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62-526: OR 58 is a designated freight route, forming one of several connections between I-5 and US 97, which leads back to I-5 at Weed, California . This is a popular alternate route for trucks on the I-5 corridor, avoiding the steep grades and winter closures of I-5 over Siskiyou Summit . The highway is also on the National Highway System , and is classified as an expressway southeast of Odell Lake . (US 97

124-542: A freight rate for commercial gain. The term cargo is also used in case of goods in the cold-chain , because the perishable inventory is always in transit towards a final end-use, even when it is held in cold storage or other similar climate-controlled facilities, including warehouses. Multi-modal container units, designed as reusable carriers to facilitate unit load handling of the goods contained, are also referred to as cargo, especially by shipping lines and logistics operators. When empty containers are shipped each unit

186-436: A country. Therefore, many governments have enacted rules and regulations, administered by a customs agency, for the handling of cargo to minimize risks of terrorism and other crime. Governments are mainly concerned with cargo entering through a country's borders. The United States has been one of the leaders in securing cargo. They see cargo as a concern to national security . After the terrorist attacks of September 11th ,

248-480: A freight broker, online marketplace or another intermediary, instead of contracting directly with a trucking company. Brokers can shop the marketplace and obtain lower rates than most smaller shippers can obtain directly. In the LTL marketplace, intermediaries typically receive 50% to 80% discounts from published rates, whereas a small shipper may only be offered a 5% to 30% discount by the carrier. Intermediaries are licensed by

310-446: A large number of containers that come from shipping ports. Trains are also used to transport water, cement, grain, steel, wood and coal. They are used because they can carry a large amount and generally have a direct route to the destination. Under the right circumstances, freight transport by rail is more economical and energy efficient than by road, mainly when carried in bulk or over long distances. The main disadvantage of rail freight

372-409: A large opening front for loading. Air freight shipments are very similar to LTL shipments in terms of size and packaging requirements. However, air freight or air cargo shipments typically need to move at much faster speeds than 800 km or 497 mi per hour. While shipments move faster than standard LTL, air shipments do not always actually move by air. Air shipments may be booked directly with

434-505: A load is limited to the space available in the trailer, normally 48 ft (14.63 m) or 53 ft (16.15 m) long, 2.6 m ( 102 + 3 ⁄ 8  in) wide, 9 ft 0 in (2.74 m) high and 13 ft 6 in or 4.11 m high overall. While express, parcel and LTL shipments are always intermingled with other shipments on a single piece of equipment and are typically reloaded across multiple pieces of equipment during their transport, TL shipments usually travel as

496-455: A mixed-freight environment. Unlike express or parcel, LTL shippers must provide their own packaging, as carriers do not provide any packaging supplies or assistance. However, circumstances may require crating or another substantial packaging. In the United States, shipments larger than about 7,000 kg (15,432 lb) are typically classified as truckload (TL) freight . This is because it

558-423: A result, the company was able to sell thousands of acres of dry, worthless land during their week-long auction. As a result, very few purchasers ever lived on their property or received economic benefits from it. The Oregon Central Military Wagon Road was a circuitous 420-mile (680 km) wagon trace designed to capture government land grants rather than link destinations. Today, Oregon Route 58 (also known as

620-502: A swath covering three miles (5 km) on either side of the road. As ten-mile (16 km) sections of road were completed, the companies could claim up to thirty sections of land along the route as payment. Once the tracts were patented , the company could sell or lease the land to recover the cost of construction and create profits for its investors. As a result, road surveyors laid out routes designed to pass through as much well watered, desirable land as possible. For example, when

682-461: A unit of the 14 Infantry Regiment was sent from Fort Boise to establish the fort. The 14th Infantry came by way of Fort Harney , arriving on the east side of the Warner Lakes in late summer. The Army was unable to cross the chain of lakes which stretched more than seventy miles north to south. After several skirmishes with Indians, the soldiers decided to build Camp Warner on the east side of

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744-446: A vessel's holds, but otherwise onto and off its deck, by cranes or derricks present on the dock or on the ship itself. If hoisted on deck instead of straight into the hold, liftable or rolling unit loads, like bags, barrels/vats, boxes, cartons and crates, then have to be man-handled and stowed competently by stevedores . Securing break bulk and general freight inside a vessel, includes the use of dunnage . When no hoisting equipment

806-716: A way over the Cascades . In October 1853, a party of 1,500 was almost stranded at the pass, but was saved from a Donner Party -style tragedy by nearby settlers who had begun to improve the route up the Middle Fork Willamette River earlier that year as a shortcut between the Oregon Trail near Boise, Idaho , and the Willamette Valley. In July 1865, the United States Congress authorized the construction of

868-535: A wide range in the pricing offered. If a shipper in the United States uses a broker, freight forwarder or another transportation intermediary, it is common for the shipper to receive a copy of the carrier's Federal Operating Authority. Freight brokers and intermediaries are also required by Federal Law to be licensed by the Federal Highway Administration . Experienced shippers avoid unlicensed brokers and forwarders because if brokers are working outside

930-599: Is a unique military and transportation history site, the Stone Bridge and an adjacent section of the Oregon Central Military Wagon Road were listed on the National Register of Historic Places on 8 November 1974. Despite this designation, both are very difficult to find. A marker was placed at the east end of the Stone Bridge in 1975; however, the causeway itself is only visible when the water level in

992-793: Is also classified as such south to the state line, and in California it is part of the Freeway and Expressway System .) This matches the general routes of the 1887 Oregon and California Railroad over Siskiyou Summit and the 1926 Natron Cutoff along OR 58 and US 97; the latter is now part of the Union Pacific Railroad 's I-5 Corridor rail line, while the former is the Central Oregon and Pacific Railroad shortline . Oregon Route 58 begins (at its western terminus) at an interchange with Interstate 5 and Oregon Route 99 near Goshen , located between

1054-542: Is an important alternate route for traffic moving up and down the West Coast, as bad weather frequently closes Interstate 5 at the Siskiyou Summit during the winter. The Union Pacific Railroad I-5 Corridor main line through Oregon and California roughly follows OR 58 and US 97. While a rail line exists through Siskiyou Summit, it is difficult for trains to use even in good weather, due to an excessively steep grade, and

1116-455: Is available, break bulk would previously be man-carried on and off the ship, over a plank, or by passing via human chain . Since the 1960s, the volume of break bulk cargo has enormously declined worldwide in favour of mass adoption of containers . Bulk cargo , such as salt , oil , tallow , but also scrap metal , is usually defined as commodities that are neither on pallets nor in containers. Bulk cargoes are not handled as individual pieces,

1178-636: Is documented as a cargo and when goods are stored within, the contents are termed containerized cargo. Similarly, aircraft ULD boxes are also documented as cargo, with an associated packing list of the items contained within. Seaport terminals handle a wide range of maritime cargoes . Break bulk / general cargo are goods that are handled and stowed piecemeal to some degree, as opposed to cargo in bulk or modern shipping containers . Typically bundled in batches for hoisting, either with cargo nets , slings, crates , or stacked on trays, pallets or skids; at best (and today mostly) lifted directly into and out of

1240-408: Is food, as supermarkets require deliveries daily to replenish their shelves with goods. Retailers and manufacturers of all kinds rely upon delivery trucks , be they full size semi trucks or smaller delivery vans . These smaller road haulage companies constantly strive for the best routes and prices to ship out their products. Indeed, the level of commercial freight transported by smaller businesses

1302-627: Is given in the International Guidelines on Safe Load Securing for Road Transport. Stone Bridge and the Oregon Central Military Wagon Road The Stone Bridge is a causeway built by the United States Army in 1867. It crosses the marshy channel that connects Hart Lake and Crump Lake in a remote area of Lake County in eastern Oregon , United States . It was later incorporated into

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1364-415: Is its lack of flexibility. For this reason, rail has lost much of the freight business to road transport. Rail freight is often subject to transshipment costs, since it must be transferred from one mode of transportation to another. Practices such as containerization aim at minimizing these costs. When transporting point-to-point bulk loads such as cement or grain, with specialised bulk handling facilities at

1426-584: Is more efficient and economical for a large shipment to have exclusive use of one larger trailer rather than share space on a smaller LTL trailer. By the Federal Bridge Gross Weight Formula the total weight of a loaded truck (tractor and trailer, 5-axle rig) cannot exceed 80,000 lb (36,287 kg) in the United States. In ordinary circumstances, long-haul equipment will weigh about 15,000 kg (33,069 lb), leaving about 20,000 kg (44,092 lb) of freight capacity. Similarly

1488-400: Is often a good barometer of healthy economic development as these types of vehicles move and transport anything literally, including couriers transporting parcels and mail. You can see the different types and weights of vehicles that are used to move cargo around . Less than truckload (LTL) cargo is the first category of freight shipment, representing the majority of freight shipments and

1550-606: Is often uneconomical to use in winter weather. It is common for West Coast truck traffic to prefer OR 58 and US 97 to Interstate 5 for the same reason. Two scenic byways—the West Cascades Scenic Byway and the Cascade Lakes Scenic Byway —intersect with OR 58. By the 1850s, Emigrant Pass , slightly south of OR 58's crossing at Willamette Pass, was being used by emigrants to the Oregon Territory as

1612-485: The Boeing 747 and the more prominent An‑124 , which was purposely built for easy conversion into a cargo aircraft . Such large aircraft employ standardized quick-loading containers known as unit load devices (ULDs), comparable to ISO containers on cargo ships. ULDs can be stowed in the lower decks (front and rear) of several wide-body aircraft , and on the main deck of some narrow-bodies . Some dedicated cargo planes have

1674-610: The Oregon Central Military Wagon Road from Eugene to Fort Boise in Idaho . To finance the construction, the government offered land grants along the route. Eventually, the Oregon Central Military Wagon Road Company would build 420 miles (680 km) of road and claim about 806,400 acres (3,263 km). However, scandal and lawsuits regarding the quality of the road and its route reduced

1736-575: The Oregon Central Military Wagon Road which was completed in 1872. The wagon road eventually became the subject of scandal and litigation ending with a United States Supreme Court decision in 1893. The Stone Bridge and the Oregon Central Military Wagon Road were listed together on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. Today, the Stone Bridge is located on land claimed by the State of Oregon under riparian rights. The wagon road adjacent to

1798-583: The Whitehorse Ranch on the east side of the Pueblo Valley. From there the road follows Crooked Creek northeast, passing near what is now Rome, Oregon . From there it ran along Jordan Creek to Silver City, Idaho . The Stone Bridge and the Oregon Central Military Wagon Road were historically important projects undertaken by the United States Government and the State of Oregon. Because it

1860-548: The 23 Infantry Regiment under the supervision of Captain James Henton. The site chosen for the bridge was a narrow marsh that connects Hart Lake and Crump Lake, two large lakes at the southern end of the seventy-mile long chain of lakes and wetlands known as Warner Lakes. The Stone Bridge is actually a quarter mile long causeway rather than a traditional bridge . It was constructed by hauling basalt boulders and smaller rocks from nearby Hart Mountain and dumping them into

1922-488: The DOT and have the requirements to provide proof of insurance. Truckload (TL) carriers usually charge a rate per kilometre or mile. The rate varies depending on the distance, geographic location of the delivery, items being shipped, equipment type required, and service times required. TL shipments usually receive a variety of surcharges very similar to those described for LTL shipments above. There are thousands more small carriers in

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1984-823: The Oregon Central military road reached the summit of the Cascade Mountains , it turned south through the upper Deschutes River country into the Klamath Basin to Fort Klamath. It then followed the Williamson and Sprague Rivers , claiming large parts of the Klamath Indian Reservation . The Oregon Central road meandered through the Goose Lake Valley , over the Warner Mountains to Camp Warner (west of

2046-663: The Owyhee River crossing (present day Rome)where it connected to an existing wagon road from Winnemucca, Nevada. On 12 January 1870, Oregon's Governor, George L. Woods , certified to the United States Secretary of the Interior that the road was complete. This allowed the Oregon Central Military Wagon Road Company to claim property along the route. However, most of the Oregon Central roadway

2108-459: The State of Oregon to pass on to companies constructing military wagon roads. The roads were intended to facilitate the movement of Army units within the state and promote settlement along the routes. Congress eventually authorized the construction of five military wagon roads in Oregon. The first military road was approved by Congress on 2 July 1865. Known as the Oregon Central Military Wagon Road, it

2170-528: The Stone Bridge is owned by the United States Government and is administered by Bureau of Land Management . In 1865, the Army decided it needed a fort near the Warner Lakes to facilitate the interdiction of Indian raiding parties passing through the area. Army scouts from Fort Vancouver selected a site along Honey Creek on the west side of the Warner Lakes in what is today Lake County, Oregon. In 1866,

2232-778: The TL market than in the LTL market. Therefore, the use of transportation intermediaries or brokers is widespread. Another cost-saving method is facilitating pickups or deliveries at the carrier's terminals. Carriers or intermediaries can provide shippers with the address and phone number for the closest shipping terminal to the origin and/or destination. By doing this, shippers avoid any accessorial fees that might normally be charged for liftgate, residential pickup/ delivery , inside pickup/delivery, or notifications/appointments. Shipping experts optimize their service and costs by sampling rates from several carriers, brokers and online marketplaces. When obtaining rates from different providers, shippers may find

2294-588: The Willamette Pass Highway) follows the first leg of the Oregon Central military road from Eugene over the Cascades to Central Oregon . At that point, the original road headed south through northern Klamath County past what is now the community of Chemult . It followed the Williamson and Sprague Rivers before turning east into Lake County. The road passed over Drews Gap and followed Drews Creek through

2356-477: The amount of land actually patented by the company to approximately 235,568 acres (953.31 km). Today, Oregon Route 58 follows the first leg of the Oregon Central military road from Eugene over the Cascades to Central Oregon. The Oregon State Highway Commission added the Willamette Highway No. 18, from Goshen via Oakridge to Crescent , to the state highway system on November 24, 1922. The road

2418-550: The carriers, through brokers or with online marketplace services. In the US, there are certain restrictions on cargo moving via air freight on passenger aircraft, most notably the transport of rechargeable lithium-ion battery shipments. Shippers in the US must be approved and be "known" in the Known Shipper Management System before their shipments can be tendered on passenger aircraft. Trains are capable of transporting

2480-457: The cities of Eugene and Creswell . It heads due southeast from there, following the course of the Willamette River into the foothills of the Cascade Mountains . The highway passes several lakes, including Dexter Lake and Lookout Point Lake , and provides access to the town of Lowell . Further into the mountains, it passes through the cities of Oakridge and Westfir . It continues into

2542-411: The fraud. Legal disputes kept the ownership of these lands in question for decades, preventing honest settlers from claiming land grants for farms and ranches. In addition, the company paid no taxes while the land claims were disputed. At the same time, the value of the land and its timber, minerals, and grazing potential continued to increase as the property rights were passed from one investor group to

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2604-605: The hillsides more than is absolutely necessary" through the Willamette National Forest . An opening ceremony for the highway, thought at the time to be the last major highway that the state would build, was held on July 30, 1940. The road remained partially oiled gravel until the mid-1960s. Freight In transportation , freight refers to goods conveyed by land , water or air , while cargo refers specifically to freight when conveyed via water or air. In economics , freight refers to goods transported at

2666-465: The lakes. The camp was sited poorly and its construction was hasty. As a result, the men had a very difficult winter, losing one sergeant who froze to death during a snow storm. In the spring of 1867, the 14th Infantry was replaced by a company of the 23 Infantry Regiment . In February, General George Crook visited Camp Warner. Crook directed that the camp be moved to the Honey Creek site west of

2728-461: The lakes. To get the Army's wagons and equipment across the Warner wetlands, forty men under the command of Captain James Henton were assigned to build a bridge across a narrow, marshy channel between Hart Lake and Crump Lake. Shortly after the bridge was begun a second detachment was sent ahead to construct the new fort. The bridge was completed that summer and the soldiers moved into the new camp, which

2790-565: The land passed into the hands of the Oregon Valley Land Company , which subdivided it into 14,000 lots and parcels. The property was finally sold in a nationally advertised auction held in Lakeview, Oregon in 1909. The company sold a total of 340,000 acres (1,400 km ). Many of the properties included a separate lot in the town of Lakeview along with the rural land purchase. Many buyers bid on land without actually seeing it. As

2852-522: The law by not having a Federal Operating License, the shipper has no protection in case of a problem. Also, shippers typically ask for a copy of the broker's insurance certificate and any specific insurance that applies to the shipment. Overall, shipping costs have fallen over the past decades. A further drop in shipping costs in the future might be realized through the application of improved 3D printing technologies.   Governments are very concerned with cargo shipment, as it may bring security risks to

2914-431: The majority of business-to-business (B2B) shipments. LTL shipments are also often referred to as motor freight and the carriers involved are referred to as motor carriers . LTL shipments range from 50 to 7,000 kg (110 to 15,430 lb), being less than 2.5 to 8.5 m (8 ft 2.4 in to 27 ft 10.6 in) the majority of times. The average single piece of LTL freight is 600 kg (1,323 lb) and

2976-406: The marsh. When it was completed, the causeway was probably several feet above the water level and was wide enough for wagons to pass over it. The Army abandoned the crossing in 1874 when it closed Fort Warner and left the area. In the meantime, the Oregon Central Military Wagon Road had begun using the Stone Bridge to cross the Warner Lakes. However, the road company never maintained it. After

3038-404: The military road was abandoned, local ranchers used the causeway as a cattle crossing for many years. Eventually, the causeway settled into the soft marshy ground, disappearing beneath the water. Today, the Stone Bridge is completely underwater except during periods of drought. As a result, it is very difficult to find. Between 1865 and 1869, the United States Congress awarded land grants to

3100-640: The mountains, up the Salt Creek canyon, to the summit of Willamette Pass , after which it descends into central Oregon. Oregon Route 58 terminates at an interchange with U.S. Route 97 . Oregon Route 58 is of high importance as a freight corridor. It is the primary route between the Willamette Valley and south-central Oregon, including the Klamath Falls region. It also is the preferred route to points further southeast, including Reno, Nevada . Finally, it

3162-557: The next. Finally, newspaper reports of the fraud compelled Congress to investigate. This led to a major court case, known as the United States versus the California and Oregon Land Company . That case was decided by the United States Supreme Court on 6 March 1893. As a result, the United States Government was able to reclaim the unpatented lands; however, title to patented lands remained in private hands. Eventually,

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3224-740: The north end of the Goose Lake Valley , along what is Oregon Route 140 today. It then crossed the Warner Mountains and entered the Warner Valley, crossing over the Warner Lakes at the Stone Bridge between Crump Lake and Hart Lake. The road continued south of Hart Mountain, through what is today the Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge . The road crossed the Catlow Valley and then Steens Mountain . It continued through Harney County , entering Malheur County near

3286-407: The only shipment on a trailer. In fact, TL shipments usually deliver on exactly the same trailer as they are picked up on. Freight is usually organized into various shipment categories before it is transported. An item's category is determined by: Shipments are typically categorized as household goods, express, parcel, and freight shipments: An LTL shipper often realizes savings by utilizing

3348-485: The present day community of Plush). From Camp Warner the Oregon Central Military Road went across Warner Valley east crossing north of Beaty's Butte, across the south end of Catlow Valley. The road crossed Steen's Mountain through Long Hollow (near the present day community of Fields) going on to Camp C. F. Smith on Whitehorse Creek. From Camp C. F. Smith the Oregon Central Military Road continued northeast to

3410-498: The rail sidings, the rail mode of transport remains the most convenient and preferred option. Many governments are encouraging shippers to increase their use of rail rather than transport because of trains' lower environmental disbenefits. Many firms, like Parcelforce , FedEx and R+L Carriers transport all types of cargo by road. Delivering everything from letters to houses to cargo containers , these firms offer fast, sometimes same-day, delivery . A good example of road cargo

3472-1019: The security of this magnitude of cargo has become highlighted on the over 6 million cargo containers that enter the United States ports each year. The latest US Government response to this threat is the CSI: Container Security Initiative . CSI is a program intended to help increase security for containerized cargo shipped to the United States from around the world. Europe is also focusing on this issue, with several EU-funded projects underway. Many ways and materials are available to stabilize and secure cargo in various modes of transport. Conventional load securing methods and materials such as steel strapping and plastic/wood blocking and bracing have been used for decades and are still widely used. Present load-securing methods offer several other options, including polyester strapping and lashing, synthetic webbings and dunnage bags, also known as airbags or inflatable bags. Practical advice on stabilization

3534-450: The size of a standard pallet. Long freight and/or large freight are subject to extreme length and cubic capacity surcharges. Trailers used in LTL can range from 28 to 53 ft (8.53 to 16.15 m). The standard for city deliveries is usually 48 ft (14.63 m). In tight and residential environments the 28 ft (8.53 m) trailer is used the most. The shipments are usually palletized, stretch [shrink]-wrapped and packaged for

3596-548: The way heavy-lift and project cargo are. Alumina , grain , gypsum , logs, and wood chips, for instance, are bulk cargoes. Bulk cargo is classified as liquid or dry . Air cargo refers to any goods shipped by air, whereas air freight refers specifically to goods transported in the cargo hold of a dedicated cargo plane. Aircraft were first used to carry mail as cargo in 1911. Eventually manufacturers started designing aircraft for other types of freight as well. There are many commercial aircraft suitable for carrying cargo such as

3658-634: Was entirely unimproved when it was taken over, and improvement progressed slowly from the Goshen end. The roadway received the signed Oregon Route 58 designation in 1932, when the Oregon Route system was first laid out. A major realignment, crossing the Cascades at Willamette Pass rather than Emigrant Pass, was designed in 1933, and incorporated a number of " half viaducts " built into the hillside and one tunnel (the Salt Creek Tunnel ) in order "not to scar

3720-508: Was named Fort Warner . By 1869, the Indian raids in south-central Oregon had ended and a treaty had been signed. With no Indian raiders left in the area, Fort Warner was abandoned in 1874. While the fort is gone, the Stone Bridge the Army built to cross the Warner wetlands still exists. The Stone Bridge was the first large structure built in the south-central part of Oregon. It was constructed between 16 May and 24 July 1867 by forty men from

3782-421: Was nothing more than a rudimentary trail. In reality, the Oregon Central Military Wagon Road was a giant scam , designed to acquire public lands at little or no cost to the road company's investors. Nevertheless, the Oregon Central Military Wagon Road Company claimed a total of 875,196 acres (3,541.79 km ) of public land. The company was able to patent 235,568 acres (953.31 km ) before lawsuits ended

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3844-495: Was to run from Eugene, Oregon to Fort Boise in Idaho . The Civil War had drained the United States treasury and the State of Oregon did not have a tax base sufficient to support road construction so the government financed the military road projects with land grants. Private companies were specifically chartered to construct the roads. Congress allowed the construction companies to claim three sections of land for every mile of road they built, every odd numbered section in

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