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51-718: Osorno is a city located in southern Chile a territory of northern Patagonia in the Los Lagos Region. The Chilean Patagonia starts at Latitude 39° South in Valdivia and then it continues through the Chiloe Island and the fiords that continue its course south through the Pacific Ocean and the Cordillera de los Andes until it reaches Latitude 56° South at Cape Horn.The province possesses one of the most frequented mountain passes of Chile ,

102-647: A base to defend its sovereignty claims in the southernmost part of South America. This led to the Strait of Magellan being recognized as Chilean territory in the Boundary Treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina . Punta Arenas' geopolitical importance has remained high in the 20th and 21st centuries due to its logistic significance in accessing the Antarctic Peninsula . Since 2017, the city and its region have been on their own time zone , using summer time throughout

153-527: A company possessing 3 million hectares in southern Chile and Argentina, with over 2 million head of sheep. The headquarters of this company and the residences of the owners were in Punta Arenas. The Sarah Braun Museum is now established at the former Braun-Menéndez mansion, in the centre of Punta Arenas. The Punta Arenas harbour, although exposed to storms, was considered one of the most important in Chile before

204-496: A crew of 21 people ( captain , eighteen crew, and two women), plus cargo, to accomplish the mandate. The founding act of the settlement took place on 21 September 1843. The fort was well-positioned on a small rocky peninsula , but the location could not support a proper civilian settlement. With this in mind the Military Governor, José de los Santos Mardones, decided in 1848 to move the settlement to its current location, along

255-689: A full-size replica of the first ship ever to circumnavigate the world: Ferdinand Magellan's Nao Victoria . Since October 2011, the museum has displayed a full-size replica of the James Caird , used by Ernest Shackleton during his Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition with the Endurance . The Museum of Remembrance of the University of Magallanes Instituto de la Patagonia displays examples of heritage buildings, old machinery and tools. They are part of an Open Museum, with high attendance and regional identity and

306-578: A population of about 301 in 2002, the islands are largely uninhabited. Clarence Island had a population of five. Due to its far southern latitude, Punta Arenas has a subpolar oceanic climate ( Köppen climate classification Cfc , Trewartha climate classification Eolk ). The seasonal temperature in Punta Arenas is greatly moderated by its proximity to the ocean, with average lows in July near −1 °C (30 °F) and highs in January of 14 °C (57 °F). It

357-430: A relatively small part in the country's transport system. Because of the country's geography and long distances between major cities, aviation is also important. Total: 85,983 km Paved: 21,289 km Unpaved: 64,695 km (2020 est.) 3,347 km (2020 est.)< Buses are now the main means of long-distance transportation in Chile, following the decline of the rail network. The bus system covers

408-438: A significant number of foreign visitors, especially during the spring, summer and autumn seasons. It has 8 heritage wooden buildings; 40 antique vehicles and transport of great historical value; machines; and innumerable tools, mainly associated with livestock and oil production. As a "comuna" (commune) Punta Arenas is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council , headed by an alcalde who

459-483: A significant role. Tourism has contributed to the city's economy and steady growth. Tourist destinations include the Cathedral and other notable churches, the city cemetery, and the statue of Magellan. Some cruise ships to Antarctica depart from Punta Arenas's port, which also serves as a hub for many cruise lines that travel along the channels and fjords of the region. A scheduled ferry service connects Punta Arenas with

510-752: Is Chile's largest aviation facility. Chacao Channel bridge is a planned suspension bridge that was to link the island of Chiloé with mainland Chile crossing the Chacao Channel . It was one of the several projects that were planned to commemorate the Chile's bicentennial in 2010. If completed, it would have been the largest suspension bridge in South America . Construction started in 2017 with completion expected in 2028. Punta Arenas Punta Arenas ( Spanish pronunciation: [ˈpunta aˈɾenas] , historically known as Sandy Point in English)

561-565: Is also known for its strong winds (up to 130 km/h [81 mph]), which are strongest during the summer. City officials have put up ropes between buildings in the downtown area to assist pedestrians with managing the strong downdrafts. Since 1986, Punta Arenas has been the first significantly populated city in the world to be affected directly by the thinning ozone layer . Its residents are considered to be exposed to potentially damaging levels of ultraviolet radiation . Two early Spanish settlements were attempted along this coast (on

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612-451: Is directly elected every four years. The 2016–2020 alcalde is Claudio Radonich ( National Renewal ). Within the electoral divisions of Chile , Punta Arenas is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Sandra Amar ( UDI ), Karim Bianchi (IND- PRSD ) and Gabriel Boric ( CS ) as part of the 60th electoral district, which includes the entire Magallanes and Antartica Chilena Region . The commune

663-515: Is home to the southernmost Hindu temple in the world, which is used by the relatively small, but significant, Sindhi community in Punta Arenas. Sindhi merchants began arriving in the area during the early 1900s, and today constitute one of the largest communities of Indians in Chile . By 2006 the economy of Punta Arenas and the region had diversified. Chile's principal oil reserves are close by, along with some low-grade coal . Agricultural production, including sheep and cattle, continues to play

714-575: Is known for stable constant temperatures, which vary only slightly with the seasons. Rainfall is highest in April and May, and the snowy season runs all through the Chilean winter (June until September). As in most of Patagonia , average annual precipitation is quite low, only 380 mm (15 in) because of a rain shadow created by the Andes. The average temperature does not go below 1 °C (34 °F). The city

765-508: Is located on the northeastern shore of Brunswick Peninsula. Except for the eastern shore, containing the settlements of Guairabo, Rio Amarillo and Punta San Juan, the peninsula is largely uninhabited. The municipality of Punta Arenas includes all of Brunswick Peninsula, as well as all islands west of the Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego and north of Cockburn and Magdalena channels. The largest of those are: Except Dawson Island , which had

816-480: Is one of the world's most southerly ports and serves as an Antarctic gateway city . Punta Arenas is the world's southernmost city with more than 100,000 inhabitants and claims the title of southernmost city in the world, although this title is also claimed by Ushuaia in Argentina, which lies farther south but is slightly smaller than Punta Arenas. Since 1977, Punta Arenas has been one of only two free ports in Chile,

867-497: Is represented in the Senate by Carlos Bianchi Chelech (Ind.) and Carolina Goic B. ( DC ) as part of the 19th senatorial constituency (Magallanes Region). Carlos Ibáñez del Campo airport is located 20 kilometers from the city centre. Rental car services, duty-free shops and custom office services are available in the building (there is no duty-free shop in the terminal, despite the representations of tourist literature). Airlines serving

918-558: Is the capital city of Chile 's southernmost region , Magallanes and Antarctica Chilena . Although officially renamed as Magallanes in 1927, the name was changed back to Punta Arenas in 1938. The city is the largest south of the 46th parallel south and the most populous southernmost city in Chile and the Americas . Due to its location, it is also the coldest coastal city with more than 100,000 inhabitants in Latin America . Punta Arenas

969-542: Is used nearly exclusively for freight. Although the rest of the northern line is still in place, it is in a state of serious disrepair. The southern line runs as far as Puerto Montt and is electrified as far as the city of Temuco , from where diesel locomotives are used. Due to lack of budget and care, the 389 km Temuco to Puerto Montt section was abandoned in 1992 but after a $ 44m upgrade it has been back in use since 6 December 2005 with daily service between Victoria (north of Temuco) and Puerto Montt; today, however, only

1020-541: The Cardenal Antonio Samoré Pass which links the province with Villa La Angostura and San Carlos de Bariloche in Argentina . As a province, Osorno is a second-level administrative division , governed by a provincial governor who is appointed by the president . The Osorno Province comprises seven communes; each commune is governed by its own municipality, headed by an alcalde . The first inhabitants of

1071-589: The Chilean Magallanes . The greatest immigration continued to be by the British until 1906, when Croatians surpassed them in numbers. An 1877 mutiny, known as El motín de los artilleros (Mutiny of the Artillerymen), led to the destruction of a large part of the town and the murder of many civilians not directly associated with the prison. In time the city was restored. The growth of the sheep farming industry and

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1122-455: The Las Minas river, and renamed it Punta Arenas. In the mid-19th century, Chile used Punta Arenas as a penal colony and a disciplinary posting for military personnel with "problematic" behaviour. It also settled immigrants there. In December 1851, a prisoners' mutiny led by Lieutenant Cambiaso , resulted in the murder of Governor Muñoz Gamero and the priest, and the destruction of the church and

1173-590: The Salesians religious congregation, and is maintained by voluntary contributions made by the community. The museum is located at Pedro Montt No. 981, next to the Military Museum. It holds a historical collection of the Chilean Armed Forces during the colonization of the territory of Magallanes and Chilean Antarctica . The museum is located 7.5 km north on Route Y-565 to Rio Seco. This museum exhibits

1224-486: The discovery of gold , as well as increasing trade via sailing ships, attracted many new settlers, and the town began to prosper. Between about 1890 and 1940, the Magallanes region became an important sheep-raising region, with one company ( Sociedad Explotadora de Tierra del Fuego ) controlling over 11,000 square kilometres (4,200 sq mi). In 1910, Sociedad Explotadora merged with Sociedad Ganadera, resulting in

1275-525: The "Magallanes Regional Museum" has been operating here, which has material from the contemporary history of the region. The museum is located at Avenida Bulnes no. 374, next to the Santuario María Auxiliadora. It is the most important in the area, and has a complete collection of species from the region and the Selk'nam culture. Samples from Antarctica are also on display. It was created in 1893 by

1326-534: The (2012 Census) by the National Statistics Institute . The population grew by 5.1% (5,830 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses and further rose to 127,454 at the 2012 Census. The city was populated by many colonists from Spain and Croatia in the mid-nineteenth century, and many of their descendants remain. Other national ethnic groups represented are German , English , Italian , Swiss and Irish . Croatian immigration to Punta Arenas

1377-502: The Middle East are Arabs and Palestinians . These ethnic groups came in the late 19th century and early 20th century period. The provincial cultural heritage is shaped by Huilliche , Spanish , and German influences. Around 1850, the government of Chile began inviting German settlers to the colony to promote growth in the region; the settlers found Osorno's climate and geography to be very similar to their own. With their help, Osorno

1428-559: The Punta Arenas section in 1961. The University of Magallanes has campuses in Punta Arenas and Puerto Natales as well as a university centre in Puerto Williams . University of Magallanes publishes the humanities and social sciences journal Magallania twice a year. There is a German school, Deutsche Schule Punta Arenas. The museum is located in the Braun Menéndez Palace, which is a National Monument. Since February 1983,

1479-609: The Straits of Magellan). The first was founded in 1584 and was called Nombre de Jesús. It failed due to the harsh weather and difficulty in the settlers' obtaining food and water, and the enormous distances from other Spanish ports. A second colony, Ciudad del Rey don Felipe , was attempted about 80 kilometres south of Punta Arenas. This became known later as Puerto del Hambre , which translates to Port Famine . Spain had established these settlements in an attempt to protect its shipping and prevent piracy by English pirates , by controlling

1530-496: The Straits of Magellan. An English privateer , Thomas Cavendish , during his circumnavigation , rescued the last surviving member of Puerto del Hambre in 1587. In 1843 the Chilean government sent an expedition to build a fort and establish a permanent settlement on the shores of the Strait of Magellan. It built and commissioned a schooner called Goleta Ancud. Under the command of John Williams Wilson , Chilean Navy, it transported

1581-444: The airport include LATAM Chile and Sky Airline , as well as charter flights. The civilian airport and the military airport make up the larger complex. The city has sea, land, and air connections. By road, a connection to other regions of Chile requires passing through Argentine territory. By sea, several cruises and ferries can take visitors to the city, although the costs are higher because they include stops at tourist sites along

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1632-484: The area were the indigenous Huilliche people. Osorno also featured largely in German Colonization in Chile , which took place in the 19th century, when the Chilean government brought German settlers to assist in the growth of the region. The Osorno province owes its legacy to fairly recent Chilean settlement, when the government subdued the region's indigenous Mapuche peoples in the mid-19th century and opened

1683-603: The capital of the Argentine province of Tierra Del Fuego . The Magallanes region is considered part of Chilean Patagonia . Magallanes is Spanish for Magellan , and was named after Ferdinand Magellan, the Portuguese explorer sailing for Spain . While circumnavigating the Earth for Spain, he passed close to the present site of Punta Arenas in 1520. Early English navigational documents referred to this site as "Sandy Point." The city proper

1734-534: The city for many years. Since about 1970, the availability of other colours in protective finishes has resulted in greater variety in the characteristic metal roofs. Located on the Brunswick Peninsula , Punta Arenas is among the largest cities in Patagonia . In 2012, it had a population of 127,454. It is roughly 1,419 km (882 mi) from the coast of Antarctica and 635 km (395 mi) from Ushuaia ,

1785-543: The construction of the Panama Canal . It was used as a coaling station by the steamships transiting between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Today it is mostly used by tourism cruises and scientific expeditions. The city is often a base for Antarctic expeditions; Ushuaia (Argentina) and Christchurch (New Zealand) are also common starting points. In 2012 Punta Arenas recorded a population of over 127,000 inhabitants for

1836-402: The electric train, Biotren , and is based on a dedicated right of way for buses. Not all lines connect. Chile's railways (except for a few dedicated industrial lines ) are operated by the state owned company Empresa de los Ferrocarriles del Estado (EFE), which completed a major investment programme in 2005. The rail system once served the entire country, running rail lines from Arica in

1887-404: The hospital. The mutiny was put down by Commander Stewart of HMS  Virago assisted by two Chilean ships: Indefatigable and Meteoro . In 1867, President José Joaquín Pérez issued a decree offering land grants in an effort to get Chileans or foreigners to settle around Punta Arenas. The first British immigrants arrived in 1867, and their number increased as sheep farming grew in

1938-454: The immense leverage the truck driver's union can bring to bear if they were to feel threatened. The Ferrocarril de Antofagasta a Bolivia is a metre gauge railway in the north of the country. It was originally constructed in 2 ft 6 in ( 762 mm ) gauge. The northern rail line out of Santiago is now disused past the intersection with the Valparaíso line. Until there, it

1989-464: The installation of a high-speed line between the cities of Valparaíso and Santiago, some even considering maglev trains, but no serious action has ever been taken on the matter. total: 45 ships (1,000  gross tonnage  (GT) or over) totaling 580,749  GT /860,034 tonnes deadweight (DWT) ships by type: (1999 est.) Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport , located in Santiago ,

2040-609: The land to Chilean and European immigration soon to follow. Large percentage of locals in Osorno are descendants of Spanish (the livestock grazing industry owes its foundation to the Basques ) and other European immigrants. In Osorno, there are historic ties and bonds with the Dutch , British esp. Scots with some Irish and English , French , Germans including Austrians and Swiss , Italians , Portuguese , ex- Yugoslavians , Greeks and from

2091-565: The main island of Tierra del Fuego , and a less frequent ferry runs to the Chilean town of Puerto Williams . University of Magallanes (UMAG) is in the southern Chilean city of Punta Arenas. It is part of the Chilean Traditional Universities . The University of Magallanes was established in 1981 during the neoliberal reforms of Chile's military regime as the successor of Universidad Técnica del Estado 's Punta Arenas section. Universidad Técnica del Estado had established

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2142-442: The north to Puerto Montt in the south. Due partly to the nature of the terrain and evolution in transportation systems, rail travel has suffered greatly at the hands of bus and air competition. The train usually takes longer to reach a destination than a bus, and the comfort is comparable. Prices also tend to be uncompetitive. Rail freight transport has also suffered at the hands of the trucking industry and will continue to do so due to

2193-421: The other Points of the shore, and a few trees grow on it. The English 18th-century explorer John Byron is sometimes erroneously credited with naming this area. The city has also been known as Magallanes . Today that term is normally used to describe the administrative region which includes the city. Punta Arenas has been nicknamed "the city of the red roofs" for the red-painted metal roofs that characterized

2244-453: The other being Iquique in the country's far north. Located on the Brunswick Peninsula north of the Strait of Magellan , Punta Arenas was originally established by the Chilean government in 1848 as a small penal colony to assert sovereignty over the Strait. During the remainder of the 1800s, Punta Arenas grew in size and importance due to the increasing maritime traffic and trade travelling to

2295-647: The service between Victoria and Temuco still operates. Work to build/restore(?) the South Trans-Andean Railway link between Zapala , Argentina and Lonquimay , Chile was underway in 2005. Possible break-of-gauge . Possible rack railway . Construction was undertaken by Patagonia Ferrocanal SA, formed and funded by the province. The first 7 km was completed by January 2006. Commuter rail lines in Santiago are planned to connect to Melipilla and Batuco . There have been repeated case studies regarding

2346-465: The slogan "Land of Milk and Meat of Chile". Another important economic activity is tourism. Tourist destinations in the province includes the: List of mountain passes of Chile Transport in Chile is mostly by road. The far south of the country is not directly connected to central Chile by road without travelling through Argentina , and water transport also plays a part there. The railways were historically important in Chile, but now play

2397-427: The west coasts of South and North America. This city's growth was also due to waves of European immigrants, mainly from Croatia and Russia , attracted by a gold rush and sheep farming boom in the 1880s and early 1900s. The largest sheep company, which controlled 10,000 square kilometres in Chile and Argentina, was based in Punta Arenas, and its owners lived there. Since its founding, Chile has used Punta Arenas as

2448-504: The whole country, from Arica to Santiago (a 30-hour journey) and from Santiago to Punta Arenas (about 40 hours, with a change at Osorno ). There are also international services to most other countries in South America. Longer-distance services are mostly on semi-cama (reclining seat) or cama (sleeper) buses, often double deck. Santiago began its public bus system Transantiago in 2007. Concepción 's " Bio Bus " integrates with

2499-591: The year (UTC−3). The city is supplied with water from the San Juan River . The name Punta Arenas whose literal translation would be "Point Sands", is actually derived from the Spanish term Punta Arenosa , a literal translation of the English name "Sandy Point". The name Sandy Point derives from the voyage of John Narborough in 1669-1671. He wrote in his account: Sand-Point [sic] is a mean low Point, lies out more than

2550-420: Was a crucial development in the region of Magallanes and the city in particular. Currently, this influence is still reflected in the names of shops, streets and many buildings. Punta Arenas is said to have the largest percentage of Croatians in the world outside Croatia and the former Yugoslavia. Punta Arenas also has the largest percentage of residents of British descent in the whole of Chile. Punta Arenas

2601-407: Was made the home of the national cattle ranch of Chile, boosting the regional economy significantly. Present-day Osorno has preserved 19th-century architecture and urban layout, represented by six houses which have been designated national monuments . The main economic activity in the province is livestock, Osorno being one of the most important agricultural centers of Chile, which is identified with

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