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59-556: Two famous Cleveland brothers, Louis Stokes (US Congressman for over 28 years) and Carl Stokes (first black mayor of a major US city 1967) were among the first residents of Outhwaite. Louis Stokes Museum On September 13, 2007, CMHA opened the Louis Stokes Museum in honor of Cleveland-native Louis Stokes , a former congressman and civil rights attorney. The Louis Stokes Museum, located at CMHA's Outhwaite Homes, displays Stokes memorabilia, video interviews and footage, awards, and

118-530: A building or structure in Ohio is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Louis Stokes Louis Stokes (February 23, 1925 – August 18, 2015) was an American attorney, civil rights pioneer and politician. He served 15 terms in the United States House of Representatives – representing the east side of Cleveland – and was the first African American congressman elected in the state of Ohio . He

177-587: A conclusion that there was a second gunman" in the Kennedy assassination, and that all investigative leads known to the Justice Department for both assassinations had been "exhaustively pursued", the Department concluded "that no persuasive evidence can be identified to support the theory of a conspiracy in either the assassination of President Kennedy or the assassination of Dr. King." Several forces contributed to

236-462: A connection between Lee Harvey Oswald and David Ferrie . The committee indicated that Lee Harvey Oswald and David Ferrie knew each other since 1955 and their actions in the civil air patrol. The HSCA did not interview the personal physician of John F Kennedy, the doctor Georges Burkley who was never interviewed by the Warren Commission. In particular, the various investigations performed by

295-653: A memorandum written to the House Judiciary Committee in 1988 by Criminal Division Assistant Attorney General William F. Weld , the recommendations of the HSCA report were formally reviewed and a conclusion of active investigations was reported. In light of investigative reports from the FBI's Technical Services Division and the National Academy of Sciences Committee determining that "reliable acoustic data do not support

354-561: A minor Democratic convention drama, refused to release the delegate's votes until the Clinton campaign formally asked for them. Following his time in Congress, Stokes became a distinguished visiting professor at the Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences at Case Western Reserve University . He actively served in this role until the time of his death. Stokes' daughter, Angela,

413-587: A safe environment that encourages and promotes reading, learning, and positive avenues for self-realization. It is located at 2453 East 43rd Street, Cleveland, Ohio 44104. Construction Details (1935 dollars): Total Cost: $ 3,211,727 Land: $ 742,492 Construction: $ 2,420,335 Landscaping: $ 48,900 Construction cost per room (incl. landscaping): $ 1,139,95 "U.S. Housing Projects." The Architectural Forum May 1938: 384–385. Print. 41°29′36″N 81°39′20″W  /  41.49333°N 81.65556°W  / 41.49333; -81.65556 This article about

472-604: A time point during the assassination that differed from any of the several time points the Warren Commission theorized it occurred. The Department of Justice , FBI, CIA, and the Warren Commission were all criticized for not revealing to the Warren Commission information available in 1964, and the Secret Service was deemed deficient in their protection of the President. The HSCA made several accusations of deficiency against

531-471: A written history about Congressman Louis Stokes and his rise to prominence. Louis and his brother Carl, Cleveland's first black mayor, grew up in the estates. The museum is located at 2453 East 43rd Street, Cleveland, Ohio 44104. Judge Sara J. Harper Children's Library Judge Sara J. Harper founded the Sara J. Harper Children's Library in 1992 at CMHA's Outhwaite Homes on East 43rd Street. Judge Harper grew up in

590-556: A written history about Stokes and his rise to prominence. The museum is located at Outhwaite Homes , 4302 Quincy Avenue. From 2006 to 2008, the Western Reserve Historical Society opened an exhibition on the lives of Congressman Stokes and his brother titled "Carl and Louis Stokes: From the Projects to Politics". The exhibit uses photographs, manuscript collections, and personal items to showcase Louis Stokes' rise from

649-511: Is a former Cleveland Municipal Court judge who served from 1995 through 2015, while another, Lori , was Co-anchor of The 5 O'clock News and The 10 O'clock news and Anchor of The 6 O'clock News until 2022 and earlier Co-anchor of Good Day New York WNYW Fox 5. His son, Chuck, is also a journalist with WXYZ-TV in Detroit. His daughter, Shelley, is a historic preservationist, writer and public relations professional. Stokes' brother, Carl B. Stokes ,

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708-416: Is a likelihood" that it was the result of a conspiracy, and that no U.S. government agency was part of this conspiracy; on the contrary, it was more likely to be between Ray and his brothers. On the Kennedy assassination, the HSCA concluded in its 1979 report that: The committee further concluded that it was probable that: The HSCA agreed with the single bullet theory , but concluded that it occurred at

767-519: Is intended to help economically and educationally disadvantaged students attain an education at the school. House Select Committee on Assassinations The United States House of Representatives Select Committee on Assassinations ( HSCA ) was established on September 15, 1976 by U.S. House Resolution 1540 to investigate the assassinations of John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr. in 1963 and 1968, respectively. The select committee

826-550: The Assassination Records Review Board to further that goal. No materials have been uncovered which significantly change the conclusions or opinion of the HSCA. The ARRB reported: "Because the HSCA investigation was marked by internal squabbling and disillusioned staffers, the committee's records were the subject of ongoing controversy. Some ex-staffers claimed the HSCA report did not reflect their investigative work, and that information that did not conform with

885-890: The GCRTA 's Windermere station Louis Stokes Station at Windermere . The greater Cleveland area Veteran's hospital was renamed the Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center. Building 50 on the campus of the National Institutes of Health is named the Louis Stokes Laboratories. Congressman Stokes' alma mater, Case Western Reserve University, offers the Louis Stokes Congressional Black Caucus Foundation Scholarship worth full tuition to an incoming first-year or transfer undergraduate student. It

944-680: The U.S. Army from 1943 to 1946. After attending Western Reserve University and the Cleveland State University College of Law on the G.I. Bill , Stokes began practicing law in Cleveland in 1953. He argued the " stop and frisk " case of Terry v. Ohio before the United States Supreme Court in 1968. Later in 1968, he was elected to the House, representing the 21st District of Ohio on Cleveland's East Side. He shifted to

1003-613: The United States House of Representatives voted 280–65 to establish the Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA) in order to investigate the assassinations of John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr. . The committee was both controversial and divided among itself. The first chairman, Thomas N. Downing of Virginia retired in January 1977 and was replaced by Henry B. Gonzalez on February 2, 1977. Gonzalez and Chief Counsel Richard A. Sprague had irreconcilable disagreements over control of

1062-458: The Warren Commission 's findings. However, the HSCA challenged the Warren Commission's conclusion that Lee Harvey Oswald was the only shooter, while stating that it was “unable to identify the other gunman or the extent of the conspiracy.” The HSCA likewise concluded, based on circumstantial evidence, that there was a "likelihood” King was also assassinated “as a result of a conspiracy ." The two-year inquiry cost $ 5.8 million. In December 1978,

1121-657: The assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963, concluding that the federal agencies the FBI and the CIA had failed in their duties and responsibilities and that the investigation into the assassination had been deficient. There was also significant public interest after a video segment of the Zapruder film was first shown on TV on March 6, 1975, during the ABC late-night television show Good Night America , after being stored by Life magazine out of view for almost twelve years. The footage showed

1180-757: The 1970s, Stokes served as chairman of the House Select Committee on Assassinations , charged with investigating the murders of President John F. Kennedy and civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. He served on the House committee that investigated the Iran-Contra Affair . As chairman of the House Ethics Committee , Stokes oversaw the committee's investigation of a corruption scandal known as ABSCAM in 1979–80, which eventually led to convictions of one senator and six House members. Recalling Stokes, U.S. Attorney Steven Dettelbach said: "We were in

1239-473: The Book Depository). Their conclusion that the President was struck by a bullet that entered in the right rear of the head near the cowlick area and exited from the right front side of the head differed from a diagram in the Warren Commission's report showing this entrance wound low in the back of the head. The authenticity of several fingerprints and a palm print found on assassination-related materials

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1298-485: The Dallas Police Department's original motorcycle deployment plan prevented the use of maximum safety precautions." Although the HSCA had prepared a draft report confirming the Warren Commission 's single shooter theory and finding no evidence of conspiracy, at the eleventh hour, the committee was swayed by a since-disputed acoustic analysis of a dictabelt police channel recording. This acoustic analysis of

1357-479: The FBI and CIA as the Church Committee in 1976. The accusations encompassed organizational failures, miscommunication, and a desire to keep certain parts of their operations secret. Furthermore, the Warren Commission expected these agencies to be forthcoming with any information that would aid their investigation. But the FBI and CIA only saw it as their duty to respond to specific requests for information from

1416-544: The HCSA, rather than serving as a gatekeeper to the CIA's evidence and files regarding the assassination. He further disregarded and suspected all the CIA's statements and representations to the committee, accusing it of obstruction of justice . In the same 2003 interview, Blakey issued a statement on the Central Intelligence Agency : ...I no longer believe that we were able to conduct an appropriate investigation of

1475-517: The HSCA recommended that the Department of Justice review its findings to decide if further investigation was merited. The HSCA found that although the Commission and the different agencies and departments examining Kennedy's assassination performed in good faith and were thorough in their investigation of Oswald, they performed with "varying degrees of competency" and the search for possible conspiracy

1534-406: The HSCA's acoustic analysis is widely considered to be discredited. Unlike the Warren Commission and the FBI who had concluded that there was a minor interest in their investigation of this aspect of the life of the former marine without digging further on the grounds that their investigation had not revealed the presence of Lee Harvey Oswald . at 544 Camp Street17, the HSCA revealed on

1593-540: The HSCA, the Justice Department reviewed those findings through the FBI's Technical Services Division and by contracting the National Academy of Sciences , which specially appointed the Committee on Ballistic Acoustics (CBA). Both the FBI and CBA analyzed the acoustic data and BBN's scientific methodology and concluded that their findings were mistaken. Although there has been some recent back-and-forth between different researchers,

1652-657: The Outhwaite homes, his legal career, and his Congressional service. The former Congressman was inducted into the Karamu House Hall of Fame in 2007 for his contributions to the continued legacy of Cleveland's black settlement house and theatre. Many buildings throughout the country have been named in Stokes honor including: Howard University 's medical library, the Cleveland Public Library 's main building expansion, and

1711-591: The Subcommittee on the Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., 95th Congress Members of the Subcommittee on the Assassination of John F. Kennedy, 95th Congress The HSCA commissioned a number of expert scientific studies to re-investigate the physical evidence of the JFK assassination. In comparison to witness testimony and government documents, the committee felt that such investigations would particularly benefit from

1770-457: The U.S. government were faulted for insufficient consideration of the possibility of a conspiracy in each case. The committee in its report also made recommendations for legislative and administrative improvements, including making some assassinations Federal crimes. On the King assassination, the committee concluded in its report that while King was killed by one rifle shot from James Earl Ray , "there

1829-572: The Warren Commission's conclusion that the agencies of the government co-operated with it is, in retrospect, not the truth. We also now know that the Agency set up a process that could only have been designed to frustrate the ability of the committee in 1976–79 to obtain any information that might adversely affect the Agency. Many have told me that the culture of the Agency is one of prevarication and dissimulation and that you cannot trust it or its people. Period. End of story. I am now in that camp. According to

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1888-453: The [Central Intelligence] Agency and its relationship to Oswald.... We now know that the Agency withheld from the Warren Commission the CIA–Mafia plots to kill Castro. Had the commission known of the plots, it would have followed a different path in its investigation. The Agency unilaterally deprived the commission of a chance to obtain the full truth, which will now never be known. Significantly,

1947-537: The benefit of authenticated photographs, x-rays and notes from the Kennedy autopsy , a nine-doctor panel of expert pathologists reviewed and corroborated the Warren Commission's medical findings. Although the HSCA medical panel was critical of the thoroughness and methodology of the original autopsy, they concurred, although Cyril Wecht dissented, with the Warren Commission's conclusion that two, and only two bullet wounds entered from above and behind (the direction of Oswald in

2006-413: The commission. However, the HSCA found the FBI and CIA were deficient in performing even that limited role. Although the HSCA publicly released its findings in 12 volumes and a single-volume summary report, the majority of primary documents were sealed for 50 years under congressional rules. In 1992, Congress passed legislation to collect and open up all the evidence relating to Kennedy's death, and created

2065-416: The committee leadership's preconceived conclusions was ignored or left out of the report and supporting volumes." In 1992, author Bonar Menninger dismissed the committee report as Blakey's $ 5 Million Folly . Robert Blakey, the chief counsel of the committee, later changed his views that the CIA was being cooperative and forthcoming with the investigation when he learned that the CIA's special liaison to

2124-545: The committee researchers, George Joannides , was actually involved with some of the organizations that Lee Harvey Oswald was allegedly involved with in the months leading up to the assassination. Among these organizations was an anti-Castro group, the Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil , which was linked to the CIA (Joannides was in fact working for the CIA in 1963). Chief Counsel Blakey later stated that Joannides should have in fact been interviewed by

2183-463: The committee, budget and investigative techniques, ending with Gonzalez's resignation. Sprague also resigned, in part to increase the chances of Congress voting to reconstitute the HSCA for the new two-year congressional term. Sprague's like-minded deputy Robert K. Tanenbaum also resigned shortly thereafter. Louis Stokes replaced Gonzalez as chairman and G. Robert Blakey was appointed as Chief Counsel and Staff Director to replace Sprague. Members of

2242-408: The contrary several witnesses who confirmed the presence of Lee Harvey Oswald within the illegal branch of the CIA, including the brothers Allen and Daniel Campbell, former marines recruited by Guy Banister , his secretary Delphine Roberts or his own brother again. In the address book of Lee Harvey Oswald was also found the coordinates of several notorious anti-Castroists. The committee also found

2301-421: The dictabelt recording by the firm Bolt, Beranek and Newman Inc. concluded that four shots were fired at the president, thus causing the HSCA to reverse its earlier position and report "that Kennedy was probably assassinated as a result of a conspiracy." In terms of scientific evidence, the HSCA acknowledged that the existence of a second shooter was only supported by this acoustic analysis. As recommended by

2360-474: The envelope and order form used to purchase the rifle, the application forms to rent the PO Box that the rifle was delivered to, and the notated backyard photo depicting Oswald holding the rifle. The Department of Justice, the F.B.I , the C.I.A. and the Warren Commission were all criticized for the quality of the investigations carried out and for the way they informed the Warren Commission. The Secret Services

2419-598: The estates along with Carl and Louis Stokes. She is the first black woman graduate of the Case Western Reserve University Law School; the first woman to serve on the judiciary of the U.S. Marine Corps Reserve; one of the first two women to win a seat on the Ohio Court of Appeals; and the first black woman to sit by assignment on the Ohio Supreme Court. The mission of the library is to provide

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2478-431: The formation of the HSCA. With the rapidly growing body of assassination conspiracy material, public trust in the findings of the Warren Commission report was declining. The Hart- Schweiker and Church Committee hearings had recently revealed CIA ties to other assassinations and assassination attempts and illegal actions from federal administration (FBI and IRS). The Church Commission also conducted an investigation into

2537-482: The midst of a huge ... corruption scandal, and public service was taking a public beating. But Lou Stokes was there as a shining beacon of integrity, of excellence and most important of all for us, of justice." In 1971, he was a founding member of the Congressional Black Caucus . In 1992, Stokes ran for president as an Ohio favorite son, winning the delegates from his home district in Ohio, and then, in

2596-420: The mostly-intact stretcher bullet, bullet fragments from the presidential limo and the three cartridge casings from the sniper's nest were all fired from Oswald's rifle to the exclusion of all others. A technique using neutron activation analysis (NAA), a form of what has become known as comparative bullet-lead analysis (CBLA), was used to analyse the bullet lead from the JFK assassination. It revealed that it

2655-408: The national syndicate of organized crime or anti-Castro Cubans were involved in a probable conspiracy to assassinate President Kennedy. However, some members of the committee would later state their personal belief that one of those groups was involved in the assassination, with Representative Floyd Fithian believing that the Kennedy assassination was orchestrated by members of organized crime. In

2714-515: The newly created 11th District, covering much of the same area following a 1992 redistricting. Stokes served 30 years in total, retiring in 1999. Stokes' tenure in the House of Representatives included service on the House Appropriations Committee, where he was influential in bringing revenue to Cleveland. He was particularly interested in veterans' issues and secured funds for health-care facilities for veterans in Cleveland. In

2773-425: The photographic evidence of the case. Forensic anthropologists as well as photographic and radiographic experts, based on unique anatomical details, verified that JFK's autopsy photos and x-rays were only of the late president. Forensic anthropologists were also used to verify that all relevant photographs of Lee Harvey Oswald were of only one person. They verified that the backyard photos (showing Oswald holding

2832-418: The president's head recoiling violently backwards inside the presidential limousine during the fatal shooting as Lee Harvey Oswald was more than 80 yards behind. The public, having more and more difficulty accepting the conclusions of the Warren Commission report, led members of Congress to ask for new investigations into the assassination, within the framework of a new Commission of Inquiry. In September 1976,

2891-560: The rifle used to kill the president) depicted the same rifle found in the Texas school book depository building after the crime. The panel of photographic experts were also used to verify the authenticity of the assassination-related photos and to analyze for any tampering or fakery; none was detected. The HSCA's Forensic Pathology Panel included Michael Baden , John I. Coe, Joseph H. Davis, George S. Loquvam, Charles S. Petty, Earl Rose , Werner Spitz , Cyril Wecht , and James T. Weston. With

2950-432: The scientific advances of the fifteen years since the Warren Commission . Several lines of inquiry were followed to both reaffirm the single shooter/ single-bullet theory as well as to disprove specific conspiracy theory allegations. The HSCA concluded that these scientific studies of assassination-related evidence do "not preclude the possibility of two gunmen firing at the President." Forensic analysis confirmed that

3009-502: The wounds and the car has been the subject of controversy. (See single bullet theory ) Additionally, the location of the shooter (at the 6th floor Texas School Book Depository window) was determined using trajectory analysis. The origin of the rifle bullets was calculated using the location of the presidential limousine and its occupants combined with the bullet wounds found on the president and governor. A team of photographic experts were used to answer several questions related to

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3068-568: Was criticized for the weak protection of the president, which was weakened between the parade in Houston on November 21 and Dallas on November 22, 1963. During the parade in Houston, the HSCA noted that 33 motorcyclists – including 6 on the flanks of the same presidential limousine- were deployed throughout the journey, which was not the case in Dallas 24 hours later. The HSCA reported that in its own report that : "(104) The Secret Service's alteration's of

3127-466: Was first formed by the 94th United States Congress , and expired at the end of the 95th Congress . The HSCA completed its investigation in 1978 and issued its final report in 1979, which concluded that Kennedy “was probably assassinated as a result of a conspiracy .” In addition to acoustic analysis of a police channel dictabelt recording , the HSCA also commissioned numerous other scientific studies of assassination-related evidence that corroborate

3186-434: Was highly likely that only two lead bullets were the source of all the following pieces of evidence: the mostly-intact stretcher bullet, fragments found in the presidential limousine 's front seat and rug, fragments recovered from JFK's brain autopsy and fragments recovered from Governor Connally 's wrist. Whether CBLA data can be used to actually exclude the possibility that there were fragments from more than two bullets in

3245-459: Was inadequate. The HSCA determined, based on available evidence, that the probable conspiracy did not involve the governments of Cuba or the Soviet Union . The committee also stated that the conspiracy did not involve any organized crime group, anti- Castro group, nor the FBI , CIA , or Secret Service . The committee found that it could not exclude the possibility that individual members of

3304-781: Was one of the Cold War-era chairmen of the House Intelligence Committee , headed the Congressional Black Caucus , and was the first African American on the House Appropriations Committee . Stokes was born in Cleveland, Ohio , the son of Louise (née Stone) and Charles Stokes. He and his brother, politician Carl B. Stokes , lived in one of the first federally funded housing projects, the Outhwaite Homes . Stokes attended Central High School and later served in

3363-640: Was reaffirmed by a fingerprint expert. Lee Harvey Oswald's prints were found on the trigger guard and underside of the Mannlicher–Carcano rifle used to shoot the president, the brown paper container used to transport the rifle, several cardboard boxes in the sniper's nest and on the magazine order form to purchase the rifle. In addition, dozens of documents were analyzed by a panel of three handwriting experts who verified that "the signatures and handwriting purported to be by Oswald are consistently that of one person." These include such incriminating items as

3422-415: Was reported that Stokes had both brain cancer and lung cancer . He died on August 18, 2015, at his home in Cleveland from the diseases at the age of 90. He was interred at Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland. The Cuyahoga Metropolitan Housing Authority opened the Louis Stokes Museum on September 13, 2007. This museum houses Stokes memorabilia, video interviews, miscellaneous video footage, awards and

3481-469: Was the first African American mayor of a large American city. Stokes was a cousin of funk and R&B musician Rick James . Stokes was a Prince Hall Freemason , and a member of the Cleveland Alumni chapter of Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity. Stokes retired in 2012 as senior counsel in the law firm of Squire, Sanders & Dempsey , with offices in Cleveland and Washington. On July 20, 2015, it

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