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23-735: The name of Orly came from Latin Aureliacum , "the villa of Aurelius ". Orly Airport partially lies on the territory of the commune of Orly, which gave its name to the airport. Orly is served by two stations on Paris RER line C : Les Saules and Orly-Ville . Schools in Orly: Lycée Guillaume Apollinaire , a senior high/sixth-form in Thiais ; and Lycée Georges Brassens , a senior high/sixth-form in Villeneuve-le-Roi , are nearby. This Val-de-Marne geographical article

46-642: A cognomen were awarded another exclusive name, the agnomen . For example, Publius Cornelius Scipio received the agnomen Africanus after his victory over the Carthaginian general Hannibal at Zama, Africa ( Africanus here means "of Africa" in the sense that his fame derives from Africa, rather than being born in Africa, which would have been Afer ); and the same procedure occurred in the names of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus (conqueror of Numidia) and Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus . In contrast to

69-546: A Gaul. The Aurelii Symmachi were one of the last great families of the western empire, holding the highest offices of the Roman state during the fourth and fifth centuries. The Symmachi were regarded as members of the old Roman aristocracy, and acquired a reputation for their wisdom and learning. Stemma made from Münzer and Badian. Cognomen A cognomen ( Latin: [kɔŋˈnoːmɛn] ; pl. : cognomina ; from co- "together with" and (g)nomen "name")

92-469: A family that achieved notability during the second century, attaining the consulship on at least three occasions. Their surname, Gallus , had two common derivations, referring either to a cockerel, or to a Gaul . In the latter case, it might indicate that the first of this family was of Gallic descent, that he was born in Gaul, that he had performed some noteworthy deed in Gaul, or that in some manner he resembled

115-498: A manner befitting his illustrious forebears. The Cottae were related to Julius Caesar and Augustus through Aurelia Cotta , who was Caesar's mother. The Aurelii Scauri were a relatively small family, which flourished during the last two centuries of the Republic. Their surname, Scaurus , belongs to a common class of cognomina derived from an individual's physical features, and referred to someone with swollen ankles. Orestes ,

138-586: A period of relative obscurity under the early emperors. In the latter part of the first century, a family of the Aurelii rose to prominence, obtaining patrician status, and eventually the throne itself. A series of emperors belonged to this family, through birth or adoption, including Marcus Aurelius and the members of the Severan dynasty . In 212, the Constitutio Antoniniana of Caracalla (whose full name

161-538: A shorthand for Marcus Tullius Cicero, and Caesar for Gaius Julius Caesar . The term "cognomen" (sometimes pluralized "cognomens") has come into use as an English noun used outside the context of Ancient Rome. According to the 2012 edition of the Random House Dictionary , cognomen can mean a "surname" or "any name, especially a nickname". The basic sense in English is "how one is well known". For example Alfred

184-571: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Aurelius The gens Aurelia was a plebeian family at ancient Rome , which flourished from the third century BC to the latest period of the Empire . The first of the Aurelian gens to obtain the consulship was Gaius Aurelius Cotta in 252 BC. From then to the end of the Republic , the Aurelii supplied many distinguished statesmen, before entering

207-480: The cognomina Cotta (also spelled Cota ) , Orestes , and Scaurus . Cotta and Scaurus appear on coins, together with a fourth surname, Rufus , which does not occur among the ancient writers. A few personal cognomina are also found, including Pecuniola , apparently referring to the poverty of one of the Aurelii during the First Punic War . Cotta , the surname of the oldest and most illustrious branch of

230-446: The Aurelii under the Republic, probably refers to a cowlick, or unruly shock of hair; but its derivation is uncertain, and an alternative explanation might be that it derives from a dialectical form of cocta , literally "cooked", or in this case "sunburnt". Marcus Aurelius Cotta, moneyer in 139 BC, minted an unusual denarius, featuring Hercules in a biga driven by centaurs , presumably alluding to some mythological event connected with

253-516: The Empire itself, when the consul's grandson, Titus Aurelius Fulvus, was adopted as the successor to Hadrian , becoming the emperor Antoninus Pius . Most of the emperors who followed were born or adopted into the gens, through the end of the Severan dynasty. The surname Fulvus was a common surname, referring to someone with yellowish, yellow-brown, tawny, or strawberry blond hair. The Aurelii Galli were

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276-625: The Great . (This is more similar to the Roman use of agnomen than their use of cognomen.) Catalan cognom and Italian cognome , derived from the Latin cognomen , mean "family name". Maltese kunjom is derived from the Italian version and retains the same meaning. The term "cognomen" can also be applied to cultures with a clan structure and naming conventions comparable to those of Ancient Rome; thus, hereditary "cognomina" have been described as in use among

299-549: The chief families of the Aurelii were common throughout Roman history. The Aurelii of the Republic primarily used Gaius , Lucius , Marcus , and Publius , to which the Aurelii Orestides added Gnaeus . The Aurelii Fulvi of imperial times used Titus , Marcus , and Lucius , while the Aurelii Symmachi used Quintus and Lucius . There were three main stirpes of the Aurelii in republican times, distinguished by

322-506: The gens, but the exact symbolism is unknown. The Aurelii Cottae were prominent from the First Punic War down to the time of Tiberius , after which they faded into obscurity. The last of this family appearing in history include Marcus Aurelius Cotta Maximus Messalinus , a friend of Tiberius , who squandered his family fortune through reckless prodigality, and his son, who received a stipend from Nero in order to maintain his household in

345-675: The honorary cognomina adopted by successful generals, most cognomina were based on a physical or personality quirk; for example, Rufus meaning " red-haired " or Scaevola meaning " left-handed ". Some cognomina were hereditary (such as Caesar among a branch of the Julii , Brutus and Silanus among the Junii , or Pilius and Metellus among the Caecilii ): others tended to be individual. And some names appear to have been used both as praenomen , agnomen , or non-hereditary cognomen . For instance, Vopiscus

368-464: The limited nature of the Latin praenomen , the cognomen developed to distinguish branches of the family from one another, and occasionally, to highlight an individual's achievement, typically in warfare. One example of this is Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus , whose cognomen Magnus was earned after his military victories under Sulla 's dictatorship. The cognomen was a form of distinguishing people who accomplished important feats, and those who already bore

391-589: The name became attached to a branch of the Aurelii are unclear, but perhaps allude to some heroic deed, or military service in Greece. The Aurelii Fulvi, who rose to prominence in imperial times, originally came from Nemausus in Gallia Narbonensis . Titus Aurelius Fulvus , the first of the family to attain the consulship, was made a patrician about AD 73 or 74. In the second century, the Aurelii Fulvi obtained

414-421: The original form of the nomen was Auselius , and that the medial 's' was replaced by 'r' at a relatively early period; the same process occurred with the archaic nomina Fusia, Numisia, Papisia, Valesia , and Vetusia , which became Furia, Numeria, Papiria, Valeria , and Veturia in classical Latin . According to Festus, Auselius was derived from a Sabine word for the sun. All of the praenomina used by

437-505: The surname of a family that flourished for about a century toward the end of the Republic, was a Greek name, and belonged to a class of surnames of foreign origin, which appear during the middle and late Republic. In Greek mythology, Orestes was the son of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra , and avenged his father's murder by slaying his own mother, and after escaping the judgment of the Erinyes , became king of Mycenae . The circumstances by which

460-434: Was Marcus Aurelius Antoninus) granted Roman citizenship to all free residents of the Empire, resulting in vast numbers of new citizens who assumed the nomen Aurelius , in honour of their patron, including several emperors: seven of the eleven emperors between Gallienus and Diocletian ( Claudius Gothicus , Quintillus , Probus , Carus , Carinus , Numerian and Maximian ) bore the name "Marcus Aurelius". So ubiquitous

483-452: Was the name in the latter centuries of the Empire that it suffered abbreviation, as Aur. , and it becomes difficult to distinguish members of the Aurelian gens from other persons bearing the name. The nomen Aurelius is usually connected with the Latin adjective aureus , meaning "golden", in which case it was probably derived from the color of a person's hair. However, Festus reports that

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506-438: Was the third name of a citizen of ancient Rome , under Roman naming conventions . Initially, it was a nickname , but lost that purpose when it became hereditary. Hereditary cognomina were used to augment the second name, the nomen gentilicium (the family name , or clan name), in order to identify a particular branch within a family or family within a clan. The term has also taken on other contemporary meanings. Because of

529-492: Was used as both praenomen and cognomen in the Julii Caesares; likewise Nero among the early imperial Claudii , several of whom used the traditional hereditary Claudian cognomen as a praenomen. The upper-class usually used the cognomen to refer to one another. In present academic context, many prominent ancient Romans are referred to by only their cognomen ; for example, Cicero (from cicer " chickpea ") serves as

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