83-696: Ostwald may refer to: Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald , the physico-chemist (awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1909) Ostwald's rule of polymorphism: in general, the least stable polymorph crystallizes first The Ostwald Process , a synthesis method for making nitric acid from ammonia Ostwald ripening , a crystallization effect Ostwald color system Wolfgang Ostwald , chemist and biologist, son of Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald. He studied colloids Martin Ostwald ,
166-863: A Professor of Chemistry at the Riga Polytechnicum (now Riga Technical University). In 1887, he moved to Leipzig University where he became Professor of Physical Chemistry. Ostwald remained on the faculty at Leipzig University until his retirement in 1906. He also served as the first "exchange professor" at Harvard University in 1904 and 1905. During Ostwald's academic career, he had many research students who became accomplished scientists in their own right. These included future Nobel Laureates Svante Arrhenius , Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff , and Walther Nernst . Other students included Arthur Noyes , Willis Rodney Whitney and Kikunae Ikeda . All of these students became notable for their contributions to physical chemistry. In 1901, Albert Einstein applied for
249-420: A geologic timescale , many minerals exhibit Ostwald Ripening as their crystal forms evolve as the mineral ages. Related to solubility and crystallization was Ostwald's finding that dissolution of a solid depends on the size of the crystal. When the crystals are small, typically less than a micron , the solubility of the solid in the solution phase is increased. Ostwald quantified this effect mathematically in
332-500: A polymath . Ostwald was born ethnically Baltic German in Riga , Russian Empire (now Latvia ) to master-cooper Gottfried Wilhelm Ostwald (1824–1903) and Elisabeth Leuckel (1824–1903). He was the middle child of three, born after Eugen (1851–1932) and before Gottfried (1855–1918). Ostwald developed an interest in science as a child and conducted experiments at his home, particularly related to fireworks and photography. Ostwald entered
415-608: A German-American classical scholar Ostwald (crater) , a crater on the far side of the Moon Ostwald, Bas-Rhin , a commune in the Bas-Rhin département in France See also [ edit ] Oswald (disambiguation) Ozwald Boateng Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Ostwald . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
498-536: A Painter, 1904) and Die Farbenfibel ( The Color Primer, 1916). His work in color theory was influenced by that of Albert Henry Munsell , and in turn influenced Piet Mondrian and other members of De Stijl and Paul Klee and other members of the Bauhaus school . Ostwald's theories also influenced Americans Faber Birren and Egbert Jacobson . He was also interested in the international language movement, first learning Esperanto , then later supporting Ido . He
581-593: A decade after being reconstituted, as a result of the coalition against Sweden (Russia, Denmark-Norway , and Saxony-Poland-Lithuania) and the Great Famine of 1695–1697 , the university moved from Tartu to Pärnu . Eventually, Academia Gustavo-Carolina, which had opened in Pärnu on 28 August 1699, was closed as a result of the surrender of Pärnu to Russian forces on 12 August 1710 during the Great Northern War . According to
664-559: A half-German university ceased with the rise of nationalist tendencies in Russia, which held homogenization more important than retaining a bilingual university. Between 1882 and 1898, russification in language, appointments, etc., was imposed, with some exceptions (such as the Divinity School, which the state feared would be used by the Orthodox clergy to teach dangerous Protestant views and
747-573: A notable scientist in the area of colloid chemistry. Ostwald was initiated to the Scottish Rite Masonry and became Grand Master of the Grand Lodge "Zur Aufgehenden Sonne" in Bayreuth . In 1887, he moved to Leipzig where he worked for the rest of his life. At the time of his retirement, he moved to a country estate near Groβbothen, Saxony, which he named "Landhaus Energie". He lived at
830-518: A number of venture capital money raised by the unicorn startups founded by its alumni. According to the university, as of 2016, Tartu alumni account for 100% of Estonian judges; 99% of Estonian doctors, dentists, and pharmacists; 95% of Estonian judicial prosecutors; 87% of members of the Estonian Bar Association; 60% of the ministers in the Estonian government ; and 40% of the members of
913-701: A part of the university family. Of course, the story consists of an imaginary tale, as Tiksu can speak and communicate with humans, but easily gets the message of the university across: the interest of their students for knowledge and life. The university was originally founded as the Academia Gustaviana in the Swedish province of Livonia . It was the second university founded in the Swedish Empire , following Uppsala University (in Uppsala , Sweden proper) and preceding
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#1732847858903996-521: A pipette that could be used to transfer and measure liquids, especially serous fluids . This design was later improved by Otto Folin . This type of pipette has a bulb at the lower end as a particular design feature. It became known as the Ostwald-Folin pipette and is widely used in contemporary times. Following his 1906 retirement from academia, Ostwald became interested in the systematization of colors , which could be useful both scientifically and in
1079-539: A relationship that became known as the Ostwald-Freundlich equation . Ostwald first published his finding in 1900, and his mathematical equation was refined by German chemist Herbert Freundlich in 1909. This mathematical relationship also applies to the partial pressure of substance in the system. The Ostwald-Freundlich equation takes into account the surface tension of the particle in the system, in addition to curvature and temperature. The size dependence of solubility
1162-473: A research position in Ostwald's laboratory. This was four years before Einstein's publication on special relativity . Ostwald rejected Einstein's application, although later the two developed strong mutual respect. Subsequently, Ostwald nominated Einstein for the Nobel Prize in 1910 and again in 1913. Following his 1906 retirement, Ostwald became active in philosophy, politics, and other humanities. During
1245-406: A solution of certain chemical reactants can have a strong influence of the rate of chemical processes. He realized that this is manifestation of the concept of chemical catalysis first articulated by Berzelius . Ostwald articulated the idea that a catalyst is a substance that accelerates the rate of a chemical reaction without being a part of either the reactants or the products. Ostwald's advances in
1328-400: A thirst for learning new things. In this way, it symbolizes knowledge and intelligence. Later on, Tiksu is said to have met an ornithologist who also gave lectures at a university. Thus, one day the little bird followed his new friend to the place where he worked and managed to get inside a classroom. There he listened to lectures and learnt new information about birds. After some time, he became
1411-429: A virtual dressing room, was originally developed in cooperation with researchers of UT Institute of Technology. UT encourages its students and scholars to develop an entrepreneurial mindset and apply their knowledge to the economy. The university has set a goal to integrate entrepreneurship courses into every curriculum. "The UT's academic structure consists of the institutes and colleges of four faculties (valdkond) and
1494-497: Is a public research university located in the city of Tartu , Estonia . It is the national university of Estonia. It is also the largest and oldest university in the country. The university was founded under the name of Academia Gustaviana in 1632 by Baron Johan Skytte , the Governor-General of Swedish Livonia , Ingria , and Karelia , with the required ratification provided by King Gustavus Adolphus , shortly before
1577-484: Is sometimes utilized in the formulation of pharmaceuticals that have low solubility so as to enhance their uptake by the patient. The size dependence also has a role in Ostwald Ripening. Collaborating with German chemist Raphael E. Liesegang , Ostwald recognized that substances can crystallize in a periodic fashion wherein the crystallization behavior follows a spatial or temporal pattern. In certain circumstances,
1660-533: The Academy of Åbo (in Turku , Finland ). A precursor to the academy had been a Jesuit grammar school Gymnasium Dorpatense , founded by Stefan Batory (then king of Poland–Lithuania ) in 1583 and existing to 1601, when Tartu (Dorpat) was under Polish–Lithuanian rule. The first students matriculated between 20 and 21 April 1632. The opening ceremony of Academia Dorpatensis (Academia Gustaviana) took place on 15 October in
1743-484: The HSL and HSV color system. Much of Ostwald's work on systematization of color was done in collaboration with Deutscher Werkbund , which was an association of painters and architects. In 1887, Ostwald founded the peer-reviewed scientific journal Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie , specializing in original research in the field of physical chemistry. He served as its editor-in-chief until 1922. In 1894, Ostwald formed
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#17328478589031826-640: The Riigikogu (Estonian Parliament). The University of Tartu has around 1,800 international students from 90 countries. The vast majority come from Ukraine, Russia, and Finland. In the Erasmus programme for student exchange, the University of Tartu cooperates with more than 800 universities. The university has also received good reviews from foreign students and an International Student Satisfaction Award based on student feedback. The University of Tartu participates in
1909-684: The Soviet occupation . During Soviet rule, although Estonian remained the principal language of instruction, some courses were taught in Russian, with several Russian curricula. Estonia regained independence in 1991, and the full recovery of academic autonomy of the university can be dated to 1992 with the introduction of financial and academic strategic planning. Presently, no courses are taught in Russian. The last decade has been marked by organizational and structural changes, as well as adaptations to various university models (American, Scandinavian, German) against
1992-497: The University of Dorpat (now the University of Tartu, Estonia) in 1872. He completed his Kandidatenschrift examinations there in 1875. During his time at Dorpat, Ostwald had significant exposure to the humanities , the arts, and philosophy, which became a focus of his endeavors after his 1906 retirement from academia . Ostwald began his career as an independent unpaid investigator at the University of Dorpat in 1875. He worked in
2075-490: The 30 German-language universities, of which 23 were inside the German Empire , Dorpat was the 11th in size. In teaching, the university educated the local Baltic German leadership and professional classes, as well as staff, especially for the administration and health system of the entire Russian Empire . In scholarship, it was an international university; the time between 1860 and 1880 was its "golden age". The freedom to be
2158-790: The Estonian Marine Institute are located in the Estonian capital. Nearly a quarter of the whole Estonian university student population studies at the University of Tartu. While most of the curricula are taught in Estonian, a number of degree programmes have English as a medium of instruction. About 35% of UT's study courses are offered partly or fully online – as web-based courses in Moodle, video lectures, webinars, e-portfolios, and massive open online courses. Some 61 bachelor's and 86 master's programmes are available, including 30 programmes in English. The university offers 61 different curricula on
2241-616: The German Electrochemical Society which ultimately became the Deutsche Bunsen-Gesellschaft für angewandte physikalische Chemie [German Bunsen-Society for Applied Physical Chemistry]. He created the journal Klassiker der exakten Wissenschaften in 1889, of which more than 250 volumes have been published. As part of his interest in philosophy, in 1902 Ostwald started the journal Annalen der Naturphilosophie (Annales of Natural Philosophy). In 1927, he initiated
2324-585: The LERU-CE7 (LERU and a group of Central-European universities), the European University Association EUA, Coimbra Group , The Guild of European Research Intensive Universities, and the Utrecht Network . It has signed bilateral co-operation agreements with about 70 universities. A statue of the formal founder of the University, King Gustav II Adolf of Sweden (also known as Gustavus Adolphus)
2407-529: The Nobel Prize 20 times beginning in 1904, and he submitted nine nominations of other scientists for the Nobel Prize following his own award. This included two nominations of Albert Einstein. Ostwald donated more than US$ 40,000 of his Nobel Prize award money to advance the cause of the Ido language. He was elected an International Member of the American Philosophical Society in 1912. In 1923, Ostwald
2490-1380: The United States. In 1899 he was made a Geheimrat by the King of Saxony , which by that time was a recognition of Ostwald's scholarly contributions. There is a Wilhelm Ostwald Park and Museum in Grimma, Germany , at the site of Ostwald's vacation home. This institution also houses many of Ostwald's scholarly works. Ostwald crater , which is on the far side of the Earth's moon , was named in honor of Wilhelm Ostwald. On 24 April 1880 Ostwald married Helene von Reyher (1854–1946), with whom he had five children. These were: Grete, (1882–1960) born in Riga and died in Großbothen ; Wolfgang (1883–1943) born 1883 in Riga and died in Dresden ; Elisabeth (1884– 1968) born in Riga and died in Großbothen; Walter (1886–1958) born in Riga and died in Freiburg im Breisgau ; and Carl Otto (1890–1958) born in Leipzig and died in Leipzig. Wolfgang Ostwald became
2573-425: The University of Dorpat in 1877, enabling him to give lectures and charge for teaching. Ostwald published his doctoral dissertation at the University of Dorpat in 1878, with Carl Schmidt as his thesis advisor . His doctoral thesis was entitled Volumchemische und Optisch-Chemische Studien ("Volumetric and Optical-Chemical Studies"). In 1879, he became a paid assistant to Carl Schmidt. In 1881, Ostwald became
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2656-806: The University of Tartu 296st in the world in 2023, and the top-ranked university in the Baltics. The university is also ranked 3rd in the Emerging Europe and Central Asia region. The Times Higher Education World University Rankings placed it in the 251–300 range among world universities. It is the only university in the Baltic countries to place among the top 200 universities in Europe. UT belongs to top 1% of world's most cited universities in 10 research areas. University of Tartu also won first place in Central and Eastern Europe by
2739-455: The a non-thermodynamically preferred polymorph may crystallize first, more thermodynamically stable forms can continue to develop as the solution ages. Often this results in large crystals forming, since they are more thermodynamically stable than are large numbers of small crystals. This phenomenon came to be known as Ostwald Ripening and is observed in many situations. An everyday example is the gritty texture that ice cream develops as it ages. On
2822-508: The amount of 10.2 million euros. UT is one of the largest development partners for the private and public sector in the Baltics. The university also works closely with international businesses such as Swedbank, The Linde Group, Pfizer, ABB Corporate Research, SUPER APPLI Inc, Eesti Energia Group, Telia AS, and many more. UT has spun off more than 60 start-ups, including software companies Reach-U and Positium providing location-based solutions, biotechnology company Icosagen etc. The success story of
2905-399: The arts as having a common aim, that of "coping with the infinite diversity of appearances through the formation of appropriate concepts" ... Towards this aim, science builds "intellectual ideas; art constructs visual ones." Ostwald developed a strong interest in color theory in the later decades of his life. He wrote several publications in the field, such as his Malerbriefe ( Letters to
2988-431: The arts. He published The Color Primer and also The Color Atlas during the period of 1916–8. These publications established relationships between the various visual colors. Ostwald represented these as a three dimensional representation of color space that is a topological solid consisting of two cones. One apex of the cone is pure white while the other is pure black. The eight primary colors are represented along
3071-808: The bachelor's level, three bachelor's degree programmes are fully taught in English: University of Tartu has 86 study programmes on master's level. These programmes include 27 international master's programmes in English: Faculty of Medicine Around 120 doctoral degrees are defended annually, which make up more than half of the total number in Estonia. The University of Tartu has 1,130 doctoral students, around 30% of them international. The University of Tartu offers eight doctoral programmes, which are coordinated by faculty-based centres for doctoral studies. Each programme contains multiple specialities offered by
3154-555: The background of the Soviet and Baltic German past. Most recently, the university has been and is still being marked by the adaptation of the Bologna declaration in Estonia generally and Tartu specifically, leading to major changes in curricula and studies, as well as by strong organizational centralization attempts. Recent plans also include the abolition of the Chair system (an Americanization) and of
3237-426: The behavior of a weak electrolyte follows the principles of mass action , being extensively dissociated at infinite dilution. This characteristic of weak electrolytes can be observed experimentally, such as by electrochemical determinations . Through his research on chemical reaction rates and velocities and his studies of acids and bases, Ostwald found that the concentration of acid or the concentration of base in
3320-401: The chemical systems under investigation. He therefore turned to physical measurements as surrogate methods to understand these important basic phenomena. One such physical measurement is the measurement of the viscosity , or resistance to flow, of a liquid. Ostwald invented a device for this purpose consisting of bulbs that act as reservoirs for a liquid with a capillary, or thin tube, in between
3403-451: The circumference or curved surfaces of the two cones. In this representation, each color is a mixture of white, black, and the eight primary colors. In this way, there are three degrees of freedom that represent each color. This representation of colors was an important early step toward their systematization, replacing color perception by the human eye with an objective system. Over time, Ostwald's advances in color science became part of
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3486-466: The city as architectural monuments. In May 2023, the University of Tartu relaunched its virtual tour that has 360-degree photos of over 160 locations in the University campus. At the same time, numerous university buildings and student dormitories have been recently constructed or renovated, such as the Von Bock House . Many of the new buildings are built at Maarjamõisa (about 2 km southwest of
3569-514: The country estate for most of the remainder of his life. On his religious views, Ostwald was an atheist. Ostwald died in a hospital in Leipzig on 4 April 1932, and was buried at his country estate in Großbothen , near Leipzig Ostwald appears as a character in Joseph Skibell 's 2010 novel, A Curable Romantic . University of Dorpat The University of Tartu ( UT ; Estonian : Tartu Ülikool ; Latin : Universitas Tartuensis )
3652-405: The course of his academic career, Ostwald published more than 500 original research papers for the scientific literature and approximately 45 books. Ostwald invented a process for the inexpensive manufacture of nitric acid by oxidation of ammonia . He was awarded patents for this process. Ostwald's patent made use of a catalyst and described conditions under which the yield of nitric acid
3735-454: The efficiency of various chemical societies. The association is an example of a scientific society . Ostwald served as the first president of the Association of Chemical Societies. In addition to his research in chemistry, Wilhelm Ostwald was productive in a broad range of fields. His published work, which includes numerous philosophical writings, contains about forty thousand pages. Ostwald
3818-425: The faculties, which is supposed to lead to four large divisions (humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, and medicine) under briefly serving deans and rector-appointed financial administrators. The university's four museums, botanical gardens, and sports facilities are, by and large, open to the general public. The university possesses 56 buildings, 11 of which are outside of Tartu; 31 of its buildings decorate
3901-566: The faculty. Doctoral studies are provided by the Faculty of Arts and Humanities, the Faculty of Social Sciences, the Faculty of Medicine, and the Faculty of Science and Technology. From the 2022/2023 academic year, doctoral student places will mainly be offered as state-funded junior research fellow positions. As the largest provider of continuing education in Estonia, the University of Tartu offers around 1,200 courses per year to more than 39,000 participants. The QS World University Rankings ranked
3984-662: The fields of molecular and cell biology , laser medicine , materials science , laser spectroscopy , biochemistry , and psychology . UT is the flagship of Estonian science, ranking in the top 1% of the world's most-cited universities and research institutions in these fields (as of March 2018): UT accounts for 56% of Estonia's national research output. Also, more than half of the PhD theses in Estonia are defended at UT and over 2,000 high-level research articles (those covered by citation indices like "SCI Expanded", "SSCI", or "A&HCI") are published annually. About 50 UT scientists are among
4067-615: The foundation of Voronezh State University , which traces its own history back to the foundation of the University of Tartu and still holds several physical properties of the latter. Since Estonia became independent in 1918, the University of Tartu has been an Estonian-language institution since 1919. The university was named Ostland-Universität in Dorpat during the German occupation of Estonia in 1941–1944 and Tartu State University (Estonian: Tartu Riiklik Ülikool ) in 1940–1941 and 1944–1989, during
4150-555: The historical university centre), such as the Technology Institute, the Biomedical Center, the Chemistry building, and the new Physics building. Lectinology, the science of lectins , was founded at the University of Tartu in 1888 with the publication of Peter Hermann Stillmark 's thesis about the isolation of ricin . According to the university administration, the most remarkable recent research achievements have been in
4233-567: The intention of preventing suffering. Monist promotion of such ideas is suggested to have indirectly facilitated acceptance of the later Social Darwinism of the National Socialists . Ostwald died before the Nazis adopted and enforced the use of eugenics and euthanasia as involuntary government policies, to support their racist ideological positions. Ostwald's Monism also influenced Carl G. Jung 's identification of psychological types. Ostwald
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#17328478589034316-545: The journal Die Farbe (Colour). Ostwald was one of the directors of the Die Brücke institute in Munich, and he played a role in its founding in 1911. The institute was sponsored, significantly, from Ostwald's Nobel Prize money. Through the institute, Ostwald's intention was to develop a standardized system for scholarly publications. In 1911, Ostwald founded the Association of Chemical Societies, which sought to organize and improve
4399-646: The king's death on 6 November in the Battle of Lützen (1632) . Nearly 14,300 students study at the university, of whom over 1,800 are foreigners. Most of the curriculum is instructed in Estonian. However, there are still 30 English-taught programs: three at the undergraduate level and 27 at the master's level, including the Erasmus Mundus program in Excellence in Analytical Chemistry. The historical buildings of
4482-516: The laboratory of Carl Schmidt , along with his contemporary Johann Lemberg. Lemberg taught Ostwald many of the basics of the analysis of inorganic compounds and measurements of equilibria and chemical reaction rates . Lemberg also taught Ostwald the chemical basis of many geologic phenomena. These endeavors formed part of the subjects of Ostwald's later research efforts. In addition to his work in Carl Schmidt's laboratory, Ostwald also studied in
4565-661: The last 15 years is the technology for the ME-3 strain of Lactobacillus fermentum bacterium , allowing its use in the food industry. Student satellite ESTCube-1, developed collectively by UT staff and students, and successfully deployed into orbit in 2013, made Estonia the 41st space nation in the world. Scientists from UT and the Estonian University of Life Sciences have developed a new peat-based material that enables building inexpensive energy-efficient 3D-printed houses. The innovative robotic mannequin technology known as Rakuten Fits Me,
4648-546: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ostwald&oldid=1178260829 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Wilhelm Ostwald Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald ( German pronunciation: [ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈɔstˌvalt] ; 2 September [ O.S. 21 August] 1853 – 4 April 1932)
4731-462: The new university included Sven Dimberg [ sv ] , professor of mathematics (the first in the world to deliver lectures based on Newton's theory), Olof Hermelin [ sv ] , professor of rhetoric and poetry, Lars Micrander [ sv ] , professor of medicine (founder of balneology , and discoverer of natural mineral water springs) and Michael Dau , professor of philosophy as well as of rhetoric and poetry. Just under
4814-437: The relative rates of crystallization of each polymorphic form. Ostwald found that the relative rates were dependent on the surface tension between the solid polymorph and the liquid form. Many common materials exhibit this type of behavior, including minerals and various organic compounds . This finding came to be known as Ostwald's rule . Ostwald realized that solid or liquid solutions can continue to evolve over time. While
4897-500: The reservoirs. The time that it takes for the liquid to flow through the capillary from one reservoir to the other is an indication of the viscosity of the liquid. Using a reference solution, the viscosity of the liquid can be quantified. Ostwald typically used this device to study the behavior of solutes in water solutions. These devices came to be known as Ostwald viscometers and are in widespread use in contemporary times for research and quality control purposes. Ostwald designed
4980-503: The result of this periodic crystallization behavior is easily visually observed, for example, in various geologic formations . Liesegang had previously investigated this phenomenon in specific laboratory experiments, showing his results to Ostwald. Ostwald then developed a mathematical model for the phenomenon that served to explain the observations and realized how widespread is the periodic crystallization behavior. These observations came to be known as Liesegang rings . Ostwald introduced
5063-535: The same year. The academy in Tartu functioned with philosophy, law, theology, and medical faculties enjoying the privileges of the University of Uppsala. On account of the Russian–Swedish war , the University of Tartu moved to Tallinn in 1656, and in 1665, it closed down. In the 17th century, the future outstanding Swedish scholars Urban Hiärne , Olof Verelius , Arvid Moller [ sv ] , and others studied at
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#17328478589035146-666: The terms of the capitulation, the Russians agreed to maintain the university in Pärnu. However, the university was only reopened in 1802 by the Baltic German Ritterschaften , when the new German-speaking University was relaunched and had its new charter confirmed by the reform-minded Tsar Alexander I of Russia . The university was reopened by the Baltic Germans in Estonia in April 1802. The language of instruction at Dorpat
5229-400: The top 1% of the most-cited scientists in the world. UT has excelled among the Baltic universities in winning European Research Council grants. The prestigious ERC grant has been awarded to Professor of Molecular Systems Biology Mart Loog, Professor of Nanomedicine Tambet Teesalu, and Professor of International Law Lauri Mälksoo. University of Tartu has contracts with 154 business partners in
5312-582: The understanding of chemical catalysis were widely applicable in biological processes such as enzymatic catalysis and also in many industrial processes. A catalyst is used in the nitric acid process that Ostwald invented. Ostwald studied the crystallization behavior of solids, especially those solids that are capable of crystallizing in different forms, in the phenomenon known as polymorphism . He discovered that solids do not necessarily crystallize in their most thermodynamically stable form but instead sometimes crystallize preferentially in other forms dependent on
5395-565: The university are included in the European Heritage Label list as "embodiment of the ideas of a university in the Age of Enlightenment ". The university is a member of the Coimbra Group and the Utrecht Network . The mascot of the university is called Tiksu, and behind it unravels a rather interesting story. It is said that Tiksu, depicted as a blue bird, hatched at sunrise and was given
5478-524: The university's physics institute with Arthur von Oettingen . Around 1877, still continuing his work as an unpaid investigator in the Chemistry Laboratory at the University of Dorpat, Ostwald became a paid assistant in the Physics Institute, after Oettingen's assistant moved to Riga. He also supported himself for a time by teaching mathematics and science at a Dorpat high school. Ostwald
5561-438: The university. Among the academic staff were Friedrich Menius [ sv ] , professor of history (the history of Livonia , the first scientific approach to Estonian folklore) and Georg Mancelius , professor of theology (author of the first Latvian -German dictionary in 1638 ). With the re-establishment of the university in 1690 as the Academia Gustavo-Carolina , Tartu became a university town again. Academic staff of
5644-458: The university’s institutions not affiliated to any faculty. The support structure of the university consists of 15 units." While mainly located in Tartu, the university also operates in Narva , Pärnu , Tallinn , and Viljandi . Narva and Pärnu Colleges are part of the Faculty of Social Sciences, Viljandi Culture Academy belongs to the Faculty of Arts and Humanities. The School of Law Tallinn office, University of Tartu Tallinn representation and
5727-486: The unusual note: "Because of the European war the Committee has had much difficulty in the way of correspondence. The German member, Professor Ostwald, has not been heard from in connection with this report. Possibly the censorship of letters, either in Germany or en route, has led to a miscarriage". As part of Ostwald's investigations in to chemical equilibria , chemical affinity , and acid-base interactions , he recognized that many established analytical methods disturb
5810-412: The word mole into the lexicon of chemistry around 1900. He defined one mole as the molecular weight of a substance in units of mass grams. The concept was linked to the ideal gas , according to Ostwald. Ironically, Ostwald's development of the mole concept was directly related to his theory of energeticism , in philosophical opposition to atomic theory , against which he (along with Ernst Mach )
5893-412: Was German from 1802 to 1893. During that time, Dorpat had a dual nature in that it belonged both to the set of German(-language) and Russian universities. Financially and administratively, the latter was more important; intellectually and regarding the professoriate and students, the former was more important (over half the professors came from Germany , at least another third were Baltic Germans ). Among
5976-585: Was a Baltic German chemist and philosopher . Ostwald is credited with being one of the founders of the field of physical chemistry , with Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff , Walther Nernst , and Svante Arrhenius . He received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1909 for his scientific contributions to the fields of catalysis , chemical equilibria , and reaction velocities . Following his 1906 retirement from academic life, Ostwald became much involved in philosophy, art, and politics. He made significant contributions to each of these fields. He has been described as
6059-585: Was a member of a Committee of the Delegation for the Adoption of an International Auxiliary Language . Ostwald donated half the proceedings of his 1909 Nobel prize to the Ido movement, funding the Ido magazine Progreso which he had proposed in 1908. Ostwald later went on to create his own language Weltdeutsch in a period of extreme nationalism during the First World War. One of Ostwald's continuing interests
6142-514: Was also engaged in the peace movement of Berta von Suttner . Among his other interests, Ostwald was a passionate amateur painter who made his own pigments. He left more than 1,000 paintings along with 3,000 pastels and color studies. For Ostwald, science and the arts were mutually supportive areas of engagement. "Poetry, music and painting have given me refreshment and new courage, when exhausted by scientific work I have been obliged to lay my tools aside."–Ostwald Ostwald regarded science and
6225-686: Was awarded the Wilhelm Exner Medal , which recognized the economic impact of Ostwald's scientific contributions. In 1904 he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences . He became an honorary member of scientific societies in Germany, Sweden, Norway, the Netherlands, Russia, Great Britain, and the United States. Ostwald received honorary doctorates from various universities in Germany, Great Britain and
6308-502: Was deeply interested in questions of chemical affinity and the reactions that formed chemical compounds . This was the central theoretical question facing chemists at the time. As part of his early work, Ostwald developed a three-dimensional affinity table that took into account the effects of temperature as well as the affinity constants of acids and bases . Ostwald also investigated mass action , electrochemistry , and chemical dynamics . Ostwald completed his Magisterial degree at
6391-546: Was elected an International Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1905 and an International Member of the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1906. He received the 1909 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his contributions to understanding catalysis and for his investigations of the fundamental principles underlying chemical equilibria and reaction rates. He was nominated for
6474-458: Was in short supply during World War I . The process is often referred to as the Ostwald Process . The process remains in widespread use in contemporary times for manufacture of nitric acid. Ostwald also conducted significant research on dilution theory leading to his conceptualization of the law of dilution which at times is referred to as "Ostwald's Dilution Law". This theory holds that
6557-568: Was liberal, pacifist, and international, seeking in science a basis of values to support social and political reforms. Ostwald himself developed a system of ethics based on science, around the core idea that one should "not waste energy, but convert it into its most useful form." in 1911, Ostwald became President of the Deutscher Monistenbund (Monist Association), founded by Ernst Haeckel . Ostwald (and other Monists) promoted eugenics and euthanasia , but only as voluntary choices with
6640-608: Was near the theoretical limit . Aspects of the basic process had also been patented some 64 years earlier by Kuhlmann . Kuhlmann's process did not become industrially significant, likely due to the lack of an inexpensive source of ammonia. Shortly after Ostwald's finding, inexpensive ammonia became available as a result of Haber and Bosch's invention of a process for nitrogen fixing process (completed by 1911 or 1913) for ammonia synthesis. The combination of these two breakthroughs soon led to more economical and larger-scale production of fertilizers and explosives , of which Germany
6723-471: Was one of the last holdouts. He explained in a conversation with Arnold Sommerfeld that he was convinced by Jean Perrin 's experiments on Brownian motion . In 1906 Ostwald was elected a member of the International Committee on Atomic Weights . As a consequence of World War I , this membership ended in 1917 and was not resumed after the war. The 1917 Annual Report of the committee ended with
6806-503: Was thus allowed to continue in German until 1916). By 1898, when both the town and the university were renamed Yuryev, virtually all distinguished scholars from Germany had left. The University of Yuryev existed until 1918, when during part of the fall term, it was reopened, under German occupation , as Dorpat. Russian academic staff and students took refuge in Voronezh in Russia, giving rise to
6889-426: Was unification through systematization. In particular, Ostwald perceived that energy efficiency was a unifying theme in all facets of society and culture. In political matters, Ostwald's interest in energy efficiency extended to such political matters as the need for organization of labor. Ostwald's interest in unification through systematization led to his adaptation of the philosophy of Monism . Initially, Monism
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