The Overland Relief Expedition , also called the Alaska Relief Expedition or Point Barrow-Overland Relief Expedition , was an expedition in the winter of 1897–1898 by officers of the United States Revenue Cutter Service to save the lives of 265 whalers trapped in the Arctic Ocean by ice around their ships near Point Barrow, Alaska .
26-542: Overland Expedition may refer to: Overland Relief Expedition , an 1897-1898 expedition by the United States Revenue Cutter Service to rescue whalers trapped in the Arctic Ocean Oxford and Cambridge Far Eastern Expedition or First Overland, a 1955-1956 journey by six university students from London to Singapore Overland (Italian expedition) ,
52-458: A Royal Navy ship is a post or appointment, rather than a rank. Historically the lieutenants in a ship were ranked in accordance with seniority, with the most senior being termed the first lieutenant and acting as the second-in-command , unless the ship was complemented with a commander . Although lieutenants are no longer ranked by seniority, the post of "first lieutenant" remains. In minor war vessels, destroyers , frigates , and submarines ,
78-571: A command. The primary mission of the division is servicing, cleaning, organizing and inventorying items within a command. The term "first lieutenant" had a dual meaning in the United States Revenue Cutter Service (known until 1894 as the United States Revenue-Marine). The position title of first lieutenant was held by a junior officer who was in charge of deck operations and gunnery. The rank of first lieutenant
104-630: A professional officer of the second class in the reserve and equivalent to first lieutenant. In the British Army and Royal Marines , the rank above second lieutenant is simply lieutenant (pronounced lef-tenant ), with no ordinal attached. Before 1871, when the whole British Army switched to using the current rank of "lieutenant", the Royal Artillery , Royal Engineers and fusilier regiments used "first lieutenant" and "second lieutenant". The first lieutenant (often abbreviated "1st Lt") in
130-410: A series of expeditions and documentaries Overlanding See also [ edit ] Overland Campaign , U.S. Civil War campaign Overland (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Overland Expedition . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to
156-566: A specialty platoon , or assignment as the executive officer for a company -sized unit (70–250 soldiers or marines). In the Air Force, a first lieutenant may be a flight commander or section's officer in charge with varied supervisory responsibilities, including supervision of as many as 100+ personnel, although in a flying unit, a first lieutenant is a rated officer (pilot, navigator, or air battle manager) who has just finished training for his career field and has few supervisory responsibilities. In
182-467: Is just above the rank of second lieutenant and just below the rank of captain . In the Israel Defense Forces , the rank above second lieutenant is simply lieutenant (Segen). The rank of (קצין מקצועי אקדמאי (קמ"א ( katsín miktsoí akademai or "kama"), a professional academic officer (that is, a medical, dental or veterinary officer, a justice officer or a religious officer), is equivalent to
208-537: Is just above the rank of second lieutenant and just below the rank of captain . It is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant (junior grade) in the other uniformed services . Promotion to first lieutenant is governed by Department of Defense policies derived from the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980. DOPMA guidelines suggest all "fully qualified" officers should be promoted to first lieutenant. A second lieutenant ( grade O-1)
234-403: Is sub-divided into a senior (first lieutenant) and junior ( second lieutenant ) rank. In navies, while certain rank insignia may carry the name lieutenant, the term may also be used to relate to a particular post or duty, rather than a rank. In Indonesia , "first lieutenant" is known as Letnan Satu ( Lettu ), Indonesian National Armed Forces uses this rank across all three of its services. It
260-523: Is usually promoted to first lieutenant (grade O-2) after 18 months in the Army or 24 months in the Marine Corps and Air Force. The difference between the two ranks is slight, primarily being experience and a higher pay grade. It is not uncommon to see officers moved to positions requiring more experience after promotion to first lieutenant. For example, in the Army and Marine Corps these positions can include leading
286-518: The Royal Navy for the first lieutenant include " number one ", "the jimmy" (or "jimmy the one") and "James the First" (a back-formation referring to James I of England ). The first lieutenant may hold the rank of sub-lieutenant , lieutenant or lieutenant-commander . In the U.S. Army , U.S. Marine Corps , U.S. Air Force , and U.S. Space Force , a first lieutenant is a junior commissioned officer . It
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#1732845259811312-470: The U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard , "first lieutenant" is the name of a billet and position title, rather than rank. Officers aboard early sailing ships were the captain and a number of lieutenants. The senior among those lieutenants was known as the first lieutenant, and would have assumed command if the captain were absent or incapacitated. As modern ships have become more complex, requiring specialized knowledge of engineering, communications, and weapons,
338-416: The first lieutenant is second in command, executive officer (XO) and head of the executive branch; in larger ships where a commander of the warfare specialization is appointed as the executive officer, a first lieutenant is appointed as their deputy. The post of first lieutenant in a shore establishment carries a similar responsibility to the first lieutenant of a capital ship . Colloquial terms in
364-436: The "first lieutenant" is the officer in command of the deck department responsible for line handling during mooring and underway replenishment . On smaller ships, the officer of the "first lieutenant" billet holds the rank of lieutenant, junior grade or ensign . On larger vessels, the position of "first lieutenant" is held by a lieutenant or, in the case of extremely large warships such as cruisers or aircraft carriers ,
390-660: The 265 men of the ships' crews would starve during the winter. They appealed to President William McKinley to send a relief expedition. McKinley asked the United States Treasury Department to organize an expedition, and they sent the USRC Bear , returned from Bering Sea Patrol , to undertake the expedition. In November 1897, the Bear , commanded by Captain Francis Tuttle, sailed from Port Townsend, Washington . It
416-808: The Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the Secretary of the Treasury is hereby directed to bestow a gold medal of honor, of such design as he may approve, upon First Lieutenant David H. Jarvis, Second Lieutenant Ellsworth P. Bertholf, and Doctor Samuel J. Call, surgeon, all of the Revenue-Cutter Service and members of the overland expedition of eighteen hundred and ninety-seven and eighteen hundred and ninety-eight for
442-463: The group reached Point Barrow on March 29, 1898. The expedition brought 382 reindeer to the whalers, having lost only 66. The following summer, the Bear reached Point Barrow and the expedition officers could rejoin their ship. President McKinley recognized the achievements of the rescue in a letter dated January 17, 1899 to the United States Congress , in which he asked Congress to award
468-464: The herders. The project started with seventeen reindeer. From 1892 to 1906, cutters would cruise up the Siberian coast and barter with Chukchi for reindeer, which were then transported to a station at Port Clarence , near Nome, Alaska . In 1897, eight whaling ships were trapped in an Arctic ice field surrounding Point Barrow, the northernmost point of Alaska. The owners of the ships were concerned that
494-460: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Overland_Expedition&oldid=1169463057 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Overland Relief Expedition In 1892, the government began a project of importing reindeer from Siberia to Alaska , and teaching
520-574: The natives how to raise the animals in order to have a steady and dependable food supply. The reindeer were obtained by Captain Michael Healy , who was known and trusted by the Siberian natives . Sheldon Jackson , the General Superintendent of Alaska, used his influence in the United States Congress to raise funds to purchase and care for the animals, and was placed in overall charge of training
546-584: The position of "first lieutenant" may be held by a lieutenant commander or even commander . However, on submarines and in aircraft squadrons, where the deck department may only have a few junior sailors, the "first lieutenant" billet may be filled by a first-class petty officer or chief petty officer . What is known in the U.S. Navy as the "first lieutenant division" is usually composed of junior sailors (E-3 and below) who are completing their ninety days of temporary assigned duty, or TAD, that all enlisted personnel are required to perform when initially assigned to
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#1732845259811572-440: The relief of the whaling fleet in the arctic regions, in recognition of the heroic service rendered by them in connection with said expedition. First lieutenant#U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard First lieutenant is a commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces ; in some forces, it is an appointment . The rank of lieutenant has different meanings in different military formations, but in most forces it
598-491: The three officers "gold medals of honor" "commemorative of their heroic struggles in aid of suffering fellow-men." He also recommended $ 2,500 to be disbursed by the United States Secretary of the Treasury to W.T. Lopp, Artisarlook, and the native herders who helped. In recognition of their work, Jarvis, Bertholf, and Call received Congressional Gold Medals in 1902. The statute reads as follows: Be it enacted by
624-604: Was Second Lieutenant Ellsworth P. Bertholf . They were accompanied by Samuel J. Call , the ship's surgeon of the Bear , and for part of the way by the enlisted man F. Koltchoff. They were also assisted by William Thomas Lopp , the Superintendent of the Teller Reindeer Station , and Charlie Antisarlook, a native reindeer herder. They traveled and carried the provisions using dog sleds, sleds pulled by reindeer, snowshoes, and skis. After 1,500 miles (2,400 km),
650-501: Was the equivalent of lieutenant in the current rank structure of the U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Navy, United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps , and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps . The next senior officer ranking above first lieutenant was captain and the next two lower officer ranks were second and third lieutenant , respectively. When the Revenue Cutter Service merged with
676-407: Was too late in the year for the cutter to push through the ice, so it was decided the party must go overland, enlisting the help of natives, stopping by a reindeer station to purchase a herd of reindeer. The overland trek left from Cape Vancouver , Alaska on December 16, 1897. The expedition was led by First Lieutenant David H. Jarvis , the executive officer of the Bear ; the second-in-command
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