. According to 2015 figures, 87% of the NPR terrestrial public radio audience and 67% of the NPR podcast audience is white. According to the 2012 Pew Research Center 2012 News Consumption Survey, NPR listeners tend to be highly educated, with 54% of regular listeners being college graduates and 21% having some college. NPR's audience

5382-541: Is down, it's down for everybody; this is the area that is most down for us, in sponsorship, underwriting, advertising, call it whatever you want; just like it is for all of media." Hosts of the NPR program Planet Money stated the audience is indeed a product being sold to advertisers in the same way as commercial stations, saying: "they are not advertisers exactly but, they have a lot of the same characteristics; let's just say that." According to NPR's 2022 data, 30.7 million listeners tuned into its programs each week. This

5520-483: Is measured by Nielsen in both Diary and PPM (people meter) markets. NPR stations are frequently not included in "summary level" diary data used by most advertising agencies for media planning. Data on NPR listening can be accessed using "respondent level" diary data. Additionally, all radio stations (public and commercial) are treated equally within the PPM data sets making NPR station listenership data much more widely available to

5658-472: Is reserved exclusively for radar altimeter installed on board aircraft and for the associated transponders on the ground. In February 2020, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission adopted rules for the C ;band at 3.7–4.2 GHz that allocated the lower 280 megahertz of the band, at 3.7–3.98 GHz, for terrestrial wireless use. Existing satellite operators will have to repack their operations into

PBS Satellite Service - Misplaced Pages Continue

5796-489: Is their window. Should these people be denied their First Amendment rights just because they do not live in urban or suburban areas where a television signal is received over a standard VHF antenna?" According to PBS during the July 1987 hearing, VideoCipher II would not be used for general encryption purposes, but rather more efficient stereo audio and the opportunity to add other audio services, such as Descriptive Video Service or

5934-408: Is where promos and other promotional material are hosted). Daily feeds on HD03 include East and West feeds of PBS NewsHour (including two feeds of PBS NewsHour Weekend during the weekend) and one feed of Amanpour & Company every weekday. The service is also used to feed repackaged versions (usually versions with synchronized captions and "Previously Recorded" logos) of live programs such as

6072-461: Is where stations are alerted to new program offers from PBS and other distributors, any schedule changes, or program availability changes. During this time, PBS did not utilize any type of encryption on their feeds. However, beginning in mid-1987, PBS began to explore the possibility of encoding their feeds with VideoCipher II . With PBS planning to encode their feeds with VideoCipher II, home-dish viewers of PBS’s feeds began to voice concerns that PBS

6210-460: The PBS NewsHour ; PBS will also continue to lease transponder space in the event their sIX system suddenly fails or experiences an outage. According to KNME (New Mexico PBS), "99% of Public Television Stations have successfully implemented sIX functionality". As the transition to sIX has progressed, PBS began to shut down some of their NPS satellite distribution feeds. The first feed to shut down

6348-550: The Association of Public Radio Stations . Morning Edition premiered on November 5, 1979, first hosted by Bob Edwards . NPR suffered an almost fatal setback in 1983 when efforts to expand services created a deficit of nearly $ 7 million (equivalent to $ 19 million in 2022 dollars). After a Congressional investigation and the resignation of NPR's then-president Frank Mankiewicz , the Corporation for Public Broadcasting agreed to lend

6486-411: The D ial A ccess C ommunications S ystem (DACS). DACS, considered a form of "electronic mail," allowed PBS and its stations to communicate with each other about private matters. On July 21, 1995, a new communications system, known as PBS Express, launched. PBS Express launched alongside DACS, which would be discontinued in 1996. Stations now communicate private matters via myPBS, launched in 2013, which

6624-589: The DVB-S2 MPEG-4 codec, which they currently use. In June 2015, the CPB began to consider options for the sixth generation of PBS’s interconnection system, known at the time as "v6". To help consider their options, they commissioned the help of Cognizant Technology Solutions to come up with a new cost-effective solution to improve the Public Television Interconnection System. A report discussing

6762-518: The FCC regarding their plans to create a satellite-based interconnection network. Implementation of this project began in mid-1977. PBS launched their satellite interconnection system on March 1, 1978. This was their second-generation interconnection system. At the time, only 24 stations, all located in the southeastern portion of the U.S., were able to receive the satellite feeds. Throughout 1978, satellite dishes were installed at each public television station in

6900-461: The N ext G eneration I nterconnection S ystem (NGIS). PBS and the CPB expected the upgrade to cost $ 177 million. PBS had three reasons for upgrading the interconnection system, one of these being that their satellite contracts were scheduled to end on October 4, 2006. The current fourth generation interconnection system would be 15 years old in 2006; PBS said that this system "has run its course" and needed to be upgraded. Adding on to this, PBS wanted

7038-502: The National Memorial Day Concert and A Capitol Fourth . C band (IEEE) The C band contains the 5.725 - 5.875 GHz ISM band allowing unlicensed use by low power devices, such as garage door openers , wireless doorbells , and baby monitors . A very large use is by the high frequency (5.2 GHz) band of Wi-Fi ( IEEE 802.11a ) wireless computer networks. These are the most widely used computer networks in

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7176-549: The Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 . This act was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson , and established the Corporation for Public Broadcasting , which also created the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) for television in addition to NPR. A CPB organizing committee under John Witherspoon first created a board of directors chaired by Bernard Mayes . The board then hired Donald Quayle to be

7314-453: The Spacenet 1 satellite, owned by GTE , at orbital position 120°W. This move occurred on January 3, 1991. This began the third generation of PBS’s interconnection system. The system was guaranteed to last at least 15 years, until 2006. PBS later moved their feeds to a new satellite, Spacenet 4 , at orbital position 101°W, on July 18, 1992. The move to Spacenet 1 and, later, Spacenet 4 was only

7452-578: The TED Radio Hour routinely made the iTunes Top Podcasts list. Ken Stern became chief executive in September 2006, reportedly as the "hand-picked successor" of CEO Kevin Klose, who gave up the job but remained as NPR's president; Stern had worked with Klose at Radio Free Europe . On December 10, 2008, NPR announced that it would reduce its workforce by 7% and cancel the news programs Day to Day and News & Notes . The organization indicated this

7590-508: The same polarization are always 40 MHz apart. Of this 40 MHz, each transponder utilizes about 36 MHz. The unused 4.0 MHz between the pairs of transponders act as guard bands for the likely case of imperfections in the microwave electronics . One use of the C band is for satellite communication, whether for full-time satellite television networks or raw satellite feeds, although subscription programming also exists. This use contrasts with direct-broadcast satellite , which

7728-505: The 1970s and early 1980s, the majority of NPR funding came from the federal government. Steps were taken during the Reagan administration in the 1980s to completely wean NPR from government support, but the 1983 funding crisis forced the network to make immediate changes. According to CPB , in 2009 11.3% of the aggregate revenues of all public radio broadcasting stations were funded from federal sources, principally through CPB; in 2012 10.9% of

7866-573: The C-Band Alliance (CBA) was established in September 2018 by the four satellite operators— Intelsat , SES , Eutelsat and Telesat —that provide the majority of C-band satellite services in the US, including media distribution reaching 100 million US households. The consortium made a proposal to the FCC to act as a facilitator for the clearing and repurposing of a 200 MHz portion of C-band spectrum to accelerate

8004-514: The C-Band Alliance was dead. Among other claims, Intelsat argued that it was obvious that the FCC was already treating each satellite operator individually and that it therefore made business sense for each company to respond to the FCC from its own commercial perspective. One of the major members of the C-Band Alliance, Intelsat, filed for bankruptcy on 14 May 2020, just before the new 5G spectrum auctions were to take place, with over US$ 15 billion in total debt. Public information showed that

8142-458: The Caribbean islands, because these areas were outside the satellite’s footprint. To remedy this, PBS purchase one C-band transponder on another GE satellite, GE-1 , which was at orbital position 131°W. There were not many major changes between the third and fourth generation interconnection systems. In 2004, PBS published a proposal for the fifth generation of their interconnection system, known as

8280-573: The Central Educational Network (CEN); the Eastern Educational Television Network (EEN), which is now known as American Public Television (APT); and Midwestern Educational Television (MET). This system made use of a "round-robin" method when distributing programming; this meant that, "a number of stations on the loop can originate to all other stations in the system." The system, however, had its limits. One problem

8418-681: The Galaxy 16 satellite, transponder 22. This is a MCPC (multiple channel per carrier) which currently has seven channels uplinked from the PBS NOC ( Network Operations Center ) in Alexandria, Virginia. Currently, select stations broadcast the feed, usually overnight, like KGTF (PBS Guam, broadcasts most of the channel as a localised feed). The channel is also available over satellite providers like DirecTV (Channel 389). PBS provides all of their channels free to TV providers who do not receive local member stations. As of 2023, PBS's satellite feeds, as well as

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8556-709: The NGIS interconnection system, sometime in Q4 2018. The goal was to move all linear-fed content to sIX in the near future. The rollout of sIX is occurring in several phases. Phase 1 involved phasing out the NRT file-based Ku-band transponder. Phase 2 began in 2020 and is currently ongoing, which according to a May 2021 report from the CPB, "considers future options for the delivery of linear and live content." The report says that later stages will be "defined as business and technology needs evolve." PBS has expressed that they will continue to lease transponder space for live and near-live programs, such as

8694-510: The NGIS would lead to "increased efficiency" of the distribution or programs. According to PBS, "smaller, financially strained, rural market" stations would air a program as it was being fed via satellite; this was done to save costs. This method led to many "redundant national program feeds," with PBS saying that one program would be fed "as many as five times or more" in a single day. Some of these refeeds would also occur due to weather interfering with satellite reception or due to problems recording

8832-563: The NPR Foundation Chair, and the NPR President & CEO. Terms are for three years and are staggered such that some stand for election every year. As of January 2024 , the board of directors of NPR included the following members: The original purposes of NPR, as ratified by the board of directors, are the following: The Public Editor responds to significant listener queries, comments and criticisms. The position reports to

8970-744: The Spotify Audience Network platform within NPR programming, when NPR has empty slots available they otherwise were unable to sell to other advertisers directly. In contrast with commercial broadcasting , NPR's radio broadcasts do not carry traditional commercials, but has advertising in the form of brief statements from major sponsors which may include corporate slogans , descriptions of products and services, and contact information such as website addresses and telephone numbers . These statements are called underwriting spots and, unlike commercials, are governed by specific FCC restrictions in addition to truth in advertising laws; they cannot advocate

9108-585: The adoption of MPEG-2 ," PBS said that they wouldn’t be able to utilize DigiCipher II until  "late 1995". Sometime in early 1996, PBS made the switch to DigiCipher II and, in the process, converted their services from analog to digital. On January 11, 1997, at 6:15 a.m., Telstar 401 suffered a failure due to a coronal mass ejection. AT&T tried to re-establish contact with the satellite, but all attempts failed. To restore service, PBS temporarily moved their feeds to Telstar 402R (later Telstar 4). To prevent noticeable interruption to their service, PBS carried out

9246-564: The afternoon All Things Considered , both carried by most NPR member stations, and among the most popular radio programs in the country. As of March 2018, the drive-time programs attract an audience of 14.9 million and 14.7 million per week, respectively. NPR manages the Public Radio Satellite System , which distributes its programs and other programming from independent producers and networks such as American Public Media and Public Radio Exchange , and which also acts as

9384-444: The air . The C band also includes the 5.8 GHz ISM band between 5.725 and 5.875 GHz, which is used for medical and industrial heating applications and many unlicensed short-range microwave communication systems, such as cordless phones , baby monitors , and keyless entry systems for vehicles. The C-band frequencies of 5.4 GHz band [5.15 to 5.35 GHz, 5.47 to 5.725 GHz, or 5.725 to 5.875 GHz, depending on

9522-1102: The auction. In December 2021, Boeing and Airbus called on the US government to delay the rollout of new 5G phone service that uses C band due to concern of the interference with some sensitive aircraft instruments, especially radio altimeters operating at 4.2–4.4 GHz. On January 18, 2022, Verizon and AT&T announced that they would delay their C-band 5G rollout near airports in response to those concerns. ELF 3 Hz/100 Mm 30 Hz/10 Mm SLF 30 Hz/10 Mm 300 Hz/1 Mm ULF 300 Hz/1 Mm 3 kHz/100 km VLF 3 kHz/100 km 30 kHz/10 km LF 30 kHz/10 km 300 kHz/1 km MF 300 kHz/1 km 3 MHz/100 m HF 3 MHz/100 m 30 MHz/10 m VHF 30 MHz/10 m 300 MHz/1 m UHF 300 MHz/1 m 3 GHz/100 mm SHF 3 GHz/100 mm 30 GHz/10 mm EHF 30 GHz/10 mm 300 GHz/1 mm THF 300 GHz/1 mm 3 THz/0.1 mm NPR National Public Radio ( NPR , stylized as npr )

9660-525: The band of frequencies from 3.7  to 4.2 GHz for their downlinks , and the band of frequencies from 5.925 to 6.425 GHz for their uplinks . Note that by using the band from 3.7  to 4.0 GHz, this C band overlaps somewhat with the IEEE S band for radars. The C-band communication satellites typically have 24 radio transponders spaced 20 MHz apart, but with the adjacent transponders on opposite polarizations such that transponders on

9798-638: The beginning of 2008, PBS launched a new HD feed, DT3A. DT3A was the primary HD softfeed channel that was used to feed HD content to stations, such as HD broadcasts of the PBS NewsHour (then known as The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer ). During its operation, the PBS Adult Learning Service (ALS) fed programming via satellite, offering college telecourses and other adult education programs. When the service launched on August 29, 1981, feeds occurred on Schedule A during weekends. During weekdays from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 a.m. ET, ALS feeds were on Schedule D. During

9936-454: The company had been considering bankruptcy protection from at least as early as February 2020. Slight variations in the assignments of C-band frequencies have been approved for use in various parts of the world, depending on their locations in the three ITU radio regions. Note that one region includes all of Europe and Africa , plus all of Russia ; a second includes all of the Americas, and

10074-485: The corner of North Capitol Street NE and L Street NW—is in the burgeoning NoMa neighborhood of Washington. The first show scheduled to be broadcast from the new studios was Weekend Edition Saturday . Morning Edition was the last show to move to the new location. In June 2013 NPR canceled the weekday call-in show Talk of the Nation . In September 2013, certain of NPR's 840 full- and part-time employees were offered

10212-517: The country. At the end of 1978, all public television stations were now receiving programs via satellite, which ended PBS’s terrestrial-based interconnection system. The interconnection system cost $ 39.5 million to implement and develop. PBS originally utilized three full-time C-band transponders on the Westar 1 satellite, at orbital position 99°W, to deliver programing, but they also leased a fourth "occasional" transponder beginning sometime in 1980. Westar 2,

10350-592: The country. Instead of each program being received by each individual public television station, these programs were fed to "regional networks," which would then redirect these feeds to stations within their network. Examples of these regional networks included the Southern Educational Communications Association (SECA), which is now known as the National Educational Telecommunications Association (NETA);

10488-461: The current system was in place because the station is a "media company that strives to be innovative and nimble." In December 2018, NPR launched a new podcast analytics technology called Remote Audio Data (RAD), which developer Stacey Goers described as a "method for sharing listening metrics from podcast applications straight back to publishers, with extreme care and respect for user privacy." In late November 2022, CEO John Lansing told staffers in

10626-735: The debt. Delano Lewis , the president of C&P Telephone , left that position to become NPR's CEO and president in January 1994. Lewis resigned in August 1998. In November 1998, NPR's board of directors hired Kevin Klose , the director of the International Broadcasting Bureau , as its president and chief executive officer. September 11th attacks made it apparent in a very urgent way that we need another facility that could keep NPR going if something devastating happens in Washington. Jay Kernis, NPR's senior VP for programming NPR spent nearly $ 13 million to acquire and equip

10764-481: The deployment of next generation 5G services, while protecting incumbent users and their content distribution and data networks in the US from potential interference. The C-Band Alliance lobbied for a private sale, but the FCC and some members of Congress wanted an auction . In November 2019, the FCC announced that an auction was planned, which took place in December 2020. Cable operators wanted to be compensated for

10902-482: The digital transition in August 1994, ALS feeds moved to Schedule 7U. The feed times remained unchanged. With the launch of Schedule 503 in 1997, ALS feeds moved to this service. The ALS was most active during academic semesters, mainly during the Fall semester (August–December) and Spring semester (January–May), though there would be occasional “blockfeeds” (multiple episodes of one program, usually more than two episodes, fed in

11040-493: The direction of the organization", including issues NPR's member station managers had had with NPR's expansion into new media "at the expense of serving" the stations that financially support NPR. As of 2009, corporate sponsorship comprised 26% of the NPR budget. In October 2010, NPR accepted a $ 1.8 million grant from the Open Society Institute . The grant is meant to begin a project called Impact of Government that

11178-487: The exception of a few programs on HD05, usually from KNME. APT utilized this service to sometimes feed HD promo reels as well. Daily feeds on HD04 included four feeds of BBC News programming (two feeds of BBC World News , BBC World News Outside Source , and BBC World News America , with BBC World News Today airing weekly on Fridays), and six feeds of NHK Newsline originating from Connecticut Public Television . This feed shut down on May 31, 2023. The final feed

11316-530: The federally funded Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB). In 2009, member stations derived 6% of their revenue from federal, state and local government funding, 10% of their revenue from CPB grants, and 14% of their revenue from universities. NPR receives a small number of competitive grants from CPB and federal agencies like the Department of Education and the Department of Commerce. This funding amounts to less than 1% of revenues. In 2011, NPR announced

11454-620: The feed was shut down on July 21, 2021. This feed shut down on May 31, 2023. The final feed was a 4:30 p.m ET airing of DW's The Day . The newest feed to be launched by PBS was their HD06 feed in October 2016, airing only a test pattern . This feed was reserved for the PBS Kids channel, which launched in January 2017. The PBS Satellite Service is freely and nationally available from the designated Ku-band broadcast satellites using free-to-air satellite dishes as small as 30 inches. Before PBS's transition to their new interconnection system in July 2021,

11592-434: The feeds anytime they aired what they referred to as "private communications," which include teleconferences and previews of programs that they haven't yet received broadcast rights for; all other programs remained unencrypted. The use of VideoCipher II also created confusion among home-dish users who did not have a way to view content encoded with VideoCipher II since, "they have not been able to get reliable information as to

11730-422: The first HD SCPC feed. This service would have minimal content from PBS and would instead distribute content from other distributors, such as NETA, or other regional uplinks. HD04 was utilized for affiliate uplinks and also included programs from the PBS NOC. This feed was the primary feed for NETA programming until July 2021, when all NETA programs moved to sIX. This feed was used solely for affiliate uplinks, with

11868-527: The first president of NPR with 30 employees and 90 charter member local stations, and studios in Washington, D.C. NPR aired its first broadcast on April 20, 1971, covering United States Senate hearings on the ongoing Vietnam War in Southeast Asia . The afternoon drive-time newscast All Things Considered premiered on May 3, 1971, first hosted by Robert Conley . NPR was primarily a production and distribution organization until 1977, when it merged with

12006-440: The former A, B, C, D, and E feeds, namely: 5A0, 5A5, 5B0, 5B5, 5B6, 6, 7L, 7U, and 8. Some of these services, such as Schedule 5A0 and 5A5, shared the same MCPC transponder. PBS utilized four transponders on Telstar 401 during this time, transponders 5-8. Transponder 5 was a digital transponder and was reserved for PBS full-time. Transponders 6-8 were analog and were shared transponders, meaning other educational services would utilize

12144-540: The general public, and the chair of the NPR Foundation. On November 2, 2015, NPR Members approved a change in the NPR Bylaws to expand the board of directors to 23 directors, consisting of 12 Member Directors who are managers of NPR Member stations and are elected to the board by their fellow Member stations, 9 Public Directors who are prominent members of the public selected by the board and confirmed by NPR Member stations,

12282-523: The gift totaled $ 35 million. NPR will use the interest from the bequest to expand its news staff and reduce some member stations' fees. The 2005 budget was about $ 120 million. In August 2005, NPR entered podcasting with a directory of over 170 programs created by NPR and member stations. Users downloaded NPR and other public radio podcasts 5 million times by November of that year. Ten years later, by March 2015, users downloaded podcasts produced only by NPR 94 million times, and NPR podcasts like Fresh Air and

12420-408: The loss of 200 MHz, which would not include a guard band of 20 MHz to prevent interference. By late 2019, the commercial alliance had weakened. Eutelsat formally pulled out of the consortium in September 2019 over internal disagreements. By February 2020, it became even less of a factor in C-band spectrum reallocation as Intelsat pulled out of the alliance and communicated to the FCC that

12558-513: The main HD feed of PBS programming, becoming the PBS East feed. This service incorporated feeds from Schedule 500 (PBS-X), Schedule 501, and Schedule 502. PBS-X feeds that moved to HD01 included the weekend schedule of programs and “late night NPS repeats”. Feeds of kids programming during the weekday on Schedule 501 and primetime “ETZ” (Eastern Time Zone) feeds from Schedule 502 also moved to HD01. HD02 would be

12696-411: The market. He also made clear that PBS’s proposal to use VideoCipher II did not mean eventual encryption. "We at PBS are proud to have worked vigorously since our earliest days to extend public television service to as many Americans as possible. …In keeping with that commitment, PBS has never scrambled any satellite transmission of our program service. We have not done so, and we have no plan to do so." In

12834-423: The media planning community. NPR's signature morning news program, Morning Edition , is the network's most popular program, drawing 14.63 million listeners a week, with its afternoon newsmagazine, All Things Considered , a close second, with 14.6 million listeners a week according to 2017 Nielsen ratings data. Arbitron data is also provided by Radio Research Consortium , a non-profit corporation which subscribes to

12972-422: The microwave frequencies of the C band perform better under adverse weather conditions in comparison with the K u  band (11.2–14.5  GHz ), microwave frequencies used by other communication satellites . Rain fade  – the collective name for the negative effects of adverse weather conditions on transmission – is mostly a consequence of precipitation and moisture in

13110-523: The network money in order to stave off bankruptcy. In exchange, NPR agreed to a new arrangement whereby the annual CPB stipend that it had previously received directly would be divided among local stations instead; in turn, those stations would support NPR productions on a subscription basis. NPR also agreed to turn its satellite service into a cooperative venture (the Public Radio Satellite System ), making it possible for non-NPR shows to get national distribution. It took NPR approximately three years to pay off

13248-475: The new system launched, PBS launched a transponder that would carry IP data via satellite; this would be the feed used for NRT program distribution. PBS also made the switch to DVB-S MPEG-2 when the new system was launched. During planning for the NGIS, PBS considered seven different models for this interconnection system. In 2008, PBS switched to a new satellite, AMC-21 , which would be in orbital position 125W. In October 2012, PBS began encoding their feeds in

13386-477: The phases of the sIX transition, which involved transitioning feeds from HD04 and HD05 to these new feeds. On May 31, 2023, at 11:58:52 p.m. ET, PBS completed the move to Galaxy 16. HD04 and HD05 were decommissioned at the same time. In 2024, PBS started testing new terrestrial feeds as part of their sIX interconnection system. These feeds are the same feeds as the current satellite feeds on Galaxy 16 (HD01, HD02, HD06, Create, and World). HD03 and FNX will be added at

13524-525: The president and CEO John Lansing. In April 2020, Kelly McBride became the Public Editor for NPR. In 2020, NPR released a budget for FY21 anticipating revenue of $ 250 million, a slight decrease from the prior year due to impacts of COVID-19. The budget anticipated $ 240 million in operating expenses, plus additional debt service and capital costs that lead to a cash deficit of approximately $ 4 million. The budget included $ 25 million in budget cuts. During

13662-478: The program to tape. In 2001, PBS distributed nearly 120,000 hours of programming through their interconnection system; according to PBS, "all but 7,000 hours were repeated programming" feeds. By using NRT distribution, these redundant feeds would be greatly reduced. The NGIS would also save be cheaper to operate, with station expected to save between $ 50,000 and $ 250,000 ever year. PBS expected this system to last about 10 years. The NGIS would launch in October 2006. When

13800-449: The proposal. Michael E. Hobbs, the former Vice President of Policy and Planning for PBS, urged congress to remove this section. "We urge you to delete the section that prohibits PBS from scrambling: not because we want to scramble, but because the practical effect of that section would be to freeze public television in the backwater of an obsolescent technology, and deny real benefits to home dish owners and broadcast viewers alike," he said in

13938-403: The proposed model for the sixth generation of the interconnection system was published in November 2015. Included in this report were the results of interviews with twelve public television stations, who were chosen as a representative sample of all public television stations; these stations were asked about their satisfaction with the fifth generation interconnection system, the NGIS (referenced in

14076-459: The publicly funded Corporation for Public Broadcasting . Most of its member stations are owned by non-profit organizations , including public school districts , colleges , and universities . NPR operates independently of any government or corporation, and has full control of its content. NPR produces and distributes both news and cultural programming. The organization's flagship shows are two drive-time news broadcasts: Morning Edition and

14214-446: The ranges 5.830 to 5.850 GHz for down-links and 5.650 to 5.670 GHz for up-links. This is known as the 5-centimeter band by amateurs and the C band by AMSAT . Particle accelerators may be powered by C-band RF sources. The frequencies are then standardized at 5.996 GHz (Europe) or 5.712 GHz (US), which is the second harmonic of S band . Several tokamak fusion reactors use high-power C-band RF sources to sustain

14352-527: The region of the world] are used for Wi-Fi wireless computer networks in the 5 GHz spectrum . The C-Band Alliance was an industry consortium of four large communications satellite operators in 2018–2020. In response to a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking of July 2018 from the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to make the 3.7 to 4.2 GHz spectrum available for next-generation terrestrial fixed and mobile broadband services,

14490-489: The report, and hereafter, as "v5"). Two-thirds of interviewed stations, eight out the chosen twelve, expressed dissatisfaction with the current version of the interconnection system. Overall, according to these stations, the v5 system was able to "effectively" distribute live and near-live content, but as for NRT content, this was where the v5 system failed. NRT program feeds were not "reliable" nor were they "consistent," and because of this, there were "many" stations, according to

14628-433: The report, that did not "fully adopted v5"; two stations that were interviewed "did not use the v5 system at all". Indeed, the delivery of NRT content was the biggest problem with the v5 system, with 90% of stations (based on the representative sample size described earlier) agreeing that receiving NRT content was problematic. With that, Cognizant's recommendation was "that the system adopt a single interconnection system that

14766-562: The revenues for Public Radio came from federal sources. In 2010, NPR revenues totaled $ 180 million, with the bulk of revenues coming from programming fees, grants from foundations or business entities, contributions and sponsorships . According to the 2009 financial statement, about 50% of NPR revenues come from the fees it charges member stations for programming and distribution charges. Typically, NPR member stations receive funds through on-air pledge drives , corporate underwriting, state and local governments, educational institutions, and

14904-413: The roll-out of their own online advertising network , which allows member stations to run geographically targeted advertisement spots from national sponsors that may otherwise be unavailable to their local area, opening additional advertising-related revenue streams to the broadcaster. Center Stage , a mix of native advertising and banner ad featured prominently on the NPR homepage, above-the-fold,

15042-644: The sIX system. In July 2021, programming from the NETA and APT migrated fully to sIX, ending distribution via satellite. Program uplinks from KNME, with the exception of Democracy Now! , also migrated to sIX. However, select programs from APT, such as Consuelo Mack Wealthtrack and GZERO World with Ian Bremmer continue to be fed via satellite on HD03. PBS themselves had also migrated many regular, non-news linear feeds to sIX, including feeds of pledge programs, which were last fed in May 2021. The only content left on their three (at

15180-403: The same satellite. PBS said that as many as 80 educational services would be provided via Telstar 401, allowing libraries, schools, and universities to access a multitude of programming on the same satellite. Telstar 401 launched on December 16, 1993. PBS moved to Telstar 401, at orbital position 97°W, on February 5, 1994, ending primary program distribution to affiliates via C-band. Telstar 402R ,

15318-417: The schedule for PBS's 'clear feeds.'" To combat this, PBS took several steps to accommodate these viewers: publishing schedules in satellite magazines, broadcasting nearly every "clear" program transmission on one transponder, broadcasting a slate showing a program schedule, creating an office to answer viewer questions, broadcasting an audio barker message to explain how to obtain a schedule, and sending viewers

15456-758: The sixth generation of PBS's interconnection system, in July 2021. The original end date for linear program feeds via satellite was slated for 2016, but was later pushed to 2018, and was then pushed again to the beginning of 2021; none of these deadlines were met. PBS's main network feeds are still active as of June 2023; however, only one NPS feed remains, namely HD03. The only programs airing on this feed are news and public affairs programming; all other linear program feeds have moved to sIX; however, there may occasionally be an unannounced feed of program unrelated to news or public affairs, such as Great Performances . Starting in 1971, PBS began distributing programs via microwave relay circuits leased from AT&T Long Lines . This

15594-442: The terrestrial-based system, where quality degrades the farther the signal travels, programs fed via satellite would suffer no loss in quality; each station would receive the same copy of the program. A satellite-based system would also allow for more than one program feed. Before the transition to satellite, PBS utilized what was known as DATE ( D igital A udio for TE levision) to transmit stereo audio; however, according to PBS, it

15732-497: The third region includes all of Asia outside of Russia, plus Australia and New Zealand . This latter region is the most populous one, since it includes China , India , Pakistan , Japan , and Southeast Asia . The Radio Regulations of the International Telecommunication Union allow amateur radio operations in the frequency range 5.650 to 5.925 GHz, and amateur satellite operations are allowed in

15870-415: The three (at the time) 'Schedule' feeds (HD03, HD04, HD05) used to broadcast different programs at various times throughout the day, with weekends and late night hours usually having no feeds. Some program feeds were only temporary and were usually not consistent. PBS would usually feed programs a few days to as long as a few weeks in advance. The former SD05 and SD06 feeds were rarely utilized, usually showing

16008-437: The time) primary NPS HD distribution feeds, HD03, HD04, and HD05, was news and public affairs programming. On July 21, 2021, a few weeks after this transition, PBS decommissioned two more satellite feeds, SD05 and SD06, at 2:56 p.m. ET . On January 20, 2023, PBS's main transponder on AMC-21 (which included HD01-HD03, HD06, SD02, SD04, and SD08) began simulcasting on Galaxy 16, a satellite at orbital position 99°W. On May 3, 2023,

16146-468: The time. Schedule 512 was reserved for regional uplinks and other SD content. Schedule 513 was the primary feed for NETA content and other SD content; this service originated from SC ETV in Columbia, SC, for most of the time. Schedule 505, based on available information, was decommissioned by PBS sometime in 2007. In 2004, PBS launched their DT2A feed. DT2A was the national feed for the then-new PBS HD channel At

16284-446: The toroidal plasma current. Common frequencies include 3.7 GHz ( Joint European Torus , WEST (formerly Tore Supra) ), 4.6 GHz (Alcator C, Alcator C-Mod , EAST , DIII-D ), 5 GHz ( KSTAR , ITER ) and 8 GHz ( Frascati Tokamak Upgrade ). The band 4.2–4.4 GHz is currently allocated to the aeronautical radionavigation service (ARNS) on a primary worldwide basis. RR No. 5.438 notes specifically that this band

16422-503: The transponders for a period during the day; however, PBS had full control over these transponders during weekends. In 1997, PBS would rename their feeds with the prefix "50-" (Schedule 501, 502, etc.). There were five primary NPS feeds, Schedules 501–505, in addition to three SCPC feeds, Schedules 511-513. Schedule 511 was the primary feed for APT content, in addition to other SD content; this service originated from CPTV in Hartford, CT, most of

16560-488: The upgrade of PBS’s interconnection system. This act included a provision stating that PBS must provide a "clear" feed of its programming to home-dish viewers who do not have a decoder. This act also created a committee to research and propose new plans regarding replacement of the satellite used for the interconnection system, known as the Public Television Interconnection Committee. The committee

16698-402: The upper 200 megahertz of the band, from 4.0 to 4.2 GHz, and there is a 20-megahertz guard band at 3.98–4.0 GHz. Licenses to use the 3.7–3.98 GHz band were auctioned in December 2020. Verizon, AT&T and T-Mobile are main winners of the auction . Verizon, AT&T, and T-Mobile spent approximately $ 45 billion, $ 23 billion, and $ 9 billion respectively during

16836-457: The use of telephone lines to deliver programming was "incapable of producing high-fidelity sound," so they started to look for an alternate method of distributing programming. PBS began to inquire about the use of satellite for program distribution dating back to 1971. PBS quickly discovered the benefits satellite distribution would have on their operations. A satellite-based interconnection system would allow improved video and audio quality. Unlike

16974-477: The world, used to allow laptops , smartphones , printers and TVs to connect to the internet through a wireless router in home and small office networks, and access points in hotels, libraries, and coffee shops. The communications C band was the first frequency band that was allocated for commercial telecommunications via satellites. The same frequencies were already in use for terrestrial microwave radio relay chains. Nearly all C-band communication satellites use

17112-508: Was "making a conscious effort to consistently refer to ourselves as NPR on-air and online" because NPR is the common name for the organization and its radio hosts have used the tag line "This ... is NPR" for many years. National Public Radio remains the legal name of the group, however, as it has been since 1970. NPR replaced the National Educational Radio Network on February 26, 1970, following Congressional passage of

17250-619: Was PBS's SD01 feed, shutting down on September 5, 2016. Two years later, as previously mentioned, the NRT file-based transponder was shut down sometime near the end of 2018. On March 4, 2019, PBS's C-Band feed on SES-3 (103°W) was discontinued, leaving PBS with no active C-band transponders for the first time. On November 13, 2019, PBS discontinued their SD07 Ku-band feed on AMC-21, which was uplinked from SCETV in Columbia, South Carolina . The transition to sIX accelerated in March 2021 when APT began to transition select programs off satellite and into

17388-538: Was a new “softfeed” service and would serve as the main service to distribute PBS content produced in SD. Teleconferences and other SD content from other distributors would be on this service. A few services were renamed during this transition. Service 515, Create, was renamed SD02; Service 505, V-me, was renamed SD03; Service 506, World, was renamed SD04. In addition, SD05 would replace Schedule 511, SD06 would replace Schedule 512, and SD07 would replace Schedule 513. HD01 would become

17526-477: Was an 11:00 p.m ET airing of BBC News . In June 2013, PBS launched their HD05 feed. HD05, like HD04, was occasionally uplinked from various sites as well as the PBS NOC. Pledge feeds were likely to be uplinked on this feed as well during pledge seasons until February 2021, when nearly all pledge feeds moved to HD03. Daily feeds on HD05 included two feeds of Democracy Now! (originating from KNME) and two feeds from DW ( DW News and The Day ). Weekly feeds included

17664-505: Was in response to a rapid drop in corporate underwriting in the wake of the economic crisis of 2008 . In the fall of 2008, NPR programming reached a record 27.5 million people weekly, according to Arbitron ratings figures. NPR stations reach 32.7 million listeners overall. In March 2008, the NPR Board announced that Stern would be stepping down from his role as chief executive officer, following conflict with NPR's board of directors "over

17802-456: Was intended to add at least 100 journalists at NPR member radio stations in all 50 states by 2013. The OSI has made previous donations but does not take on-air credit for its gifts. In April 2013, NPR moved from its home of 19 years (635 Massachusetts Avenue NW) to new offices and production facilities at 1111 North Capitol Street NE in a building adapted from the former C&P Telephone Warehouse and Repair Facility . The new headquarters—at

17940-530: Was launched in 2013. The launch partner for Center Stage was Squarespace . In 2014, NPR CEO Jarl Mohn said the network would begin to increase revenue by having brands NPR views as more relevant to the audience underwrite NPR programs and requesting higher rates from them. For the year ended September 30, 2018, total operating revenues were $ 235 million, increasing to almost $ 259 million by September 2019. In 2023, Current reported that NPR partnered with Spotify to run targeted advertisements sold through

18078-406: Was made up of "designated representatives of the public stations". This committee approved a satellite replacement plan in December 1981, with PBS's board endorsing the plan. In this plan, PBS would continue to lease four C-band transponders starting in 1991, with the goal being to convert their satellite operations to Ku-band sometime in 1993 or 1994. In 1991, PBS purchased C-band transponder space on

18216-486: Was never widely adopted due to "high cost".  Decoders for the DATE system cost up to $ 11,000 in the mid-1980s. PBS recommended that a station purchase at least two decoders, one of these acting as a backup unit. By 1987, "less than half of PBS’s member stations" could adequately decode and broadcast DATE audio signals due to these high costs and the lack of available parts. In 1976, PBS, as well as NPR , received approval from

18354-657: Was preparing to encrypt their feeds. One of these viewers was named Diane Friedel Davis, who lived in St. Joe, Arkansas , a rural part of the state; she appeared before a congressional hearing on July 31, 1987, to discuss the recently proposed Satellite TV Fair Marketing Act. This act, as it relates to public broadcasting, stipulated, "No person shall encrypt or continue to encrypt satellite delivered Public Broadcasting Service programming intended for public viewing by retransmission by public broadcast stations." PBS had "serious reservations" about this and requested that this section be removed from

18492-399: Was that video and audio quality would be lessened the farther away a receiving station was due to the distance the program had to travel via the interconnection system. Furthermore, areas outside the contiguous U.S., such as Hawaii, was not "economically feasible," all stations received the same feed, and there was no ability for a second or alternate program feed. In addition, according to PBS,

18630-435: Was the "PBS-X" service. PBS’s primary reason for converting to a Ku-band system was to take advantage of "more advanced technical capabilities available on Ku-band transponders," such as increased transponder bandwidth and an increase in the number of services that could be provided. PBS also wanted to create an “educational neighborhood” on Telstar 401 where other public educational services, including PBS’s services, would be on

18768-489: Was the first generation of PBS’s interconnection system. Prior to this, PBS would distribute programs to stations via "bicycling tapes," meaning that tapes would be shipped between stations through the mail. The interconnection system consisted of nearly 20,000 miles of microwave paths spread across the country. To send programming, PBS would feed these videotaped programs via the AT&;T network of microwave relay circuits throughout

18906-450: Was the most trusted news source in the United States. In 2014, Pew reported that, of adults who had heard of NPR, 55% of those polled trusted it; this was a similar level of listener trust as CNN , NBC , and ABC . NPR stations generally subscribe to the Nielsen rating service , but are not included in published ratings and rankings such as Radio & Records . NPR station listenership

19044-647: Was to transition linear program feeds via satellite, as well as programs fed via the NRT transponder, to the terrestrial-based system. One of the key benefits of the v6 system was that it would allow stations to send content to each other via FTP (File Transfer Protocol), allowing for P2P (peer-to-peer) sharing. By using an FTP client, all stations could easily send content to each other. However, stations could still receive physical media, such as tapes (usually HDCAM ) and disks (usually XDCAM discs) “via courier service”. The v6 system also allowed for cloud-based storage of content instead of local storage, which allowed for

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