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48-413: The Ornamental Gardens are an agricultural facility that emphasizes research, education, and beauty as part of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada 's Central Experimental Farm . As the name indicates, the gardens are centrally located in and now surrounded by the city of Ottawa , Ontario , Canada. The 8-acre (3.2 Ha) garden is a National Historic Site and Cultural Heritage Landscape. The original intent

96-481: A Canadian-made collection and one of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada's most impressive horticultural success stories. The collection was officially opened in July 2005, and current AAFC staff and a dedicated team of volunteers have combined the original collection from the original bushes with more recent varieties for improved displays. There are 14 separate garden beds that form concentric circles, with four corners squaring

144-508: A memorial was erected by NOAC and Royal Canadian Naval Association Ottawa and dedicated to the Naval Veterans and those who served at this station which provided a link during World War II between Canadian naval headquarters and ships at sea, allied naval headquarters and operational naval authorities. The CEF was the site of a large scale cannabis grow operation in the 1970s, producing tonnes of crop from plants standing 20 feet tall. It

192-718: A number of CEF buildings on the Register of the Government of Canada Heritage Buildings between 1984 and 1997. The Cereal Barn Building 76 was classified in 1984. The Victoria Memorial Museum was classified in 1986. The Main Dairy Barn Building 88 was classified in 1987. In 1988, the Botanical Laboratory / Horticulture Building 74 and the Sheep Showcase / Small Dairy Barn Building 95 were recognized. The Nutrition Building 59

240-708: A number of buildings including: the Poultry Office Building, 1920; and the Botanical Laboratory Building, 1924–25. John Bethune Roper designed the Administration Building, Carling Avenue, 1934. William James Abra designed the Biological Building, 1935. Over the years the scope of research grew and changed, prompting a need to increase the farm's lands and buildings. The Horticulturalist's house and staff residences were removed by

288-565: A plant to benefit grasses through transfer in soil. Phosphorus is the second most frequent macronutrient behind nitrogen. In which makes up 0.2% of a plant's dry weight, with essential components of nucleic acids , phospholipids , and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to present a reliable supply to control key enzyme reactions and regulation of metabolic pathways. Substances work to correlate and intertwine to initiate greater outcomes. Phosphorus promotes nitrogen uptake by enhancing nitrogen retention in ecosystems. The principle of regulating phosphorus

336-647: A proper environment for the many plant collections the Ornamental Gardens has been subdivided into several features ranging from important buildings, collections, series and memorials. Additionally, for support of the public, there is a public washroom available for all members of the public located at building 85 of the Central Experimental farm in which is adjacent to the National Capital Commission Driveway. The display garden for

384-404: A responsibility of vital enzymes activating and regulating the water balance and uptake while protecting and mitigating abiotic induced stresses to maintain homeostasis. These measures are crucial as it demonstrates the importance of photosynthesis. There are responses to light, as the use of potassium regulates the opening of the stomata that in such regulates the uptake of CO2. Potassium uptake

432-670: A state of dormancy during autumn months. These plants are a value to sustainable agriculture , as the field of horticulture provides technologies to improve the yields of plant growth. The ability for annual growth promotes weed control and improved soil health and biodiversity with the reduction in fertilizer usage. The horticulture industry is more than continuous growth and development of plants. Every chosen species in an environment has its own chemical composition. The Ornamental Gardens show presence of agrominerals , in which demonstrate mineral substance mixtures of mineral and organic substances. The dominant chemical composition facilitated in

480-473: A true botanical (ornamental) garden should be for purposes of economic application and scientific study". By 1920, the Central Experimental Farm and the Ornamental Gardens had Isabella Preston forming new roots. On September 9, 1922, she was made a permanent specialist in ornamental horticulture where she would cultivate new plants for Canadian gardens and building an international reputation for

528-458: Is responsible for the department to Parliament . While the minister is head of the department, and provides policy/political direction, the day-to-day operations of the department are managed by the deputy minister (currently Lawrence Hanson), who is a public servant . The Department of Agriculture for Canada was formed in 1867. It was organized under the Department of Agriculture Act , which

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576-677: Is also responsible for supporting corporate and local agricultural producers and suppliers. They do this through a variety of programs and services including Agri-Geomatics which develops products and services for internal and external users, and program facilitation. The department supports market growth through its market access and trade negotiation activities, and it works with Canada's provinces and territories to promote Canadian products. The department also supports industry by focusing on science and technology advances and helping producers mitigate risks. Central Experimental Farm The Central Experimental Farm ( CEF ), commonly known as

624-680: Is dependent on adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as it provides energy for chemical and physiological processes while facilitating protein and starch synthesis in plants. Usage of potassium in modern gardens and landscaping is present in the Ornamental Gardens through the natural process of filtration through constant grass clippings in which provide the soil with nutrients that contribute to preventing weed growth while preserving moisture. 45°23′21″N 75°42′28″W  /  45.38917°N 75.70778°W  / 45.38917; -75.70778 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada The minister of agriculture and agri-food (currently Lawrence MacAulay )

672-431: Is essential for cell division and development of growing plants. Improvement allows a greater capacity for plants to capture, store and convert sunlight energy to biochemicals like ATP. Predominant for perennials , as can increase yield and stand longevity. Where the usage of phosphorus provides the ability to increase and improve plant water use and other nutrients efficiencies. Plant roots can only acquire phosphorus from

720-540: The Central Experimental Farm during the spring months. A series of chosen annuals are pricked and seeded and into garden pots containing Pro-Mix Potting Soil . Pro-Mix potting soil is a starter fertilizer that contains 7% total nitrogen to help plants acclimate to a new rooting system. Nitrogen is a fundamental mineral in soil for plant health, and is critical to plants' growth and reproduction. Usage provides an increase in nutrient and water uptake because of

768-451: The Central Experimental Farm was founded in 1886 from a site of near wilderness sprinkled with stumps and stones across 140 acres. William Saunders was appointed the first Farm director, and at the age of 62 in October 1886, he paved the way to carve out 20 acres of field, with visions for the future amongst his passion for flowers. With newly appointed horticulturalist William T. Macoun,

816-738: The Experimental Farm , is an agricultural facility, working farm, and research centre of the Science and Technology Branch, formerly the Research Branch, of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada . As the name indicates, this farm is centrally located in and now surrounded by the City of Ottawa , Ontario , Canada. Located on 4 square kilometres (1.5 sq mi) of land, the farm is a National Historic Site of Canada and most buildings are protected and preserved as heritage buildings. The CEF's original intent

864-603: The Neo-Gothic style . David Ewart embraced the Scottish baronial style . In 1887–1888, Chief Dominion Architect Thomas Fuller designed the Museum, laboratories, barn, stables, and Staff Residences on Prince of Wales Drive In 1887, Charles F. Cox lay out of the site and design of farm buildings. In 1887–1888, William John Beckett, a contractor, served as foreman during the building of the residences, offices and barns. In 1889, livestock

912-669: The Ottawa Civic Hospital (helicopter pad). The CEF is bordered by the Rideau Canal (a National Historic Site as well) to the east, Prince of Wales Drive to the South-East, Baseline Road to the south, and Merivale and Fisher Roads to the west, and Carling Avenue to the north. The Victorian era was a time of great interest in the advancement of natural sciences and many nations built zoos , observatories , botanical gardens , and experimental farms. Canada followed suit and as

960-651: The 1930s (they were no longer needed since the city had grown around the farm), the forest belt gradually disappeared, and new larger centralized facilities were built, starting with the Saunders Building in 1935, followed by the Neatby Building, Geophysical Lab, Laboratory Services Building, and the Carling Building . From 1940 to 1947, building 136 operated as a high frequency Naval Radio Station-CFF which frequently intercepted enemy transmissions. On May 1, 1993,

1008-532: The AAS ( All American Selection ) of the Ornamental Gardens presents a yearly, dynamic display of the annuals and perennials as well as is home to its five primary collections. The lilacs , heritage roses, peonies , explorer roses, and irises and daylilies . Amongst the first plantings on the Central Experimental Farm grounds were 15 lilacs, despite having been first introduced in the Dominion Arboretum . By 1919,

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1056-404: The Central Experimental Farm. There have been multiple phases to modern-day development of the property due to primary research, education and landscape. These changes have undergone physical movements, redesigns, expansions, neglections, restorations, and rebuilds. Recently AAFC Staff and volunteers have restored the rose , peony , lilac and iris collections, in which were designed to honour

1104-532: The Explorer series, that is a set of hardy roses variations developed to withstand the harsh Canadian climates, particularly with the ability to survive in -35 °C when snow-covered. Svejda was successfully involved in the first thirteen cultivars, in which would be named after Canadian explorers in hopes of proving they were as 'tough and versatile as their namesakes'. This would develop the Explorer Rose garden, as

1152-521: The Health Portfolio. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada is responsible for a number of laws related to agriculture and food in Canada. As part of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, the Science and Technology Branch ( French : Direction générale des sciences et de la technologies ) has the mandate to propose solutions and opportunities based on science to support competitiveness and the sustainability of

1200-597: The South-East, National Capital Commission Scenic Driveway to the North-West, and the Research Fields to the South-West. The Central Experimental Farm was one of five experimental farms developed across Canada to help and adjust climates, soil and land that was new to them. On June 2, 1886, the federal government was awarded authority in an act of Parliament to proceed with the system of research farms. The current site of

1248-609: The agriculture and agri-food sector. It is also in the Branch's mandate to provide scientific information to inform departmental and governmental decision processes. Under the Experimental Farm Stations Act dating back to 1886, farm stations across Canada were established, including the Central Experimental Farm. The officers of these stations had the duty of conducting research in a number of specific areas pertinent to agricultural productivity and conservation, and of making

1296-492: The chief veterinary inspector, Dr. Duncan McEachran , who was also the dean of medicine at McGill University , authority to prevent the introduction of animal diseases into Canada. In addition to agriculture, the minister and the department had many other wide-ranging national responsibilities including immigration, public health, censuses and statistics, patents, copyrights, and trademarks. Over time, these other responsibilities were transferred to other departments. For example,

1344-807: The city. Over the next few years the site was prepared by improving the land, building the facilities, and planting the Arboretum and forest belt. Early research projects focused only on entomology , botany , and horticulture . The Chief Dominion Architect(s) designed a number of prominent public buildings in Canada including those at the CEF: Thomas Seaton Scott (1871–1881); Thomas Fuller (architect) (1880–1897); David Ewart (1897–1914); Edgar Lewis Horwood (1914–1918); Richard Cotsman Wright (1918–1927); Thomas W. Fuller (1927–1936), Charles D. Sutherland (1936–1947); Joseph Charles Gustave Brault (1947–1952) Thomas Seaton Scott and Thomas Fuller adopted

1392-611: The collection of statistics was transferred to the Dominion Bureau of Statistics (now Statistics Canada ) in 1918, and healthcare in Canada was transferred to the Department of Health when it was created in 1919. Today, organizations for which the minister of agriculture and agri-food is responsible for include: In 2013, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency was moved from the Agriculture Portfolio to

1440-464: The first flower garden was located on the main campus lawn adjacent from Saunders residence (the current William Saunders Building). This started Saunders plans for the garden from 12-years prior to develop the forest to a modern example of the current ornamental gardens. After 25 years as Director of the Experimental Farm, Saunders appointed Hans T. Gussow on January 1, 1911. Where he believed "

1488-457: The first roses were established in 1886, and by 1895 there was a published list of “desirable” roses. Years were spent testing and cultivating for perfectly formed varieties. Cultivation was led by rose breeders for over 90 years from supervision under William Saunders to Isabella Preston. The Heritage Rose Garden was considered a millennium project of rectangular beds containing once-only blooming roses and containt repeat bloomers. The Peony Garden

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1536-465: The garden is concentrations of three vital macronutrients for plant growth, consisting of nitrogen , potassium , and phosphorus . Nitrogen is an essential macronutrient for plants, that determines development and productivity through variations of abiotic stress responses. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada follows a continuous process, that begins with preparation in the Tropical Greenhouses at

1584-475: The lilacs were moved into the Ornamental Gardens to create the lilac walks currently open for viewing with over 340 lilacs encompassing 262 variations. In 1982, under presentation and cultivation of the lilacs, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada was awarded from the International Lilac Society for its lilac cultivators and educating the public on the beauty and use of lilacs. Under William Saunders ,

1632-461: The pattern. In the inner circle and four corners there is presence of Siberian Irises, the middle circle contains Bearded Irises, while the outer circle contains daylilies . This area was designed in 2003, by former AAFC Lead Hand Sharon Saunders to form a Victorian-style garden that represents the varied forms of colours of daylilies. Perennials are hardy, herbaceous plants that can survive year around because of there underground organs that enter

1680-417: The plants colonize to extract nitrogen from the air and turn into nitrogen for bacterial growth, and once the bacteria no longer require the nitrogen it becomes available to all plants. Clover is a perennial plant that has the potential to produce 50-200 Ibs/acre of fixed nitrogen. In essence the clover supplies carbohydrates to the root nodules and used to convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form utilized by

1728-512: The result of lobbying by John Carling , the Minister of Agriculture, and William Saunders , the first director of the research branch, the "Act Respecting Experimental Stations" came into force in 1886. The land owned by local Ottawa farmers including John Mulligan (1799–1886) was sold to the government to create the experimental farm. The CEF started out with 188 hectares, chosen because of their proximity to Parliament Hill but (at that time) outside

1776-470: The results of such research known by publication. Today, the Science and Technology Branch includes a national network of 20 Research and Development Centres and 30 satellite research locations. The Science and Technology Branch has approximately 2,200 employees, including some 400 research scientists. The goal of all activities is to address the major scientific challenges facing 21st century agricultural production systems: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

1824-441: The soil when the phosphorus is dissolved in soil water. Potassium is relatively abundant in the earth's crust making up approximately 2.1% of the weight and is mined in the form of potash , sylvite , carnallite , and langbeinite . This is a necessity for the function of all living cells as potassium becomes a vital macronutrient that increases root function and improves drought resistance . Plant survival with potassium usage has

1872-404: The symbiotic relationship and stimulation of fungi that colonizes the root tissue. This leads to a better integration of moisture management with a larger root system that causes an increased plant growth capacity. Nitrogen-fixing plants located in the Ornamental Gardens are present in the forms of clover and alfalfa. These plants are a natural way to increase nitrogen content in soil. The roots of

1920-502: The work of Ottawa's Isabella Preston and Felicitas Svejda . As since the 1890s, the Ornamental Gardens have been displaying historical and new varieties of flowers and shrubs. The Ornamental Gardens are currently one of five public areas associated with the Central Experimental farm. These include the Dominion Arboretum , Tropical Greenhouses, Merivale Shelterbelt, and the Canada Agriculture and Food Museum . In order to provide

1968-527: Was designated as a National Historic Site in 1998. In 2003, Public Works and Government Services Canada bought the Skyline office complex on the corner of Merivale and Baseline Roads from Nortel Networks . The complex has been renamed to "NHCAP" (= National Headquarters Complex for the Agriculture Portfolio). The head offices of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada have been relocated to this facility from

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2016-506: Was intended to provide Canadian scientists with reliable samples for research in response to an interim report of the Le Dain Commission . The plants were near Ash Lane, earning it the nickname " Hash Lane "; combined with the secrecy around the project, it became a local legend among area youth. In 1983, the agricultural museum was created in the former Dairy Barn. The Federal Heritage Buildings Review Office recognized or classified

2064-655: Was introduced to the CEF. Chief Dominion Architect David Ewart designed the Dominion Observatory, Carling Avenue in 1902; Chief Astronomer's Residence, 1909; and the Geodetic Survey Building, 1914. Chief Dominion Architect Edgar Lewis Horwood designed the Cereal and Agrostology Building, 1915–16; Agricultural Building, 1915; and records storage building, 1937. Chief Dominion Architect Richard Cotsman Wright designed

2112-448: Was passed by Parliament and given royal assent on 22 May 1868. The first minister of agriculture, Jean-Charles Chapais , and his deputy, Dr. Joseph Charles Taché , were soon presenting important Bills to the House of Commons for the protection and improvement of Canadian agriculture. One of the first Bills was an Act Respecting Contagious Diseases of Animals , passed in 1869. This law gave

2160-745: Was recognized in 1992. In 1993, Heritage House, Building 60 was recognized. The William Saunders Building 49 was recognized in 1994. In 1995, Heritage House, Building 54; K. W. Neatby Building 20 and the Main Piggery, Building 91 were recognized. In 1996, the Main Greenhouse Range, Building 50 was recognized. In 1997, a number of buildings were recognized: ARC Biotech, Building 34; Carpenter Shed, Building 98; Cereal Crops Building 75; Dairy Technology Building 57; Engineering Research Building 94; Horticulture Building 55; Laboratory Services Building 22; Pottery Shed, Building 77; and Service Building 56. The CEF

2208-510: Was redesigned in 2001 and currently consists of 12 garden beds with more than 600 peonies. William Saunders first introduced peonies in the 1890s, as his son A.P. Saunders was a influential peony breeder, who cultivated the 'Saunders Hybrids'. This collection has become the largest collection of peonies in North America. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada began a rose breeding program in the 1960s under Felicitas Svejda . This program would develop

2256-402: Was to be used as a test facility for the development of winter hardy roses , weigela and peonies . The Gardens now act as the steward to several large collections of ornamental plants. While research is still conducted, the park-like atmosphere has become an important place of recreation and education for the residents of Ottawa. The Ornamental Gardens are bordered by Prince of Wales Drive to

2304-454: Was to perform scientific research for improvement in agricultural methods and crops. While such research is still being conducted, the park-like atmosphere of the CEF has become an important place of recreation and education for the residents of Ottawa. Furthermore, over the years several other departments and agencies have encroached onto the CEF property, such as Natural Resources Canada , National Defence ( HMCS Carleton on Dow's Lake), and

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