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94-513: Ostankino Tower (Russian: Оста́нкинская телеба́шня , romanized:  Ostankinskaya telebashnya ) is a television and radio tower in Moscow, Russia, owned by the Moscow branch of unitary enterprise Russian TV and Radio Broadcasting Network . Standing 540.1 metres (1,772 ft), it was designed by Nikolai Nikitin . As of 2022, it is the tallest free-standing structure in Europe and 12th tallest in

188-569: A kite can serve as a temporary support. It can carry an antenna or a wire (for VLF, LW or MW) up to an appropriate height. Such an arrangement is used occasionally by military agencies or radio amateurs. The American broadcasters TV Martí broadcast a television program to Cuba by means of such a balloon. In 2013, interest began in using unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) for telecom purposes. For two VLF transmitters wire antennas spun across deep valleys are used. The wires are supported by small masts or towers or rock anchors. The same technique

282-419: A birth certificate. It would be appreciated if you could kindly keep in mind that the ticket remains valid for a duration of 2.5 hours, and it is necessary to vacate the tower within that allocated time. Additionally, we kindly request that you refrain from taking photographs of the staff as it is against our policy. On 21 July 2018, there was a race up the tower, featuring athletes from 12 countries. They ran up

376-464: A capacitive top-load. In a second paper the same year he showed that the amount of power radiated horizontally in ground waves reached a maximum at a mast height of ⁠ 5  / 8 ⁠ wavelength . By 1930 the expense of the T-antenna led broadcasters to adopt the mast radiator antenna, in which the metal structure of the mast itself functions as the antenna. One of the first types used

470-497: A fire in any of these sections, access will be promptly restricted from both sides. Moreover, special installations have been installed to introduce nitrogen into the rooms of the tower during a fire, effectively preventing the development of combustion. However, in May 2007, smoke was noticed at a height of 342 meters. As a result of the emergency situation, the elevators were temporarily out of service. Consequently, firefighters had to reach

564-478: A fraction of the weight (70% less ) which has allowed monopoles and towers to be built in locations that were too expensive or difficult to access with the heavy lifting equipment that is needed for a steel structure. Overall a carbon fiber structure is 40 - 50% faster to be erected compared to traditional building materials. As of 2022 , wood, previously an uncommon material for telecommunications tower construction, has started to become increasingly common. In 2022,

658-624: A guyed radio mast is installed. One example is the Gerbrandy Tower in Lopik , Netherlands. Further towers of this building method can be found near Smilde , Netherlands and the Fernsehturm in Waldenburg , Germany. Radio, television and cell towers have been documented to pose a hazard to birds. Reports have been issued documenting known bird fatalities and calling for research to find ways to minimize

752-517: A maximum of 80 people. Since its opening in 1967, it has been considered the highest establishment for dining in the Soviet Union and was also one of the most expensive. In 1987, the cheapest hall ("Bronze") charged 7 rubles for a day visit, and there was no choice of dishes. The restaurant was a popular tourist attraction in Moscow because its circular rooms rotated once every forty minutes. Throughout its operation, approximately 10 million people visited

846-505: A month, following an explosion in Moscow's Pushkinskaya Metro Station (which killed 12 people and injured 150), and the sinking of the submarine Kursk in the Barents Sea, in which 118 died. Russian President Vladimir Putin stated that "This latest accident shows the shape of our vital installations and the overall state of our country. We should not fail to see major problems in the country behind this accident, and we should not forget

940-611: A professor of engineering at Rome University from 1946 to 1961 and is known worldwide as a structural engineer and architect and for his innovative use of reinforced concrete, especially with numerous notable thin shell structures worldwide. Nervi was born in Sondrio and attended the Civil Engineering School of Bologna from which he graduated in 1913; his formal education was quite similar to that experienced today by Italian civil engineering students. After graduating he joined

1034-455: A second set in Orbetello and Torre del Lago (1939) improved the design by using a lighter roof, precast ribs, and a modular construction method. During the 1940s he developed ideas for reinforced concrete which helped in the rebuilding of many buildings and factories throughout Western Europe, and even designed and created a boat hull that was made of reinforced concrete as a promotion for

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1128-717: A service elevator from the Shcherbinsky plant was also installed in the building. One of the elevators in the antenna section of the TV tower was also designed by ThyssenKrupp. Currently, elevators #6 and #7, which are located above the observation deck and go up to approximately 450 meters, are not functioning. It is unlikely that they will be restored due to the elevator shafts being blocked with cables and feeders. As of September 2017, five elevators are in operation, consisting of four high-speed elevators from ThyssenKrupp and one service elevator from Shcherbinsky elevator plant. The machine units of

1222-528: A service platform located at a lower level. Russian emergency services responded quickly. In 2006, representatives of the Ministry of Emergency Situations assured that a significant fire incident at the Ostankino Tower would no longer occur as there were no combustible materials remaining within the structure. Following the necessary repairs, the tower has been compartmentalized into multiple sections. In case of

1316-403: A tower doubling as a flagpole attracted controversy in 2004 in relation to the U.S. presidential campaign of that year , and highlighted the sentiment that such disguises serve more to allow the installation of such towers in subterfuge, away from public scrutiny, rather than to serve towards the beautification of the landscape. A mast radiator or mast antenna is a radio tower or mast in which

1410-575: A tower, the structure may be parallel-sided or taper over part or all of its height. When constructed of several sections which taper exponentially with height, in the manner of the Eiffel Tower , the tower is said to be an Eiffelized one. The Crystal Palace tower in London is an example. Guyed masts are sometimes also constructed out of steel tubes. This construction type has the advantage that cables and other components can be protected from weather inside

1504-450: A trail of destruction in its wake. It took the efforts of firefighters and emergency personnel until the following evening to finally extinguish the flames. The aftermath of the fire had far-reaching consequences, as the entire city of Moscow was left without television reception, with additional disruption to radio signals. While some channels were able to quickly restore their services, it took several months to completely repair and reinstate

1598-400: A type of structure would be much more aesthetically pleasing. Nikitin's proposal was taken seriously, and he was given the opportunity to prepare his own application. To ensure the strength and stability of the concrete frame, Nikitin incorporated 149 taut steel ropes. Nikitin later asserted that he had conceived the project overnight, and the prototype for the cone-shaped foundation of the tower

1692-484: A wood telecommunications tower – the first of its kind in Italy – replaced a previously-existing steel structure to blend in with its wooded surroundings. One of the most commonly cited reasons telecom companies opt for wood is because it is the only material in the industry that is climate positive . For this reason, some utility pole distributors started to offer wood towers to meet the growing demands of 5G infrastructure. In

1786-417: Is a self-supporting or cantilevered structure, while a mast is held up by stays or guy-wires . There are a few borderline designs that are partly free-standing and partly guyed, called additionally guyed towers . Examples: The first experiments in radio communication were conducted by Guglielmo Marconi beginning in 1894. In 1895–1896 he invented the vertical monopole or Marconi antenna , which

1880-441: Is currently operational. In 2016, the coffee shop and cafe levels of the complex reopened. The restaurant hall was also launched in 2017, and had to be temporarily closed in 2020 due to the ongoing coronavirus restrictions. The Seventh Heaven restaurant complex comprises three levels, namely the coffee shop (at the 334 meter mark), the cafe (at the 331 meter mark), and the restaurant (at the 328 meter mark). The Ostankino Tower held

1974-453: Is currently the tallest guyed tubular mast in the world after the Belmont transmitting station was reduced in height in 2010. Reinforced concrete towers are relatively expensive to build but provide a high degree of mechanical rigidity in strong winds. This can be important when antennas with narrow beamwidths are used, such as those used for microwave point-to-point links, and when the structure

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2068-578: Is not an essential feature. A special form of the radio tower is the telescopic mast . These can be erected very quickly. Telescopic masts are used predominantly in setting up temporary radio links for reporting on major news events, and for temporary communications in emergencies. They are also used in tactical military networks. They can save money by needing to withstand high winds only when raised, and as such are widely used in amateur radio . Telescopic masts consist of two or more concentric sections and come in two principal types: A tethered balloon or

2162-619: Is still in use. Disguised cell sites sometimes can be introduced into environments that require a low-impact visual outcome, by being made to look like trees, chimneys or other common structures. Many people view bare cellphone towers as ugly and an intrusion into their neighbourhoods. Even though people increasingly depend upon cellular communications, they are opposed to the bare towers spoiling otherwise scenic views. Many companies offer to 'hide' cellphone towers in, or as, trees, church towers, flag poles, water tanks and other features. There are many providers that offer these services as part of

2256-1437: Is the Day of Russia, the flag of Russia was respectfully hoisted on the tower. The flag specifically made for the tower was carefully sewn in Vladimir using a reinforced fabric. The previous flag of the USSR, which was lowered in December 1991, is currently preserved in the tower museum. Lifenews (24 hours), Sport 1 (24 hours), Nash Futbol (encoded), Doverie (0:00–12:00)/Euronews (12:00–0:00), Sport (00:00–06:00)/Boytsovskiy Klub (06:00–12:00)/Moya Planeta (12:00–18:00)/Nauka 2.0 (18:00–00:00), Russkiy Roman (00:00–05:00)/Russkiy Bestseller (05:00–10:00)/Russkiy Detective (10:00–15:00)/Istoriya (15:00–20:00)/Mult (20:00–00:00), Sarafan (00:00–12:00)/Strana (12:00–00:00), Zhivaya Planeta (00:00–06:00)/IQ HD (06:00–09:00)/24 Doc (09:00–12:00)/Techno 24 (12:00–15:00)/Mama (15:00–18:00)/NST (18:00–21:00)/Park Razvlecheniy (21:00–00:00), Dom Kino (01:30–02:30)/Vremya (02:30–04:30)/Telecafe (04:30–06:30)/Muzyka Pervogo (06:30–01:30), 365 dney TV (00:00–02:00)/TNT-Comedy (02:00–04:00)/ Mnogo TV (04:00–06:00)/HD Life (06:00–08:00)/STV (08:00–10:00)/India TV (10:00–12:00)/Boets (12:00–14:00)/Comedia TV (14:00–16:00)/La Minor(16:00–18:00)/Interesnoe TV (18:00–20:00)/Kukhnya TV (20:00–22:00)/Auto Plus (22:00–00:00) In Moscow and

2350-489: Is the danger of wind-induced oscillations. This is particularly a concern with steel tube construction. One can reduce this by building cylindrical shock-mounts into the construction. One finds such shock-mounts, which look like cylinders thicker than the mast, for example, at the radio masts of DHO38 in Saterland . There are also constructions, which consist of a free-standing tower, usually from reinforced concrete , onto which

2444-412: Is the most widespread form of construction. It provides great strength, low weight and wind resistance, and economy in the use of materials. Lattices of triangular cross-section are most common, and square lattices are also widely used. Guyed masts are often used; the supporting guy lines carry lateral forces such as wind loads, allowing the mast to be very narrow and simply constructed. When built as

2538-502: Is to be occupied by people. In the 1950s, AT&T built numerous concrete towers, more resembling silos than towers, for its first transcontinental microwave route. In Germany and the Netherlands most towers constructed for point-to-point microwave links are built of reinforced concrete , while in the UK most are lattice towers . Concrete towers can form prestigious landmarks, such as

2632-529: The CN Tower in Toronto , Canada. In addition to accommodating technical staff, these buildings may have public areas such as observation decks or restaurants. The Katanga TV tower near Jabalpur , Madhya Pradesh, in central India hosts a high-power transmitter for the public broadcasters Doordarshan and Prasar Bharati . The Stuttgart TV tower was the first tower in the world to be built in reinforced concrete. It

2726-627: The Crimea . Kondratyuk successfully designed a 165-meter structure and took precautions by reinforcing it with steel cables to ensure its stability against strong winds. The project was left incomplete due to several factors, but the concept remained in Nikitin's mind. In 1932, architect Pier Luigi Nervi presented a project called the "Monument of the Banner" in Rome for a competition. It is uncertain whether Nikolai Nikitin

2820-456: The Moscow Region , along with 18 other regions, analogue television closed on 15 April 2019, at 12:00 (UTC+3). Radio masts and towers A mast radiator or radiating tower is one in which the metal mast or tower itself is energized and functions as the transmitting antenna. The terms "mast" and "tower" are often used interchangeably. However, in structural engineering terms, a tower

2914-839: The Moscow Region , as well as certain portions of the Vladimir and Kaluga regions. The ownership of the TV tower lies with the Moscow Regional Center, a division of the Russian Television and Radio Broadcasting Network (RTRN). Under favorable weather conditions, the Ostankino TV Tower can be observed by residents of certain cities in the Moscow Region, including Balashikha , Voskresensk , Zelenograd , Korolev , Krasnogorsk , Lyubertsy , Mytishchi , Odintsovo , Podolsk , Khimki , and Shchyolkovo . The primary function of

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3008-435: The shortwave range, there is little to be gained by raising the antenna more than a half to three quarters of a wavelength above ground level, and at lower frequencies and longer wavelengths, the height becomes infeasibly great (greater than 85 metres (279 ft)). Shortwave transmitters rarely use masts taller than about 100 metres. Because masts, towers and the antennas mounted on them require maintenance, access to

3102-445: The very low frequency band – such long waves that they are nearly unused at present. Because the extreme wavelengths were one to several kilometers long, even the tallest feasible antennas by comparison were still too short, electrically , and consequently had inherently very low radiation resistance (only 5~25 Ohms). In any antenna, low radiation resistance leads to excessive power losses in its surrounding ground system , since

3196-581: The visual horizon . The only way to cover larger areas is to raise the antenna high enough so it has a line-of-sight path to them. Until 8 August 1991, the Warsaw radio mast was the world's tallest supported structure on land; its collapse left the KVLY / KTHI-TV mast as the tallest. There are over 50 radio structures in the United States that are 600 m ( 1 968.5 ft ) or taller. The steel lattice

3290-425: The whole structure is an antenna. Mast antennas are the transmitting antennas typical for long or medium wave broadcasting. Structurally, the only difference is that some mast radiators require the mast base to be insulated from the ground. In the case of an insulated tower, there will usually be one insulator supporting each leg. Some mast antenna designs do not require insulation, however, so base insulation

3384-540: The 1930s it was found that the diamond shape of the Blaw-Knox tower had an unfavorable current distribution which increased the power emitted at high angles, causing multipath fading in the listening area. By the 1940s the AM broadcast industry had abandoned the Blaw-Knox design for the narrow, uniform cross section lattice mast used today, which had a better radiation pattern. The rise of FM radio and television broadcasting in

3478-524: The 1940s–1950s created a need for even taller masts. The earlier AM broadcasting used LF and MF bands, where radio waves propagate as ground waves which follow the contour of the Earth. The ground-hugging waves allowed the signals to travel beyond the horizon, out to hundreds of kilometers. However the newer FM and TV transmitters used the VHF band, in which radio waves travel by line-of-sight , so they are limited by

3572-564: The 1960s. In Germany the Bielstein transmitter collapsed in 1985. Tubular masts were not built in all countries. In Germany, France, UK, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Japan and the Soviet Union, many tubular guyed masts were built, while there are nearly none in Poland or North America. Several tubular guyed masts were built in cities in Russia and Ukraine. These masts featured horizontal crossbars running from

3666-528: The Italian government. Nervi also stressed that intuition should be used as much as mathematics in design, especially with thin shell structures. He borrowed from both Roman and Renaissance architecture while applying ribbing and vaulting to improve strength and eliminate columns. He combined simple geometry and prefabrication to innovate design solutions. Nervi was educated and practised as an ingegnere edile (translated as "building engineer") – in Italy. At

3760-469: The Ostankino TV Tower held the prestigious title of being the tallest structure in the entire world, standing impressively at a height of 540 meters. Extensive use of prestressed concrete resulted in a simple and sturdy structure. It surpassed the Empire State Building to become the tallest free-standing structure in the world . However, this remarkable achievement was subsequently overshadowed by

3854-449: The Ostankino TV Tower is to transmit TV signals. Prior to its establishment, this task was fulfilled by a structure devised by Vladimir Shukhov in 1922. During that era, the "wicker" tower located on Shabolovka Street was widely regarded as an extraordinary feat of engineering ingenuity. However, it became apparent in the 1950s that the tower had reached the end of its lifespan. Originally designed primarily for radio signal transmission,

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3948-402: The Ostankino TV Tower. During the fire in 2000, the high temperatures resulted in the severe damage of almost all elevator cables, leading to their collapse. There were three individuals present in one of the cabins during the incident, and none of them survived. ThyssenKrupp manufactured four new elevators in 2003, but their installation was not completed until November 21, 2005. Additionally,

4042-723: The Society for Concrete Construction and, during World War I from 1915 to 1918, he served in the Corps of Engineering of the Italian Army. From 1961 to 1962 he was the Norton professor at Harvard University . Nervi began practicing civil engineering after 1923. His projects in the 1930s included several airplane hangars that were important for his development as an engineer. A set of hangars in Orvieto (1935) were built entirely out of reinforced concrete, and

4136-635: The United States was the George Washington Bridge Bus Station , for which he designed the roof, which consists of triangular pieces that were cast in place. This building is still used today by over 700 buses and their passengers. Pier Luigi Nervi was awarded Gold Medals by the Institution of Structural Engineers in the UK, the American Institute of Architects ( AIA Gold Medal 1964) and

4230-418: The United States, for example, wood utility pole distributor Bell Lumber & Pole began developing products for the telecommunications industry . Shorter masts may consist of a self-supporting or guyed wooden pole, similar to a telegraph pole. Sometimes self-supporting tubular galvanized steel poles are used: these may be termed monopoles. In some cases, it is possible to install transmitting antennas on

4324-559: The buildings collapsed, several local TV and radio stations were knocked off the air until backup transmitters could be put into service. Such facilities also exist in Europe , particularly for portable radio services and low-power FM radio stations. In London , the BBC erected in 1936 a mast for broadcasting early television on one of the towers of a Victorian building, the Alexandra Palace . It

4418-519: The central mast structure to the guys and were built in the 1960s. The crossbars of these masts are equipped with a gangway that holds smaller antennas, though their main purpose is oscillation damping. The design designation of these masts is 30107 KM and they are exclusively used for FM and TV and are between 150–200-metre (490–660 ft) tall with one exception. The exception being the mast in Vinnytsia which has height of 354 m (1161 ft) and

4512-476: The construction of the CN Tower , situated in the city of Toronto , Canada . Towering above the ground at an astonishing height of 553 meters, the CN Tower effortlessly claimed the new record. Over the course of 30 years leading up to the fire, the vantage point and the "Seventh Heaven" restaurant welcomed over 10 million guests. Following the fire, both the platform and the restaurant underwent reconstruction, with

4606-514: The economy. Whether or not such accidents happen again in the future will depend on how we work in this vital direction." On 25 March 2005, the first new elevators since the August 2000 fire, made by the German company ThyssenKrupp , were tested and put into service. The new elevators travel at a speed of 6 metres per second (20 ft/s) The tower remained inaccessible to visitors until its reconstruction

4700-478: The entire structure. Out of the 150 steel cables that once held the building together, only 19 remained intact after the fire had subsided. The fire initially broke out at a height of 460 meters, or approximately 98 metres (322 ft) above the observation platform and the Seventh Heaven restaurant, around 3 o'clock in the afternoon. Within moments, the flames rapidly spread, engulfing nearby structures and leaving

4794-408: The establishment of an entire town dedicated to the project. This town included essential facilities such as a boiler house, a concrete plant, and a mechanical workshop. The tower trunk was successfully erected using a self-lifting crane, while alternative methods, specifically the utilization of helicopters, were employed to install the antenna atop the TV tower. Of course, the engineering features of

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4888-568: The establishment that existed prior to the devastating fire. This transformation is evident not only in the culinary offerings but also in the interior decor, showcasing a complete overhaul of the dining experience. and the Seventh Heaven restaurant reopened in November 2016. On 1 July 2004, Austrian BASE jumper Christina Grubelnik collided with the tower, resulting in a concussion and causing her to lose consciousness. Her parachute became caught on

4982-423: The first he derived the radiation resistance of a vertical conductor over a ground plane . He found that the radiation resistance increased to a maximum at a length of ⁠ 1  / 2 ⁠ wavelength , so a mast around that length had an input resistance that was much higher than the ground resistance, reducing the fraction of transmitter power that was lost in the ground system without assistance from

5076-458: The hazard that communications towers can pose to birds. There have also been instances of rare birds nesting in cell towers and thereby preventing repair work due to legislation intended to protect them. Pier Luigi Nervi Pier Luigi Nervi (21 June 1891 – 9 January 1979) was an Italian engineer and architect. He studied at the University of Bologna graduating in 1913. Nervi taught as

5170-488: The high-speed elevators are installed at distances of 360 and 364 meters. These elevators have a feature where their speed can be automatically reduced when signals from sensors detect any tower sway. Additionally, the elevators are equipped with a unique system that enables contactless transmission of electricity to the cabin. This is achieved through inductive energy transfer using a transformer principle. To make this possible, inductive energy transfer elements are positioned in

5264-528: The location of the smoke on foot. The fire in the Ostankino TV Tower was classified as a second (heightened) level of complexity. As per the statement from the Emergencies Ministry, the cause of the fire at the tower was attributed to a breach of fire safety regulations during welding operations. All people inside the tower were evacuated and the fire was successfully extinguished, with no casualties. Originally, German elevators by R.Stahl were installed in

5358-445: The low-resistance antenna cannot effectively compete for power with the high-resistance earth. To partially compensate, radiotelegraph stations used huge capacitively top-loaded flattop antennas consisting of horizontal wires strung between multiple 100–300 meters (330–980 ft) steel towers to increase efficiency. AM radio broadcasting began around 1920. The allocation of the medium wave frequencies for broadcasting raised

5452-561: The main structural material of the day. Nervi expounded his ideas on building in four books (see below) and many learned papers. Archeological excavations suggested that he may have some responsibilities for the Flaminio stadium foundations passing through ancient Roman tombs. His work was also part of the architecture event in the art competition at the 1936 Summer Olympics . Most of his built structures are in his native Italy, but he also worked on projects abroad. Nervi's first project in

5546-425: The narrow, spiral staircase and reached the location at an altitude of 337.0 meters. The fastest of the 28 athletes was German, Christian Riedl, who made it to the top in 9 minutes and 51 seconds. The women's winner was Cynthia Harris (US), who reached the top in 12 minutes and 15 seconds. On 27 August 2000, a devastating blaze not only engulfed the renowned restaurant "Seventh Sky," but also caused extensive damage to

5640-593: The normal tower installation and maintenance service. These are generally called "stealth towers" or "stealth installations", or simply concealed cell sites . The level of detail and realism achieved by disguised cellphone towers is remarkably high; for example, such towers disguised as trees are nearly indistinguishable from the real thing. Such towers can be placed unobtrusively in national parks and other such protected places, such as towers disguised as cacti in United States' Coronado National Forest . Even when disguised, however, such towers can create controversy;

5734-409: The observation deck being fully renovated by January 2008. Although the observation deck resumed operations with pilot tours on March 27, 2008, the restaurant remained closed as it continued its reconstruction efforts. One of the key guidelines for visiting entails implementing heightened security measures, which require the presence of an adult accompanied by a valid passport and a child accompanied by

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5828-498: The opening of observation platforms and a restaurant for visitors. Speaking of the observation decks, the tower boasts two of them. One is a glazed deck situated at a height of 337 meters, while the second is an open deck positioned approximately 3 meters closer to the top of the tower. Although it is referred to as "open", there are bars in place for safety reasons. Additionally, it is only open on rare occasions, specifically during favorable weather conditions without wind. Prior to 1976,

5922-529: The past, ruggedized and under-run filament lamps were used to maximize the bulb life. Alternatively, neon lamps were used. Nowadays such lamps tend to use LED arrays. Height requirements vary across states and countries, and may include additional rules such as requiring a white flashing strobe in the daytime and pulsating red fixtures at night. Structures over a certain height may also be required to be painted with contrasting color schemes such as white and orange or white and red to make them more visible against

6016-410: The possibility of using single vertical masts without top loading. The antenna used for broadcasting through the 1920s was the T-antenna , which consisted of two masts with loading wires on top, strung between them, requiring twice the construction costs and land area of a single mast. In 1924 Stuart Ballantine published two historic papers which led to the development of the single mast antenna. In

6110-471: The project was ultimately completed and the tower remained stable. This was primarily due to the shifted center of gravity. The center of gravity can be compared to the Soviet toy called Nevalashka , which means that the structure can sway in strong winds. The maximum deflection of the spire throughout the construction process was approximately 12 meters. Certainly, in addition to the shifted center of gravity, there

6204-571: The project were not very enthusiastic about it. Numerous engineers, including Nikolai Nikitin , a member of the competition committee and an expert in reinforced concrete and metal structures, came up with an alternative idea. Nikitin expressed a strong dislike towards his colleagues' project, deeming the design unappealing. He suggested building the tower out of reinforced concrete , citing a successful similar project in Stuttgart that had been completed two years prior, in 1956. He firmly believed that such

6298-424: The restaurant halls. These included the installation of new water fire extinguishing systems, treatment of all metal structures with fireproofing compounds, replacement of exterior cladding and old double-glazed windows with newer ones. Additionally, significant renovations were done on the ventilation system, air conditioning, water supply, and other related aspects in the restaurant. The Seventh Sky restaurant complex

6392-449: The restaurant. The restaurant had the honor of operating without interruption for a remarkable span of 33 years, until a devastating fire occurred on August 27, 2000. This tragic incident resulted in the complete destruction of all three floors, thus necessitating a lengthy period of sixteen years for the reconstruction process to be completed. The fire of 2000 caused extensive damage to the interiors of "Seventh Sky" and its reconstruction

6486-463: The roofs of tall buildings. In North America , for instance, there are transmitting antennas on the Empire State Building , the Willis Tower , Prudential Tower , 4 Times Square , and One World Trade Center . The North Tower of the original World Trade Center also had a 110-metre (360 ft) telecommunications antenna atop its roof, constructed in 1978–1979, and began transmission in 1980. When

6580-492: The shaft and current collectors are attached to the car. The CPS inductive power transmission system was provided by the reputable German company Paul Vahle GmbH & Co. KG. High-speed elevator No. 4 was put into operation in December 2006. Within the tower, there is a restaurant called "Seventh Sky" that offers a unique dining experience. The restaurant was visited by the USSR leaders Nikita Podgorny , Alexei Kosygin , and Leonid Brezhnev on November 7, 1967. The restaurant

6674-428: The signal citywide. There were three fatalities as a result of the fire. A firefighter and lift operator died when their elevator cabin crashed to the ground level due to the fire. The fire necessitated the evacuation of all visitors and staff from those locations. As reported by Russian news agencies, the evacuation was successfully carried out within 90 minutes from the onset of the fire. The substantial loss incurred

6768-494: The sky. In some countries where light pollution is a concern, tower heights may be restricted so as to reduce or eliminate the need for aircraft warning lights. For example, in the United States the 1996 Telecommunications Act allows local jurisdictions to set maximum heights for towers, such as limiting tower height to below 200 feet (61 m) and therefore not requiring aircraft illumination under US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) rules. One problem with radio masts

6862-415: The time (and to a lesser degree also today), a building engineer might also be considered an architect. After 1932, his aesthetically pleasing designs were used for major projects. This was due to the booming number of construction projects at the time which used concrete and steel in Europe and the architecture aspect took a step back to the potential of engineering. Nervi successfully made reinforced concrete

6956-489: The title of the tallest flagpole in the world for a long time. On April 27, 1967, the flag of the USSR was placed on top of the tower and was regularly replaced twice a year, for May Day and November 7. Originally, the flag was intended to be 50 by 20 meters, but it was reduced to 5 by 2 meters due to concerns about wind load. In 1991, the flag was taken down and the tower remained without it for over 17 years. On June 12, 2009, which

7050-508: The tower efficiently housed equipment for radio relay lines, mobile television stations, radiotelephone communications, special services facilities, and a meteorological complex. The grand opening of the Ostankino TV Tower occurred in 1967, coinciding with the 50th anniversary of the October Revolution . However, initially only a portion of the structure was operational. The remaining works were successfully completed by 1969, allowing for

7144-596: The tower found itself adapting to the emergence of television broadcasting in the late 1930s. The project was initially assigned to the Kiev Design Institute specializing in steel structures, which won the All-Union competition for the best TV tower design. Their proposal was an openwork metal tower similar to the Eiffel Tower in Paris or the renowned Shukhov Tower in Moscow. However, the architects tasked with realizing

7238-434: The tower hold great significance. However, it was the architects who skillfully enhanced the tower's appearance. Leonid Batalov and Dmitry Burdin were responsible for shaping the structure's appearance. They incorporated elegant arches between the supports, constructed a sleek glazed cylinder beneath the tower trunk to accommodate technical services and live broadcasting studios, and artistically integrated illuminator windows in

7332-498: The tower to stop the fire. Temporary firewalls made of asbestos were installed at a height of 70 metres (230 ft) to prevent further spreading. As a result of the fire, television broadcasts in Moscow and the surrounding areas were mostly disrupted, except for the privately owned NTV station. However, the government prioritized state channels and therefore the RTR TV channel began transmitting to several districts in Moscow. The fire caused

7426-500: The tube and consequently the structure may look cleaner. These masts are mainly used for FM-/TV-broadcasting, but sometimes also as mast radiator. The big mast of Mühlacker transmitting station is a good example of this. A disadvantage of this mast type is that it is much more affected by winds than masts with open bodies. Several tubular guyed masts have collapsed. In the UK, the Emley Moor and Waltham TV stations masts collapsed in

7520-453: The upper section of the cone, giving the tower a striking similarity to a rocket. Furthermore, at the height of 325–360 meters, the tower was extended with a structure resembling a 10-storey house, featuring essential equipment, a magnificent revolving restaurant spanning three floors, and an observation deck inspired by the design of the TV tower in Stuttgart. Moreover, the balconies and trunk of

7614-405: The upper spire of the tower to tilt slightly, which caused concerns that the tower might collapse. However, upon further inspection, it was determined that although the structure suffered significant damage, there was no immediate risk of collapse. Immediate efforts were initiated to rebuild the tower, which turned out to be a lengthy and costly endeavor. The fire was the third disaster in Russia in

7708-404: The whole of the structure is necessary. Small structures are typically accessed with a ladder . Larger structures, which tend to require more frequent maintenance, may have stairs and sometimes a lift, also called a service elevator. Tall structures in excess of certain legislated heights are often equipped with aircraft warning lamps , usually red, to warn pilots of the structure's existence. In

7802-512: The world . Between 1967 and 1974, it was the tallest in the world. The tower was the first free-standing structure to exceed 500 m (1,600 ft) in height. Ostankino was built to mark the 50th anniversary of the October Revolution . It is named after the surrounding Ostankino district of Moscow. Upon the completion of construction, approximately 10,000,000 individuals resided within the transmitter coverage area, which expanded to over 15,000,000 people by 2014. This area encompasses Moscow and

7896-416: Was a need for further structural reinforcement. As a result, a total of 150 steel cables were carefully installed inside. In order to safeguard against any potential corrosion of the iron over time, the cables were coated with a substance known as gun oil. This particular type of petroleum oil is made thicker by combining it with petrolatum and ceresin . The construction work commenced in 1959, leading to

7990-550: Was acquainted with these sketches, but the base of the structure bears a striking resemblance to the Ostankino TV tower. Nikolai Nikitin suggested constructing a 540-meter rocket, but the proposed tower had minimal foundation, with only a 4.6-meter base underground. Many of Nikitin's colleagues expressed concerns about the stability of the structure and recommended reinforcing it with 40-meter piles. They even wrote collective letters to halt construction. However, despite their efforts,

8084-425: Was also used at Criggion radio station . For ELF transmitters ground dipole antennas are used. Such structures require no tall masts. They consist of two electrodes buried deep in the ground at least a few dozen kilometres apart. From the transmitter building to the electrodes, overhead feeder lines run. These lines look like power lines of the 10 kV level, and are installed on similar pylons. For transmissions in

8178-405: Was designed in 1956 by the local civil engineer Fritz Leonhardt . Fiberglass poles are occasionally used for low-power non-directional beacons or medium-wave broadcast transmitters. Carbon fibre monopoles and towers have traditionally been too expensive but recent developments in the way the carbon fibre tow is spun have resulted in solutions that offer strengths exceeding steel (10 times) for

8272-425: Was fully completed in 2008, marking the reopening of the structure. During this time, individuals had the opportunity to access the observation decks, providing them with extensive views. However, the restoration efforts did not extend to the tower's restaurant, which remained closed for an additional eight years. The current restaurant within the tower's premises bears little resemblance to its Soviet-era counterpart or

8366-444: Was initially a wire suspended from a tall wooden pole. He found that the higher the antenna was suspended, the further he could transmit, the first recognition of the need for height in antennas. Radio began to be used commercially for radiotelegraphic communication around 1900. The first 20 years of commercial radio were dominated by radiotelegraph stations, transmitting over long distances by using very long wavelengths in

8460-427: Was inspired by the upside-down lilium flower, known for its robust petals and sturdy stem, which the engineer had envisioned in his dream just days before the deadline for submitting sketches. However, it is possible that the reality was different. His design was inspired by the work of scientist Yuri Kondratyuk in the 1930s, who had envisioned a thin and hollow concrete structure for a wind farm on Mount Ai-Petri in

8554-451: Was made up of three halls named "Bronze", "Silver", and "Golden". These halls were located on separate floors at heights ranging from 328 to 334 meters above the ground. Each hall had 24 four-seat tables arranged in a circle near the panoramic windows, with a radius of 9.2 meters. The total area of the halls was 600 m, and each hall was 2.5 meters wide. Due to limited capacity, reservations were necessary in advance, with each level accommodating

8648-490: Was primarily attributed to the outdated and inadequately maintained electronic equipment, a significant portion of which had been installed during the 1960s. Furthermore, the tower had become increasingly crowded with equipment. The failure of the fire suppression systems resulted in significant damage to the interior of the tower. Despite the efforts of over 300 firefighters and emergency workers, they had to manually bring heavy equipment, including chemical fire extinguishers, up

8742-500: Was significantly delayed for a period of 16 years. Initially, the project faced challenges in securing an investor, and subsequently, the implementation of safety regulations by the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations posed an obstacle as it limited the number of visitors to a maximum of 50 in the tower at any given time. During the time frame of August 28, 2000 to April 2012, various measures were taken to enhance fire safety in

8836-504: Was the diamond cantilever or Blaw-Knox tower . This had a diamond ( rhombohedral ) shape which made it rigid, so only one set of guy lines was needed, at its wide waist. The pointed lower end of the antenna ended in a large ceramic insulator in the form of a ball-and-socket joint on a concrete base, relieving bending moments on the structure. The first, a 665 foot (203 m) half-wave mast was installed at radio station WABC 's 50  kW transmitter at Wayne, New Jersey in 1931. During

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