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84-585: 257 Central Park West (also known as the Orwell House ) is a co-op apartment building on the southwest corner of 86th Street and Central Park West in the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York City . It was designed by the firm of Mulliken and Moeller and built by Gotham Building & Construction between 1905 and 1906. The structure was constructed as a luxury apartment house originally called

168-429: A discontinuity that may have a large influence on the mechanical behavior (strength, deformation, etc.) of rock masses in, for example, tunnel , foundation , or slope construction. A hazard may exist even in undisturbed terrain. On August 17, 1959, a magnitude 7.2 earthquake destabilized a mountain slope near Hebgen Lake , Montana, composed of schist. This caused a massive landslide that killed 26 people camping in

252-496: A porte cochère and leading into the lobby. From there, a central courtyard reached further into an open interior yard level providing both improved light and ventilation to the apartments above as well as privacy from the street. The original apartments were designed for luxury, arranged in seven, nine, ten and eleven-room suites, each with two or three bathrooms. Each suite included the modern amenities of telephone service, an automated mail delivery system, filtered water, storage in

336-553: A schistose metasandstone (if the protolith is known to have been a sandstone ). If all that is known is that the protolith was a sedimentary rock, the schist will be described as a paraschist , while if the protolith was an igneous rock, the schist will be described as an orthoschist . Mineral qualifiers are important when naming a schist. For example, a quartz-feldspar-biotite schist is a schist of uncertain protolith that contains biotite mica, feldspar , and quartz in order of apparent decreasing abundance. Lineated schist has

420-443: A comparable unit in the co-op is typically much lower, however. With limited equity, the co-op has rules regarding pricing of shares when sold. The idea behind limited equity is to maintain affordable housing . A sub-set of the limited equity model is the no-equity model, which looks very much like renting, with a very low purchase price (comparable to a rental security deposit) and a monthly fee in lieu of rent. When selling, all that

504-413: A cost price only, with direct support ranging from 5 to 25 thousand pounds. The beneficiary of this unit can pay its price over a period of 20 years, as 538,000 units have been implemented in all governorates and new cities until 2022, implemented by Ministry of Housing, Utilities & Urban Communities . In India, most 'flats' are owned outright. i.e. the title to each individual flat is separate. There

588-454: A formal corporation, then shareholders), who are invariably its members. There is no point in creating a deliberate surplus—except for operational requirements such as setting aside funds for replacement of assets—since that simply means that the rents paid by members are set higher than the expenses. (It is possible for a housing co-op to own other revenue-generating assets, such as a subsidiary business which could produce surplus income to offset

672-463: A housing cooperative in that the property is owned by a non-profit corporation and the right to use each unit is tied to ownership of a certain set of shares. Housing co-operatives are uncommon in the UK, making up about 0.1% of housing stock. Most are based in urban areas and consist of affordable shared accommodation where the members look after the property themselves. Waiting lists can be very long due to

756-458: A manager or a caretaker, to deal with specific upkeep tasks at which volunteers may hesitate or may not be skilled, such as electrical maintenance. In non-equity cooperatives and in limited equity cooperatives, a shareholder in a co-op does not own real estate, but a share of the legal entity that does own real estate. Co-operative ownership is quite distinct from condominiums where people own individual units and have little say in who moves into

840-563: A part of the Australian social housing / community housing sector and have been funded by various iterations of government funding programs. One of the largest co-operative housing organisations in Australia is Common Equity Housing Ltd (CEHL) in the state of Victoria . CEHL is a registered housing association with its shares held by its 103-member co-operatives. As of 2023 CEHL co-operatives house 4,291 people in 2,101 homes. Common Equity, in

924-416: A preferred direction in schist, often also forming very thin parallel layers. The ease with which the rock splits along the aligned grains accounts for the schistosity. Though not a defining characteristic, schists very often contain porphyroblasts (individual crystals of unusual size) of distinctive minerals, such as garnet , staurolite , kyanite , sillimanite , or cordierite . Because schists are

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1008-404: A rental setting. However, another hallmark of cooperative living is that it is nonprofit , so that the work is done at cost, with no profit motive involved. In some cases, the co-op follows Rochdale Principles where each shareholder has only one vote. Most cooperatives are incorporated as limited stock companies where the number of votes an owner has is tied to the number of shares owned by

1092-531: A residence hotel, with the plans provided by the architects Schwartz & Gross and B.N. Marcus. Under the new configuration, only a single apartment resided on the first floor, with new dining rooms and a reception area replacing the other two first floor apartments along the Central Park West front of the building. The entire first floor, in Cato and Belgian black marble, was adorned with blue and gold decoration. On

1176-471: A short distance below the cellar floor level. Continuous peripheral foundations also resting upon bedrock carry the exterior masonry walls. These walls are self-supporting and independent of the steel framing system and are tied to the steel framing at every floor level. The floors consist of four-inch thick reinforced cinder concrete slabs. Although all floor slabs are level, the roof slab is framed with an integral slope so that it pitches downward gently from

1260-636: A site adjoining the Hudson River in 1874 and remained the other West 86th Street bookend until 1937. 257 Central Park West is located within the Upper West Side-Central Park West Historic District , designated on April 24, 1990. It is also located next to the 86th Street station of the New York City Subway ( A , ​ B , and ​ C trains). Starting at the sidewalk level and moving up to

1344-412: A strong linear fabric in a rock which otherwise has well-developed schistosity. Schistosity is developed at elevated temperature when the rock is more strongly compressed in one direction than in other directions ( nonhydrostatic stress ). Nonhydrostatic stress is characteristic of regional metamorphism where mountain building is taking place (an orogenic belt ). The schistosity develops perpendicular to

1428-401: A type of housing association that provides affordable housing to its members. They are formed and run by a group of people who come together to pool their resources in order to purchase or build housing for their own use. In Germany, housing cooperatives are typically organized as non-profit organizations, which means that any profits made from the sale or rental of the housing are reinvested in

1512-436: A uniformly high level at Central Park West and West 86th Street sides to a low level along the inner court sides and also downward from the south end of the west wing to a valley along the court walls. The Central Park View opened in 1906, in the midst of a decade which saw New York City add a number of its iconic structures. George B. McClellan, Jr. was mayor between 1904 and 1909, and during his Tammany-backed term of office,

1596-408: A very large class of metamorphic rock, geologists will formally describe a rock as a schist only when the original type of the rock prior to metamorphism (the protolith ) is unknown and its mineral content is not yet determined. Otherwise, the modifier schistose will be applied to a more precise type name, such as schistose semipelite (when the rock is known to contain moderate amounts of mica) or

1680-461: Is a legal term used in the Scandinavian countries ( Sweden , Denmark , and Norway ) for a type of joint ownership of property in which the whole property is owned by a co-operative association, which in its turn is owned by its members. Each member holds a share in the association that is proportional to the area of his apartment. Members are required to have a tenant-ownership, which represents

1764-530: Is a legal entity which owns real estate consisting of one or more residential buildings. The entity is usually a cooperative or a corporation and constitutes a form of housing tenure . Typically housing cooperatives are owned by shareholders but in some cases they can be owned by a non-profit organization. They are a distinctive form of home ownership that have many characteristics that differ from other residential arrangements such as single family home ownership, condominiums and renting . The cooperative

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1848-540: Is by Dutch law established wherever there are separately owned apartments in one building. The members are legally owners of their own apartment but have to cooperate in the association for the maintenance of the building as a whole. A living cooperation ( wooncoöperatie ) is a construct in which residents jointly own an apartment building using a democratically controlled cooperative, and pay rent to their own organisation. They were prohibited after World War II and legalised in 2015. "Company-share" apartments operate in

1932-518: Is discernible, the schist is usually given a name reflecting its protolith, such as schistose metasandstone . Otherwise, the names of the constituent minerals will be included in the rock name, such as quartz-felspar-biotite schist . Schist bedrock can pose a challenge for civil engineering because of its pronounced planes of weakness . The word schist is derived ultimately from the Greek word σχίζειν ( schízein ), meaning "to split", which refers to

2016-410: Is essentially a lease. In ownership cooperatives, occupancy rights are transferred to the purchaser by way of the title transfer. Since the housing cooperative holds title to all the property and housing structures, it bears the cost of maintaining, repairing and replacing them. This relieves the member from the cost and burden of such work. In that sense, the housing cooperative is like the landlord in

2100-467: Is membership based, with membership granted by way of a share purchase in the cooperative. Each shareholder in the legal entity is granted the right to occupy one housing unit. A primary advantage of the housing cooperative is the pooling of the members' resources so that their buying power is leveraged; thus lowering the cost per member in all the services and products associated with home ownership. Another key element in some forms of housing cooperatives

2184-1228: Is re-couped is that very low purchase price. Research in Canada found that housing cooperatives had residents rate themselves as having the highest quality of life and housing satisfaction of any housing organization in the city. Other research among older residents from the rural United States found that those living in housing cooperatives felt much safer, independent, satisfied with life, had more friends, had more privacy, were healthier and had things repaired faster. Australian researchers found that cooperative housing built stronger social networks and support, as well as better relationships with neighbours compared to other forms of housing. They cost 14% less for residents and had lower rates of debt and vacancy. Other US research has found that housing cooperatives tended to have higher rates of building quality, building safety, feelings of security among residents, lower crime rates, stable access to housing and significantly lower costs compared to conventional housing. Housing co-operatives in Australia are primarily non-equity rental co-operatives, but there are some equity co-operatives as well. The rental co-operatives are generally

2268-408: Is similar to a lease . In equity cooperatives, occupancy rights are sometimes granted by way of the purchase agreements and legal instruments registered on the title. The corporation's articles of incorporation and bylaws as well as occupancy agreement specifies the cooperative's rules. The word cooperative is also used to describe a non-share capital co-op model in which fee-paying members obtain

2352-430: Is that the members, through their elected representatives , screen and select who may live in the cooperative, unlike any other form of home ownership. Housing cooperatives fall into two general tenure categories: non-ownership (referred to as non-equity or continuing) and ownership (referred to as equity or strata). In non-equity cooperatives, occupancy rights are sometimes granted subject to an occupancy agreement, which

2436-482: Is the orientation of grains in the surrounding medium-grained rock. The composition of the rock must permit formation of abundant platy minerals. For example, the clay minerals in mudstone are metamorphosed to mica, producing a mica schist. Early stages of metamorphism convert mudstone to a very fine-grained metamorphic rock called slate , which with further metamorphism becomes fine-grained phyllite . Further recrystallization produces medium-grained mica schist. If

2520-418: Is uncommon but can form from metamorphosis of sedimentary beds containing abundant organic carbon . This may be of algal origin. Graphite schist is known to have experienced greenschist facies metamorphism , for example in the northern Andes . Metamorphosis of felsic volcanic rock , such as tuff, can produce quartz- muscovite schist. In geotechnical engineering a schistosity plane often forms

2604-587: Is usually a governing body/society/association to administer maintenance and other building needs. These are comparable to the Condominium Buildings in the USA. The laws governing the building, its governing body and how flats within the building are transferred differ from state to state. Certain buildings are organized as "Cooperative Housing Societies" where one actually owns a share in the Cooperative rather than

257 Central Park West - Misplaced Pages Continue

2688-553: The GdW Bundesverband deutscher Wohnungs- und Immobilienunternehmen (Federal association of German housing and real estate enterprise registered associations). The Housing cooperative project in Egypt aims to serve the low-income class, as it provides them with housing units consisting of two rooms, a hall or three rooms and a fully finished hall, with an area ranging from 75 to 90 square meters. In addition, these units are offered at

2772-650: The New Zealand housing system . In the Philippines , a tenant-owner's association often forms as a means to buy new flats. When the cooperative is set up, it takes the major part of the loan needed to buy a property. These loans will then be paid off during a fixed period of years (typically 20 to 30), and once this is done, the cooperative is dispersed and the flats are transformed into condominiums. A tenant-owner's association ( Swedish : bostadsrättsförening , Norwegian : borettslag , Danish : andelsboligforening )

2856-624: The United States , housing co-ops are usually categorized as corporations or LLCs and are found in abundance in the area from Madison, Wisconsin , to the New York metropolitan area . There are also a number of cooperative and mutual housing projects still in operation across the US that were the result of the purchase of federal defense housing developments by their tenants or groups of returning war veterans and their families. These developments include seven of

2940-718: The Williamsburg Bridge and the Manhattan Bridge , the Municipal Ferry Pier , and the first IRT subway line were all completed. The construction of Grand Central Terminal and the erection of the New York Public Library Main Branch also were ongoing during this decade and would be completed soon after. Designed originally as a luxury apartment house, the main entrance faced north on West 86th Street and featured an ornate entrance opening from

3024-422: The apartment , and in most cases live permanently at the address. There are some legal differences between the countries, mainly concerning the conditions of ownership. In Sweden, 16% of the population lives in apartments in housing cooperatives, while 25% live in rented apartments (more common among young adults and immigrants) and 50% live in private one-family houses (more common among families with children),

3108-646: The light well still present along the building to the south. By 1950, the elevator men were gone as the cars were upgraded to new automatic versions from their prior manual operation. This configuration lasted for nearly twenty years as the Hotel Peter Stuyvesant was operated by the Knott Hotel Corporation as a Class A hotel. The neighborhood itself would change as the IND Eighth Avenue Line with its 5-cent fares opened in 1932 and replaced

3192-508: The parapet , there is a simple but massive limestone base up to the windowsill at the 1st floor. From this level up to the level of the 3rd floor sill, there is a facing of limestone, with deep horizontal rusticated joints, terminating with a sill course above the 3rd floor. From the 3rd floor up to the sill level of the 4th floor, the course and window trims and 4th floor sill course are of architectural terracotta , with an isolated alternate course of red face brick. From this 4th floor to

3276-421: The 12th floor sill level, the wall treatment is essentially a repetition of the treatment between the sill levels of the 3rd and 4th floor, but with a wide, prominently projecting, and continuous sill cornice . At the 12th floor, the wall is red face brick, with quoins of architectural terracotta at the corners of the building. The street walls are thirty-four inches thick in the cellar, twenty-six inches thick at

3360-425: The 1st and 2nd floors, sixteen inches thick from the 3rd to 7th floors, and twelve inches thick from the 8th floor to the parapet above the main roof. The framing system consists of cast-iron columns carrying steel girders and steel beams, which in turn support concrete floors and the roof deck. The columns rest upon cast-iron base-plates, which in turn rest upon masonry piers founded on the schist bedrock laying

3444-529: The 86th Street transverse to Central Park West on the southwest corner, the Central Park View's design followed the popular "French Flat" model in a Beaux Arts -style, modified to conform to the size of a twelve-story structure. Upon its completion, the new hotel anchored the eastern end of the developing West 86th Street. On the western end of West 86th Street, the Columbia Yacht Club had relocated to

257 Central Park West - Misplaced Pages Continue

3528-592: The Central Park View. Mulliken and Moeller had recently finished The Lucerne, on the corner of 79th and Amsterdam Avenue , and the Bretton Hall hotel on the east side of Broadway from 85th to 86th Streets. When Mulliken and Moeller began working on the Central Park View in 1905 for an investor group known only as the Monticello Realty Company, they were also designing the Severn and Van Dyck apartments (found on

3612-660: The UK and explains the legal structure of a housing coop. Radical Routes offers a guide on how to set up a housing co-operative. Factors of raising cost of living for students and quality of accommodation have led to a drive for Student Housing Co-operatives within the UK inspired by the existing North American Student Housing Cooperatives and their work through North American Students of Cooperation . Edinburgh Student Housing Co-operative and Birmingham Student Housing Co-operative opened in 2014 and Sheffield Student Housing Co-operative in 2015. All existing Student Housing Co-operatives are members of Students for Cooperation . In

3696-555: The University of Knowledge of the Elderly (UNISAVIE: Université du savoir des vieux), and the initiation of a movement to promote other living places that are organized into similar networks. The community charter sets out expectations for privacy. Each apartment is self-contained. Monthly meetings assure the optimal routines of the building and ensure that each person may participate fully and with complete liberty of expression. Plans set out

3780-524: The Winterdale Arch. The building also sits near the historical sites of Seneca Village and the Yorkville Reservoir. The building has been used as a setting in several films, including: 257 Central Park West has been the residence of several famous people over the years: Landmarking information Historical photos Housing cooperative A housing cooperative , or housing co-op ,

3864-417: The basement and elevators serving all floors. The interiors were designed elegantly, with parquet floors and apartments finished in quartered oak, birch and mahogany. The kitchen contained porcelain sinks and tubs, nickel-plated plumbing, gas ranges, and five-foot marble wainscoting. The interior courtyards and the broad exterior facing offered the rooms light and air. The custodian's apartment occupied part of

3948-442: The cellar and three apartments were built on the first floor. Each of the upper floors, namely the 2nd through 12th floors, was constructed with four apartments, making a total of forty-eight apartments, including the custodian's residence. The original design did not last long. In 1907 the developer, the Monticello Realty Company, sold the new apartment to David H. Taylor and Charles W. Odgen for $ 1,850,000. Shortly thereafter in 1909

4032-459: The central and south courtyards were excavated and a new single-floor roof was constructed at curb level to accommodate additional storeroom and a custodian's workroom. The building was sold again in November 1914 Laundry tubs and a water closet were added in the basement in 1917 but no other major renovation is recorded before 1918. From 1918 to 1920, the building underwent its first major renovation,

4116-1007: The century-old home very close to several attractions within Central Park: the Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reservoir , the Great Lawn and Turtle Pond , the Delacorte Theater , the Shakespeare Garden , the Swedish Cottage Marionette Theatre , Bethesda Fountain , the Mariners and Abraham and Joseph Spector's playgrounds the Arthur Ross Pinetum , the Cleopatra's Needle , the Belvedere Castle , and

4200-517: The community /city and through mutual interaction, engaging in its political, cultural and social life in a spirit of participatory democracy; (4) ecological in all aspects of life, in conformity with the values and actions expressed in the Charter of Living of the House of Babayagas. Generally, the association's activities are tied to the purpose above, in particular, the development of a popular entity called

4284-543: The conversion from luxury apartment to the Hotel Peter Stuyvesant sponsored by the Sonn Brothers and the Peter Stuyvesant Operating Company. The Peter Stuyvesant Operating Company leased the property from the Sonn Brothers under a 21-year lease, with a net lease value of $ 3,000,000 – a remarkably high value for the time. The lessee, led by William F. Ingold, conducted the refurbishment of the apartments to

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4368-436: The cooperative rather than being distributed to shareholders. This allows housing cooperatives to offer lower prices for housing than would be possible for for-profit organizations. Members of a housing cooperative typically have the right to occupy a specific unit within the cooperative's housing complex, and they also have a say in the management and decision-making of the cooperative. This can include voting on issues related to

4452-445: The cost of the housing, but in those cases the housing rents are usually reduced to compensate for the additional revenue.) In the lifecycle of buildings, the replacement of assets (capital repairs) requires significant funds which can be obtained through a variety of ways: assessments on current owners; sales of Treasury Stock (former rental units) to new shareholders; draw downs of reserves; unsecured loans; operating surpluses; fees on

4536-456: The direction of greatest compression, also called the shortening direction, as platy minerals are rotated or recrystallized into parallel layers. While platy or elongated minerals are most obviously reoriented, even quartz or calcite may take up preferred orientations. At the microscopic level, schistosity is divided into internal schistosity , in which inclusions within porphyroblasts take a preferred orientation, and external schistosity , which

4620-425: The ease with which schists can be split along the plane in which the platy minerals lie. Before the mid-19th century, the terms slate , shale and schist were not sharply differentiated by those involved with mining. Geologists define schist as medium-grained metamorphic rock that shows well-developed schistosity. Schistosity is a thin layering of the rock produced by metamorphism (a foliation ) that permits

4704-419: The east side of Amsterdam Avenue between 72nd and 73rd streets) for a separate client. In the following year, Mulliken and Moeller designed Rossleigh Court , the adjoining and similarly designed apartment building located on the northwest corner of 85th Street and Central Park West. In 1909, H. F. L. Ziegel and his wife, Beatrice, added the adjoining Neo-Georgian residence at 8 West 86th Street Situated opposite

4788-845: The eight middle-class housing projects built by the US government between 1940 and 1942 under the auspices of the Mutual Ownership Defense Housing Division of the Federal Works Agency . There are many regional housing cooperative associations, such as the Midwest Association of Housing Cooperatives, which is based in Michigan and serves the Midwest region, covering Ohio , Michigan , Indiana , Illinois , Wisconsin , Minnesota , and more. Schist Schist typically forms during regional metamorphism accompanying

4872-587: The flat itself. This structure was very popular in the past but has become less common in recent times. Most states have separate laws governing Cooperative Housing Societies. for additional information. In the Netherlands there are three very different types of organization that could be considered a housing cooperative: A housing corporation ( woningcorporatie ) is a nonprofit organization dedicated to building and maintaining housing for rent for people with lower income. The first housing corporations started in

4956-714: The maintenance and operation of the housing complex, as well as electing a board of directors to oversee the cooperative's operations. Housing cooperatives are a popular form of housing in Germany, particularly in urban areas, and they are often seen as a way to provide affordable, community-oriented housing options. In the Industrialisation in the 19th century there were many housing cooperatives founded in Germany. Presently, there are over 2,000 housing cooperatives with over two million apartments and over three million members in Germany. The public housing cooperatives are organised in

5040-406: The membership, providing a voice and representation in the governance of the property. Rules are determined by the board, providing a flexible means of addressing the issues that arise in a community to assure the members' peaceful possession of their homes. A housing cooperative is normally de facto non-profit , since usually most of its income comes from the rents paid by its residents (if in

5124-527: The metamorphism proceeds further, the mica schist experiences dehydration reactions that convert platy minerals to granular minerals such as feldspars, decreasing schistosity and turning the rock into a gneiss. Other platy minerals found in schists include chlorite, talc, and graphite. Chlorite schist is typically formed by metamorphism of ultramafic igneous rocks, as is talc schist. Talc schist also forms from metamorphosis of talc-bearing carbonate rocks formed by hydrothermal alteration . Graphite schist

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5208-695: The municipal government, specifically for female senior citizens. Located in the Paris suburb of Montreuil after many years of planning, it looks like any other apartment building. The senior citizens stay out of nursing homes, by staying active, alert, and assisting one another. The purpose of the Baba Yaga Association is to create and develop an innovative lay residence for aging women that is: (1) self-managed, without hierarchy and without supervision; (2) united collective, with regard to finances as well as daily life; (3) citizen civic-minded, through openness to

5292-513: The notability of the building was limited, although Fred Rust and Bill Davies taught ballroom dancing in the first floor ballroom until 1967. Their departure appears to coincide with another sale of the property. Stuyvesant Apartments, a partnership formed between Simon Haberman and Walter Schulze, purchased the building on April 17. 1967. The building underwent an alteration completed in 1970 replacing all internal partitions, while maintaining its external features, and including eighty-nine apartments on

5376-510: The other two divisions being gneiss , which has poorly developed schistosity and thicker layering, and granofels , which has no discernible schistosity. Schists are defined by their texture without reference to their composition, and while most are a result of medium-grade metamorphism, they can vary greatly in mineral makeup. However, schistosity normally develops only when the rock contains abundant platy minerals, such as mica or chlorite . Grains of these minerals are strongly oriented in

5460-488: The other units. Because of this, most jurisdictions have developed separate legislation, similar to laws that regulate companies, to regulate how co-ops are operated and the rights and obligations of shareholders. Each resident or resident household has membership in the co-operative association . In non-equity cooperatives, members have occupancy rights to a specific suite within the housing co-operative as outlined in their "occupancy agreement", or "proprietary lease", which

5544-400: The partitioning on the second through twelfth floors again was changed to incorporate nineteen apartments per floor. In 1957, the western dining room and the cabaret, the latter having established a poor reputation with the police, were renovated to accommodate new medical and legal office space. In 1960, the property was sold again to Soltzer & Lampert, real estate operators. In the 1960s,

5628-445: The person. Whichever form of voting is employed it is necessary to conduct an election among shareholders to determine who will represent them on the board of directors (if one exists), the governing body of the co-operative. The board of directors is generally responsible for the business decisions including the financial requirements and sustainability of the co-operative. Although politics vary from co-op to co-op and depend largely on

5712-400: The process of mountain building ( orogeny ) and usually reflects a medium grade of metamorphism. Schist can form from many different kinds of rocks, including sedimentary rocks such as mudstones and igneous rocks such as tuffs . Schist metamorphosed from mudstone is particularly common and is often very rich in mica (a mica schist ). Where the type of the original rock (the protolith )

5796-587: The rarity of housing co-operatives. In some areas the application procedure is integrated into the council housing application system. The laws differ between England and Scotland. The Confederation of Co-operative Housing provides information on housing cooperatives in the United Kingdom and has published a guide on setting them up. The Shelter website provides information on housing and has information specific to England and Scotland . The Catalyst Collective provides information about starting co-operatives in

5880-461: The remainder living in other forms such as student dormitories or elderly homes. In Finland , by contrast to the Scandinavian countries, housing cooperatives in the strict sense are extremely rare; instead, Finnish tenant-owned housing properties are generally organized as limited companies (Finnish asunto-osakeyhtiö ) in a system peculiar to Finnish law. The Finnish arrangement is similar to

5964-484: The right to occupy a bedroom and share the communal resources of a house owned by a cooperative organization. Such is the case with student cooperatives in some college and university communities across the United States. As a legal entity, a co-op can contract with other companies or hire individuals to provide it with services, such as a maintenance contractor or a building manager. It can also hire employees, such as

6048-424: The rock to easily be split into flakes or slabs less than 5 to 10 millimeters (0.2 to 0.4 in) thick. The mineral grains in a schist are typically from 0.25 to 2 millimeters (0.01 to 0.08 in) in size and so are easily seen with a 10× hand lens . Typically, over half the mineral grains in a schist show a preferred orientation. Schists make up one of the three divisions of metamorphic rock by texture , with

6132-526: The routine intervention of a mediator who could help get to the bottom of the causes of eventual conflicts in order to allow for their resolution. The success of the Paris co-op inspired several Canadian grassroots groups to adopt similar values in senior housing initiatives; these values include autonomy and self-management, solidarity and mutual aid, civic engagement, and ecological responsibility. Housing cooperatives, or "Wohnungsgenossenschaften" in German, are

6216-529: The sales of units between shareholders and new and increases to existing mortgages. There are housing co-ops of the rich and famous: John Lennon , for instance, lived in The Dakota , a housing co-operative, and most apartments in New York City that are owned rather than rented are held through a co-operative rather than via a condominium arrangement. There are two main types of housing co-operative share pricing: market rate and limited equity. With market rate,

6300-491: The second half of the 19th century as small cooperative associations. The first such association in the world, VAK ("association for the working class") was founded in 1852 in Amsterdam . Between 2.4 and 2.5 million apartments in the Netherlands are rented by the housing corporations, i.e. more than 30% of the total of household dwellings (apartments and houses). A (house) owners' association ( Vereniging van Eigenaren , VvE)

6384-432: The second through twelve floors were nineteen bedrooms, eleven living rooms, and nineteen bathrooms per level, alongside new partitioning and plumbing appropriate for hoteling use. Other later renovations again changed the usage of the first floor space. In 1939, a cabaret and piano bar was added to the first floor. Outside the striped awnings that once adorned each window on the Central Park West facade disappeared, as did

6468-407: The share price is allowed to rise on the open market and shareholders may sell at whatever price the market will bear when they want to move out. In many ways market rate is thus similar financially to owning a condominium, with the difference being that often the co-op may carry a mortgage, resulting in a much higher monthly fee paid to the co-op than would be so in a condominium. The purchase price of

6552-427: The sill of the 11th floor, the façade is red face brick, with isolated courses, window trims and sills of architectural terracotta with three groups of suppressed window balcony and pediment head trims on each facade of architectural terracotta, and with continuous vertical corner quoins of architectural terracotta. The 11th floor sill course is a continuous suppressed cornice of modest projection. From this level to

6636-402: The sponsors enjoyed. That moniker remained until the early 2000s when the resident-shareholders decided to change the name to simply 257 Central Park West. In 1978, Stuyvesant Apartments converted the apartments to co-operative ownership, selling most of the apartment units to the residents. The property has been owned by a private co-operative corporation for over thirty-five years. As the co-op

6720-435: The state of NSW , is also a registered housing provider and manages 500 properties in 31 member housing co-operatives Co-ops in Canada offer an affordable alternative to renting, but waiting lists for the units can be years-long. In 2013, the opening of La Maison des Babayagas , an innovative housing co-op in Paris, gained worldwide attention. It was formed as a self-help community and built with financial assistance from

6804-449: The upper floors (eight per floor but nine on the ninth), a group medical center on the first floor, and a garage in part of the cellar. An entrance to the lobby was added on the Central Park West side, with the former entrance on West 86th Street being retained as an entrance for the medical center. The then-owners renamed the property as The Orwell House after the English author whom one of

6888-476: The uptown trolley system that once used the 86th Street transverse. More importantly, the independent subway line tied the uptown property and those near it to the bustling metropolis forming in midtown Manhattan , only one and a half miles to the south. The property was operated as a residential hotel up to its sale to Wilger Realty Corporation in 1941. By the late 1940s and 1950s, two other renovations again would change Hotel Peter Stuyvesant's footprint. In 1949,

6972-399: The wishes of its members, it is a general rule that a majority vote of the board is necessary to make business decisions. In larger co-ops, members of a co-op typically elect a board of directors from amongst the shareholders at a general meeting, usually the annual general meeting . In smaller co-ops, all members sit on the board. A housing cooperative's board of directors is elected by

7056-497: Was approaching its twenty-fifth anniversary in 2003, the co-operatives' shareholders began a series of renovations aimed at restoring its historical façade and modernizing its mechanical systems. Many of the residents and shareholders likewise have renovated their homes with designs that match the residence's elegance and location with modern conveniences. The proximity to Central Park and the Mariner's Gate at West 85th Street positions

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