110-396: Pongo pygmaeus Pongo abelii Pongo tapanuliensis † Pongo hooijeri † Pongo weidenreichi Faunus Oken, 1816 Lophotus Fischer, 1813 Macrobates Billberg, 1828 Satyrus Lesson, 1840 Orangutans are great apes native to the rainforests of Indonesia and Malaysia . They are now found only in parts of Borneo and Sumatra , but during
220-722: A junior synonym of P. pygmaeus , while one of the names currently considered a junior synonym of P. pygmaeus would take precedence for the taxon in Sarawak and northern West Kalimantan). Bradon-Jones et al. considered P. morio to be a synonym of P. pygmaeus , and the population found in East Kalimantan and Sabah to be a potentially unnamed separate taxon. In early October 2014, researchers from domestic and foreign countries found about 50 orangutans in several groups in South Kalimantan Province, although previously there
330-416: A "mattress". After this, the ape stands and braids the tips of branches into the mattress. Doing this increases the stability of the nest. Orangutans make their nests more comfortable by creating "pillows", "blankets", "roofs" and "bunk-beds". Orangutans are among the most intelligent non-human primates. Experiments suggest they can track the displacement of objects both visible and hidden. Zoo Atlanta has
440-445: A beard and mustache. It also has large, fatty cheek pads known as flanges as well as a pendulous throat sac. Bornean orangutans are highly sexually dimorphic and have several features that differ between males and females. Males have much larger cheek pads, or flanges, that are composed of muscle and large amounts of fat. In females, the flanges are mostly composed of muscle. Males have relatively larger canines and premolars. Males have
550-581: A bee swatter, a bunch of leafy branches held together as an "umbrella" while traveling in the rain, a single stick as backscratcher, and a branch or tree trunk as a missile. In some regions, orangutans occasionally eat soil to get minerals that may neutralize the toxins and acids they consume in their primarily vegetarian diets. On rare occasions, orangutans will prey upon other, smaller primates, such as slow lorises . Males and females generally come together only to mate. Subadult males (unflanged) will try to mate with any female and will be successful around half
660-403: A body part. These communicate goals such as "acquire object", "climb on me", "climb on you", "climb over", "move away", "play change: decrease intensity", "resume play" and "stop that". Males become sexually mature at around age 15. They may exhibit arrested development by not developing the distinctive cheek pads, pronounced throat pouches, long fur, or long calls until a resident dominant male
770-732: A court in Argentina ruled that an orangutan named Sandra at the Buenos Aires Zoo must be moved to a sanctuary in Brazil to provide her "partial or controlled freedom". Sandra has since been relocated to The Center for Great Apes in the United States , as it is the only accredited orangutan sanctuary in the Americas . Animal rights groups like Great Ape Project Argentina argued the ruling should apply to all species in captivity, and legal specialists from
880-534: A demon attack on his hermitage. Then Rama and Laksmana departed. In the hermitage, Rama and Laksmana destroyed the demons and proceeded to the Mithila country where a swayambara was being held. The visitor of the swayambara was to be given the king's daughter, Sinta , in marriage. The participants were told to draw the bow that had accompanied Sinta in her birth. Not a single one was successful except for Rama, then they got married and returned to Ayodya. In Ayodya, Rama
990-484: A dramatic population decline. This is likely attributed to the fact that they had been isolated from their ancestral populations. Therefore, natural geographic barriers are attributed to be the reason as to why the Bornean orangutans were eventually isolated and ended up colonizing other regions. In addition, this geographic isolation also indicates that the Bornean orangutans did not undergo a severe genetic bottleneck . With
1100-417: A female. Social grooming is uncommon among orangutans. Orangutans communicate with various vocals and sounds. Males will make long calls, both to attract females and to advertise themselves to other males. These calls have three components; they begin with grumbles, peak with pulses and end with bubbles. Both sexes will try to intimidate conspecifics with a series of low frequency noises known collectively as
1210-489: A lack of sufficient nutrients as a result of habitat loss. A 2011 study on female orangutans in free-ranging rehabilitation programs found that individuals that were supplemented with food resources had shorter interbirth intervals, as well as a reduced age, at first birth. The Bornean orangutan is more common than the Sumatran, with about 104,700 individuals in the wild, whereas just under 14,000 Sumatran orangutans are left in
SECTION 10
#17328527866951320-415: A male orangutan having an arm span of about 2 m (6 ft 7 in), and short legs. They are covered in long reddish hair that starts out bright orange and darkens to maroon or chocolate with age, while the skin is grey-black. Though largely hairless, males' faces can develop some hair, giving them a beard. Orangutans have small ears and noses; the ears are unlobed. The mean endocranial volume
1430-501: A more pronounced beard and mustache. The throat sac in males is also considerably larger. There are two body types for sexually mature males: smaller or larger. Larger males are more dominant but smaller males still breed successfully. There is little sexual dimorphism at birth. The Bornean orangutan lives in tropical rain forests in the Bornean lowlands, as well as montane rain forests in mountainous areas up to 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) above sea level. This species lives throughout
1540-471: A nature preserve, "Five days later the facial wound was closed, while within a few weeks it had healed, leaving only a small scar". In June 2008, Spain would become the first country to recognise the rights of some non-human great apes, based on the guidelines of the Great Ape Project , which are that chimpanzees, bonobos , orangutans, and gorillas not to be used for animal experiments. In December 2014,
1650-714: A nest, orangutans appear to be able to determine which branches would better support their body weight. Primatologist Carel P. van Schaik and biological anthropologist Cheryl D. Knott further investigated tool use in different wild orangutan populations. They compared geographic variations in tool use related to the processing of Neesia fruit. The orangutans of Suaq Balimbing were found to be avid users of insect and seed-extraction tools when compared to other wild orangutans. The scientists suggested these differences are cultural as they do not correlate with habitat. The orangutans at Suaq Balimbing are closely spaced and relatively tolerant of each other; this creates favourable conditions for
1760-648: A semantic extension to include apes of the Pongo genus at an early stage in the development of Malay. The word orangutan appears in its older form, urangutan , in a variety of premodern sources in the Old Javanese language. The earliest of these is the Kakawin Ramayana , a ninth- or early tenth-century Javanese adaption of the Sanskrit Ramayana . In these Old Javanese texts, the word urangutan refers only to
1870-495: A six- to nine-year interbirth interval, the longest among the great apes. Gestation is around nine months long and infants are born at a weight of 1.5–2 kg (3.3–4.4 lb). Usually only a single infant is born; twins are a rare occurrence. Unlike many other primates, male orangutans do not seem to practise infanticide . This may be because they cannot ensure they will sire a female's next offspring, because she does not immediately begin ovulating again after her infant dies. There
1980-457: A slower pace than both chimpanzees and humans. A 2017 genome study found that the Bornean and Tapanuli orangutans diverged from Sumatran orangutans about 3.4 mya, and from each other around 2.4 mya. Millions of years ago, orangutans travelled from mainland Asia to Sumatra and then Borneo as the islands were connected by land bridges during the recent glacial periods when sea levels were much lower. The present range of Tapanuli orangutans
2090-438: A small diameter by resting the tops of the fingers against the inside of the palm, thus creating a double-locked grip. Their feet have four long toes and an opposable big toe, giving them hand-like dexterity. The hip joints also allow for their legs to rotate similarly to their arms and shoulders. Orangutans move through the trees by both vertical climbing and suspension . Compared to other great apes, they infrequently descend to
2200-474: A third species, P. tapanuliensis , from Sumatra south of Lake Toba , came with a surprising twist: it is more closely related to the Bornean species, P. pygmaeus than to its fellow Sumatran species, P. abelii . The Sumatran orangutan genome was sequenced in January 2011. Following humans and chimpanzees , the Sumatran orangutan became the third species of great ape to have its genome sequenced. Subsequently,
2310-509: A touch-screen computer on which their two Sumatran orangutans play games. A 2008 study of two orangutans at the Leipzig Zoo showed orangutans may practise "calculated reciprocity ", which involves an individual aiding another with the expectation of being paid back. Orangutans are the first nonhuman species documented to do so. In a 1997 study, two captive adult orangutans were tested with the cooperative pulling paradigm . Without any training,
SECTION 20
#17328527866952420-454: A transient phase, which lasts until a male can challenge and displace a dominant, resident male from his home range. Both resident and transient orangutans aggregate on large fruiting trees to feed. The fruits tend to be abundant, so competition is low and individuals may engage in social interactions. Orangutans will also form travelling groups with members moving between different food sources. They are often consortships between an adult male and
2530-457: Is 16% of their feeding time. Fruits with soft pulp, arils or seed-walls are consumed the most, particularly figs but also drupes and berries. Orangutans are thought to be the sole fruit disperser for some plant species including the vine species Strychnos ignatii which contains the toxic alkaloid strychnine . Orangutans also include leaves in their diet, which take up 25% of their average foraging time. Leaves are eaten more when fruit
2640-453: Is 397 cm. The cranium is elevated relative to the face, which is incurved and prognathous . Compared to chimpanzees and gorillas, the brow ridge of an orangutan is underdeveloped. Females and juveniles have relatively circular skulls and thin faces while mature males have a prominent sagittal crest , large cheek pads or flanges, extensive throat pouches and long canines . The cheek pads are made mostly of fatty tissue and are supported by
2750-543: Is a species of orangutan endemic to the island of Borneo . Together with the Sumatran orangutan ( Pongo abelii ) and Tapanuli orangutan ( Pongo tapanuliensis ), it belongs to the only genus of great apes native to Asia. It is the largest of the three species of orangutans. Like the other great apes, orangutans are highly intelligent, displaying tool use and distinct cultural patterns in the wild. Orangutans share approximately 97% of their DNA with humans . Also called mias by
2860-411: Is absent. The transformation from unflanged to flanged can occur quickly. Flanged males attract females in oestrous with their characteristic long calls, which may also suppress development in younger males. Unflanged males wander widely in search of oestrous females and upon finding one, will force copulation on her, the occurrence of which is unusually high among mammals. Females prefer to mate with
2970-450: Is another threat to Bornean orangutan conservation. The effects that human activity have had on Indonesian rainfall have made food less abundant and so Bornean orangutans are less likely to receive full nutrients so that they can be sufficiently healthy to breed. A November 2011 survey, based on interviews with 6,983 respondents in 687 villages across Kalimantan in 2008 to 2009, gave estimated orangutan killing rates of between 750 and 1800 in
3080-586: Is because of the Sunda shelf , which is where the island of Borneo is located. During this time, this event's dry climate during the Late Pleistocene attributed to a more abundant genetic exchange. As a result, there were many early divergences of gene pools between the Bornean orangutans, as well as the Sumatran orangutans . Relating back to the Middle Pleistocene , the Bornean orangutan lineage went through
3190-513: Is believed to be the closest known relative of the living orangutans and inhabited similar environments. The largest known primate, Gigantopithecus , was also a member of Ponginae and lived in China, from 2 mya to 300,000 years ago. The oldest known record of Pongo is from the Early Pleistocene of Chongzuo , consisting of teeth ascribed to extinct species P. weidenreichi . Pongo
3300-659: Is believed to have been written in Central Java (modern Indonesia ) in approximately the late ninth or early tenth century, during the era of Mataram Kingdom . According to its latest English translator, Stuart Robson: "the Old Javanese Rāmāyaṇa was written between 856 and about 930, with the likelihood that the last section was added in the period 900-930." Among the Javanese, Kakawin Ramayana has always been considered
3410-422: Is considered as an example of tool use and not animal architecture . The Bornean orangutan diet is composed of over 400 types of food, including wild figs , durians ( Durio zibethinus and D. graveolens ), leaves , seeds , bird eggs , flowers, sap , vines , honey , fungi , spider webs , insects, and, to a lesser extent than the Sumatran orangutan, bark . They have also been known to consume
Orangutan - Misplaced Pages Continue
3520-462: Is due to the fact that they typically live in similar environments and are adept at learning from one another from their early stages of life. The Bornean orangutan has been linked to the fact that it has gone through a deep divergence in relation to its relatives and ancestors. During the Middle Pleistocene , there were low levels of gene flow, which was determined through the analysis of Y-chromosomal data. One reason as to why this may have occurred
3630-453: Is evidence that females with offspring under six years old generally avoid adult males. Females do most of the caring of the young. The mother will carry the infant while travelling, suckle it and sleep with it. During its first four months, the infant is almost never without physical contact and clings to its mother's belly. In the following months, the amount of physical contact the infant has with its mother declines. When an orangutan reaches
3740-554: Is found as part of the faunal complex in the Pleistocene cave assemblage in Vietnam, alongside Giganopithecus , though it is known only from teeth. Some fossils described under the name P. hooijeri have been found in Vietnam, and multiple fossil subspecies have been described from several parts of southeastern Asia. It is unclear if these belong to P. pygmaeus or P. abelii or, in fact, represent distinct species. During
3850-497: Is less available, but even during times of fruit abundance, orangutans will eat leaves 11–20% of the time. They appear to depend on the leaf and stem material of Borassodendron borneensis during times of low fruit abundance. Other food items consumed by the apes include bark , honey , bird eggs, insects and small vertebrates including slow lorises . In some areas, orangutans may practise geophagy , which involves consuming soil and other earth substances. They will uproot soil from
3960-464: Is more than any other mammal. Typically, orangutans live over 30 years both in the wild and in captivity. Orangutans build nests specialised for either day or night use. These are carefully constructed; young orangutans learn from observing their mother's nest-building behaviour. In fact, nest-building allows young orangutans to become less dependent on their mother. From six months of age onwards, orangutans practise nest-building and gain proficiency by
4070-413: Is no record that the province has orangutans. As a member of the family Hominidae , Bornean orangutans are one of the closest extant relatives to Homo sapiens . This species was originally discovered by native Malaysians. There are several mentions of orangutans in their folklore. However, this species was originally named and described by the notable zoologist Carl Linnaeus in 1799. Its original name
4180-456: Is some uncertainty about this, however. The population currently listed as P. p. wurmbii may be closer to the Sumatran orangutan ( P. abelii ) than to the Bornean orangutan. If this is confirmed, P. abelii would be a subspecies of P. wurmbii (Tiedeman, 1808). In addition, the type locality of P. pygmaeus has not been established beyond doubt; it may be from the population currently listed as P. wurmbii (in which case P. wurmbii would be
4290-414: Is speculated that the reason as to why they are genetically similar is because the males of each respective species tend to migrate between the two islands and breed with the females from their sister species. As a result, both the Bornean orangutans and the Sumatran orangutans have been studied closely as a pair, and thus much genome findings attribute evolutionary changes to this relationship. In addition,
4400-930: Is thought to be close to where ancestral orangutans first entered what is now Indonesia from mainland Asia. gibbons (family Hylobatidae) orangutans (genus Pongo ) gorillas (genus Gorilla ) chimpanzees (genus Pan ) humans (genus Homo ) The three orangutan species are the only extant members of the subfamily Ponginae . This subfamily also includes extinct apes such as Lufengpithecus , which occurred 8–2 mya in southern China and Thailand; Indopithecus , which lived in India from 9.2 to 8.6 mya; and Sivapithecus , which lived in India and Pakistan from 12.5 mya until 8.5 mya. These animals likely lived in drier and cooler environments than orangutans do today. Khoratpithecus piriyai , which lived 5–7 mya in Thailand,
4510-596: The Pleistocene they ranged throughout Southeast Asia and South China . Classified in the genus Pongo , orangutans were originally considered to be one species. From 1996, they were divided into two species: the Bornean orangutan ( P. pygmaeus , with three subspecies) and the Sumatran orangutan ( P. abelii ). A third species, the Tapanuli orangutan ( P. tapanuliensis ), was identified definitively in 2017. The orangutans are
Orangutan - Misplaced Pages Continue
4620-425: The ciliate Balantidium coli . Among Strongyloides , the species S. fuelleborni and S. stercoralis are reported in young individuals. Orangutans also use the plant species Dracaena cantleyi as an anti-inflammatory balm. Captive animals may suffer an upper respiratory tract disease. Orangutans are primarily fruit-eaters , which can take up 57–80% of their foraging time. Even during times of scarcity, fruit
4730-584: The gibbons diverged during the early Miocene between 24.1 and 19.7 million years ago (mya), and the orangutans diverged from the African great ape lineage between 19.3 and 15.7 mya. Israfil and colleagues (2011) estimated based on mitochondrial , Y-linked , and X-linked loci that the Sumatran and Bornean species diverged 4.9 to 2.9 mya. By contrast, the 2011 genome study suggested that these two species diverged as recently as circa 400,000 years ago. The study also found that orangutans evolved at
4840-602: The "rolling call". When uncomfortable, an orangutan will produce a "kiss squeak", which involves sucking in air through pursed lips. Mothers produce throatscrapes to keep in contact with their offspring. Infants make soft hoots when distressed. When building a nest, orangutans will produce smacks or blow raspberries . Orangutan calls display consonant- and vowel-like components and they maintain their meaning over great distances. Mother orangutans and offspring also use several different gestures and expressions such as beckoning, stomping, lower lip pushing, object shaking and "presenting"
4950-593: The 18th century, particularly in works that comment on human society. Field studies of the apes were pioneered by primatologist Birutė Galdikas and they have been kept in captive facilities around the world since at least the early 19th century. All three orangutan species are considered critically endangered . Human activities have caused severe declines in populations and ranges. Threats to wild orangutan populations include poaching (for bushmeat and retaliation for consuming crops ), habitat destruction and deforestation (for palm oil cultivation and logging ), and
5060-578: The 20th century—explaining the missing initial 'h' of ' hutan '. The name of the genus, Pongo , comes from a 16th-century account by Andrew Battel , an English sailor held prisoner by the Portuguese in Angola , which describes two anthropoid "monsters" named Pongo and Engeco. He is now believed to have been describing gorillas , but in the 18th century, the terms orangutan and pongo were used for all great apes . French naturalist Bernard Germain de Lacépède used
5170-877: The Argentina's Federal Chamber of Criminal Cassatio considered the ruling applicable only to non-human hominids. Bornean orangutan P. agris ( Schreber , 1799) P. batangtuensis ( Selenka , 1896) P. borneensis Röhrer-Ertl , 1983 P. borneo ( Lacépède , 1799) P. brookei ( Blyth , 1853) P. curtus (Blyth, 1855) P. dadappensis (Selenka, 1896) P. genepaiensis (Selenka, 1896) P. landakkensis (Selenka, 1896) P. morio ( Owen , 1837) P. owenii (Blyth, 1853) P. rantaiensis (Selenka, 1896) P. rufus ( Lesson , 1840) P. satyrus (Linnaeus, 1766) [in part] P. skalauensis (Selenka, 1896) > P. sumatranus ( Mayer , 1856) P. tuakensis (Selenka, 1896) P. wallichii ( Gray , 1871) P. wurmbii ( Tiedemann , 1808) The Bornean orangutan ( Pongo pygmaeus )
5280-510: The Bornean orangutans, as compared to the Sumatran orangutans , have lower autosomal gene diversity . This is attributed to the fact that they have a much smaller population size. Also, the Bornean orangutans have lower nucleotide diversity . As the Bornean orangutans and Sumatra orangutans both exist within the same genus, they exhibit similar cultural behaviors that have been found to exist amongst most orangutan populations. The fact that orangutans tend to showcase similar cultural traditions
5390-611: The Bornean species had its genome sequenced. Bornean orangutans ( P. pygmaeus ) have less genetic diversity than in Sumatran ones ( P. abelii ), despite populations being six to seven times higher in Borneo. The researchers hope these data may help conservationists preserve the endangered ape, as well as learn more about human genetic diseases . Similarly to gorillas and chimpanzees, orangutans have 48 diploid chromosomes, in contrast to humans, which have 46 . According to molecular evidence , within apes (superfamily Hominoidea),
5500-710: The Borneo orangutan, selection was found to have been found through physiological adaptations – most of which has to do with being able to adapt to the ever-changing climate on the Borneo island. This article incorporates text from the ARKive fact-file "Bornean orangutan" under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License and the GFDL . Russon, Anne E.; Compost, Alain; Kuncoro, Purwo; Ferisa, Agnes (December 2014). "Orangutan fish eating, primate aquatic fauna eating, and their implications for
5610-990: The Indonesian government rarely prosecutes or punishes perpetrators. In a rare prosecution in November 2011, two men were arrested for killing at least 20 orangutans and a number of long-nosed proboscis monkeys . They were ordered to conduct the killings by the supervisor of a palm oil plantation, to protect the crop, with a payment of $ 100 for a dead orangutan and $ 22 for a monkey. A number of orangutan rescue and rehabilitation projects operate in Borneo. The Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation (BOS) founded by Willie Smits has rescue and rehabilitation centres at Wanariset and Samboja Lestari in East Kalimantan and Nyaru Menteng, in Central Kalimantan founded and managed by Lone Drøscher Nielsen . BOS also works to conserve and recreate
SECTION 50
#17328527866955720-673: The Padas River in western Sabah (including the Sultanate of Brunei ). A population of around 6,900 is found in Sabangau National Park , but this environment is at risk. This view is also supported by the United Nations Environment Programme , which stated in its 2007 report that, due to illegal logging , fire and the extensive development of palm oil plantations, orangutans are critically endangered, and if
5830-421: The Pleistocene, Pongo had a far more extensive range than at present, extending throughout Sundaland and mainland Southeast Asia and South China. Teeth of orangutans are known from Peninsular Malaysia that date to 60,000 years ago. The youngest remains from South China, which are teeth assigned to P. weidenreichi, date to between 66 and 57,000 years ago. The range of orangutans had contracted significantly by
5940-558: The Sumatran orangutan is similar in size but, on average, is marginally lighter in weight. A survey of wild orangutans found that males weigh on average 75 kg (165 lb), ranging from 50–100 kg (110–220 lb), and 1.2–1.7 m (3.9–5.6 ft) long; females average 38.5 kg (85 lb), ranging from 30–50 kg (66–110 lb), and 1–1.2 m (3.3–3.9 ft) long. While in captivity, orangutans can grow considerably overweight, up to more than 165 kg (364 lb). The heaviest known male orangutan in captivity
6050-462: The age of one-and-a-half years, its climbing skills improve and it will travel through the canopy holding hands with other orangutans, a behaviour known as "buddy travel". After two years of age, juvenile orangutans will begin to move away from their mothers temporarily. They reach adolescence at six or seven years of age and are able to live alone but retain some connections with their mothers. Females may nurse their offspring for up to eight years, which
6160-578: The ape could talk, but preferred not to "lest he be compelled to labour". The word appeared in several German-language descriptions of Indonesian zoology in the 17th century. It has been argued that the word comes specifically from the Banjarese variety of Malay, but the age of the Old Javanese sources mentioned above make Old Malay a more likely origin for the term. Cribb and colleagues (2014) suggest that Bontius' account referred not to apes (as this description
6270-520: The apes and not forest-dwelling humans. The word is not originally Javanese, but was borrowed from an early Malayic language at least a thousand years ago. Hence the ultimate origin of the term "orangutan" as denoting the Pongo ape was most likely Old Malay . In Western sources, the first printed attestation of the word for the apes is in Dutch physician Jacobus Bontius ' 1631 Historiae naturalis et medicae Indiae orientalis . He reported that Malays claimed
6380-402: The canopy of primary and secondary forest, and moves large distances to find trees bearing fruit. It is found in the two Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak , and four of the five Indonesian Provinces of Kalimantan . Due to habitat destruction, the species distribution is now highly patchy throughout the island, the species has become rare in the southeast of the island, as well as in
6490-455: The current trend continues, they will become extinct. When forest is burned down to clear room for palm oil plantations, not only does the Bornean orangutan suffer from habitat loss, but several individuals have been burned and killed in fires. Palm oil accounts for over one tenth of Indonesia's export earnings. It is in high demand because it is used in several packaged foods, deodorants, shampoos, soaps, candies, and baked goods. Climate change
6600-413: The day is spent feeding, resting, and travelling. They start the day feeding for two to three hours in the morning. They rest during midday, then travel in the late afternoon. When evening arrives, they prepare their nests for the night. Potential predators of orangutans include tigers , clouded leopards and wild dogs . The most common orangutan parasites are nematodes of the genus Strongyloides and
6710-446: The day. Young orangutans learn by observing their mother's nest-building behaviour. This skill is practiced by juvenile orangutans. Nests may be elaborate and involve a foundation and mattress made by intertwining leaves and branches and adding broken leafy branches. Additional features such as shade, waterproof roof, "pillow", and "blanket", all of which are made from branches, twigs and leaves, may also be added. Nest-building in primates
SECTION 60
#17328527866956820-483: The demon King of Lanka. Surpanka told Rawana of the beauty of Sinta and thus persuaded him to kidnap Sinta. Sinta saw a beautiful deer and asked Rama to catch it. Rama obliged entrusting Laksmana to protect Sinta. Rama was gone for a long period, and Sinta, growing worried convinced Laksmana to leave her and go in search of Rama. Rawana seized the moment to abduct Sinta and take her to Lanka. Then Rama and Laksmana tried to get her back. In their endeavor they got help from
6930-650: The end of the Pleistocene, most likely because of the reduction of forest habitat during the Last Glacial Maximum . Though they may have survived into the Holocene in Cambodia and Vietnam. Orangutans display significant sexual dimorphism ; females typically stand 115 cm (45 in) tall and weigh around 37 kg (82 lb), while adult males stand 137 cm (54 in) tall and weigh 75 kg (165 lb). Compared to humans, they have proportionally long arms,
7040-418: The fast-disappearing rainforest habitat of the orangutan, at Samboja Lestari and Mawas. Orangutan Foundation International , founded by Birutė Galdikas , rescues and rehabilitates orangutans, preparing them for release back into protected areas of the Indonesian rain forest. In addition, it promotes the preservation of the rain forest for them. The Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Centre near Sandakan in
7150-566: The first year of its life, the young clings to its mother's abdomen by entwining its fingers in and gripping her hair. Offspring are weaned at about four years, but this could be much longer, and soon after they start their adolescent stage of exploring, but always within sight of their mother. During this period, they will also actively seek other young orangutans to play with and travel with. On average, juveniles do not become completely independent until they are about seven years of age. The birth rate for orangutans has been decreasing largely due to
7260-492: The fitter flanged males, forming pairs with them and benefiting from their protection. Non- ovulating females do not usually resist copulation with unflanged males, as the chance of conception is low. Homosexual behaviour has been recorded in the context of both affiliative and aggressive interactions. Unlike females of other non-human great ape species, orangutans do not exhibit sexual swellings to signal fertility. A female first gives birth around 15 years of age and they have
7370-886: The forest between the Rajang River in central Sarawak and the Padas River in western Sabah. Its presence in Brunei is uncertain and unconfirmed. The first complete orangutan skeleton that was discovered was in the Hoa Binh province in Vietnam and thought to be from the late Pleistocene epoch. It differed from modern orangutans only in that its body was proportionately smaller compared to its head. This fossil and others confirm that orangutans once inhabited continental Southeast Asia even though currently, Bornean orangutans are only found in Malaysia and Indonesia. In history, orangutans ranged throughout Southeast Asia and into southern China, as well as on
7480-407: The ground as well as eat shelter tubes from tree trunks. Orangutans also visit the sides of cliffs or earth depressions for their mineral licks . Orangutans may eat soils for their anti-toxic kaolin minerals, since their diet contains toxic tannins and phenolic acids . The social structure of the orangutan can be best described as solitary but social ; they live a more solitary lifestyle than
7590-494: The ground where they are more cumbersome. Unlike gorillas and chimpanzees, orangutans are not true knuckle-walkers , instead bending their digits and walking on the sides of their hands and feet. Compared to their relatives in Borneo, Sumatran orangutans are more slender with paler and longer hair and a longer face. Tapanuli orangutans resemble Sumatran orangutans more than Bornean orangutans in body build and hair colour. They have shaggier hair, smaller skulls, and flatter faces than
7700-490: The hollows of trees and seed-extraction sticks for harvesting seeds from hard-husked fruit. The orangutans adjusted their tools according to the task at hand, and preference was given to oral tool use. This preference was also found in an experimental study of captive orangutans. Orangutans have been observed to use sticks to poke at catfish, causing them to leap out of the water so the orangutan can grab them. Orangutan have also been documented to keep tools for later. When building
7810-510: The home range of a resident male, who is their main mating partner. Interactions between adult females range from friendly to avoidance to antagonistic. Flanged males are hostile to both other flanged males and unflanged males, while unflanged males are more peaceful towards each other. Orangutans disperse and establish their home ranges by age 11. Females tend to live near their birth range, while males disperse farther but may still visit their birth range within their larger home range. They enter
7920-464: The illegal pet trade . Several conservation and rehabilitation organisations are dedicated to the survival of orangutans in the wild. The name "orangutan" (also written orang-utan, orang utan, orangutang, and ourang-outang) is derived from the Malay words orang , meaning "person", and hutan , meaning "forest". The locals originally used the term for actual forest-dwelling humans, but the word underwent
8030-416: The inner shoots of plants and vines. They will also occasionally eat nutrient rich soil . They get the necessary quantities of water from both fruit and from tree holes. Bornean orangutans have been sighted using spears to attempt (unsuccessfully) to catch fish. The species has been observed using tools such as leaves to wipe off faeces, a pad of leaves for holding spiny durian fruit, a leafy branch for
8140-487: The island of Java and in southern Sumatra. They primarily inhabit peat swamp forest, tropical heath forest, and mixed dipterocarp forest. Bornean orangutan are more solitary than their Sumatran relatives. Two or three orangutans with overlapping territories may interact, but only for short periods of time. Although orangutans are not territorial, adult males will display threatening behaviors upon meeting other males, and only socialize with females to mate. Males are considered
8250-418: The listener into believing they are larger animals. In 2003, researchers from six different orangutan field sites who used the same behavioural coding scheme compared the behaviours of the animals from each site. They found each orangutan population used different tools. The evidence suggested the differences were cultural: first, the extent of the differences increased with distance, suggesting cultural diffusion
8360-558: The local population, the Bornean orangutan is a critically endangered species, with deforestation , palm oil plantations, and hunting posing a serious threat to its continued existence. The Bornean orangutan and the Sumatran orangutan diverged about 400,000 years ago, with a continued low level of gene flow between them since then. The two orangutan species were considered merely subspecies until 1996; they were elevated to species following sequencing of their mitochondrial DNA . The Bornean orangutan has three subspecies: There
8470-676: The most solitary of the great apes: social bonds occur primarily between mothers and their dependent offspring. Fruit is the most important component of an orangutan's diet, but they will also eat vegetation, bark , honey , insects and bird eggs. They can live over 30 years, both in the wild and in captivity. Orangutans are among the most intelligent primates . They use a variety of sophisticated tools and construct elaborate sleeping nests each night from branches and foliage. The apes' learning abilities have been studied extensively. There may be distinctive cultures within populations. Orangutans have been featured in literature and art since at least
8580-530: The most solitary of the orangutans. The Bornean orangutan has a lifespan of 35–45 years in the wild; in captivity it can live to be about 60. Despite being arboreal , the Bornean orangutan travels on the ground more than its Sumatran counterpart. This may be in part because no large terrestrial predators could threaten an orangutan in Borneo. In Sumatra, orangutans must face predation by the fierce Sumatran tiger . The Bornean orangutan exhibits nest-building behavior . Nests are built for use at night or during
8690-426: The musculature of the face. The throat pouches act as resonance chambers for making long calls. Orangutan hands have four long fingers but a dramatically shorter opposable thumb for a strong grip on branches as they travel high in the trees. The resting configuration of the fingers is curved, creating a suspensory hook grip. With the thumb out of the way, the fingers (and hands) can grip securely around objects with
8800-440: The name Pongo by Lacépède in 1799. The populations on the two islands were suggested to be separate species when P. abelii was described by French naturalist René Lesson in 1827. In 2001, P. abelii was confirmed as a full species based on molecular evidence published in 1996, and three distinct populations on Borneo were elevated to subspecies ( P. p. pygmaeus , P. p. morio and P. p. wurmbii ). The description in 2017 of
8910-689: The only surviving species of the subfamily Ponginae , which diverged genetically from the other hominids ( gorillas , chimpanzees , and humans ) between 19.3 and 15.7 million years ago. The most arboreal of the great apes, orangutans spend most of their time in trees. They have proportionally long arms and short legs, and have reddish-brown hair covering their bodies. Adult males weigh about 75 kg (165 lb), while females reach about 37 kg (82 lb). Dominant adult males develop distinctive cheek pads or flanges and make long calls that attract females and intimidate rivals; younger subordinate males do not and more resemble adult females. Orangutans are
9020-615: The orangutans succeeded in pulling off an object to get food in the first session. Over the course of 30 sessions, the apes succeeded more quickly, having learned to coordinate. An adult orangutan has been documented to pass the mirror test , indicating self-awareness . Mirror tests with a 2-year-old orangutan failed to reveal self-recognition. Studies in the wild indicate that flanged male orangutans plan their movements in advance and signal them to other individuals. Experiments have also suggested that orangutans can communicate about things that are not present : mother orangutans remain silent in
9130-810: The original tale is the most popular, and it is performed in all wayang performances. Literary scholars hold that the textual source of the Old Javanese kakawin Rāmâyaṇa might have been the Sanskrit poem Rāvaṇavadha or Bhaṭṭi-kāvya by the Indian poet Bhaṭṭi , between the 6th and 7th century AD. The first half of the Kakawin Rāmâyaṇa is more or less an exact rendering of Bhaṭṭi-kāvya . Dasarata from Ayodya had four sons: Rama , Bharata , Laksmana and Shatrughna . One day an ascetic named Wiswamitra requested that Dasaratha help him to repel
9240-618: The origins of ancestral hominin fish eating". Journal of Human Evolution . 77 : 50–63. Bibcode : 2014JHumE..77...50R . doi : 10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.06.007 . PMID 25038033 . Kakawin Ramayana Kakawin Ramayana is an Old Javanese poem rendering of the Sanskrit Ramayana in kakawin meter . Kakawin Rāmâyaṇa is a kakawin , the Javanese form of kāvya , a poem modeled on traditional Sanskritam meters.It
9350-402: The other great apes. Bornean orangutans are generally more solitary than Sumatran orangutans. Most social bonds occur between adult females and their dependent and weaned offspring. Resident females live with their offspring in defined home ranges that overlap with those of other adult females, which may be their immediate relatives. One to several resident female home ranges are encompassed within
9460-506: The other two species. Orangutans are mainly arboreal and inhabit tropical rainforest , particularly lowland dipterocarp and old secondary forest . Populations are more concentrated near riverside habitats, such as freshwater and peat swamp forest , while drier forests away from the flooded areas have fewer apes. Population density also decreases at higher elevations. Orangutans occasionally enter grasslands, cultivated fields, gardens, young secondary forest , and shallow lakes. Most of
9570-471: The pinnacle of artistic expression. The large number of preserved manuscripts attest to its popularity and adaptation. It is the lengthiest of all the Old Javanese kakawins of the Hindu-Buddhist period of Java. The Javanese Ramayana differs markedly from the original Hindu prototype. The first half of this Ramayana Jawa is similar to the original Sanskrit version, while the latter half is divergent to
9680-479: The point of being unrecognizable by Indian scholars of the original Ramayana . One of the many major changes is the inclusion of the all-powerful Javanese indigenous deity dhayana Guardian God of Java Semar (in Balinese literature known as Twalen ) and his misshapen sons, Gareng , Petruk , and Bagong who make up the numerically significant four Punokawan or "clown servants". This latter, altered half of
9790-479: The presence of a perceived threat but when it passes, the mother produces an alarm call to their offspring to teach them about the danger. Orangutans and other great apes show laughter -like vocalisations in response to physical contact such as wrestling, play chasing or tickling. This suggests that laughter derived from a common origin among primate species and therefore evolved before the origin of humans. Orangutans can learn to mimic new sounds by purposely controlling
9900-453: The present but has come to be regarded as incorrect . The loss of "h" in hutan and the shift from -ng to -n has been taken to suggest the term entered English through Portuguese . In Malay, the term was first attested in 1840, not as an indigenous name but referring to how the English called the animal. The word ' orangutan ' in modern Malay and Indonesian was borrowed from English or Dutch in
10010-439: The protected Lamandau Wildlife Reserve . Orangutan Foundation works to protect orangutans by focusing on habitat protection and capacity building, especially in local communities. A seven-year longitudinal study published in 2011 looked at whether the lifespan of zoo-housed orangutans was related to a subjective assessment of well-being, with the intent of applying such measures to assess the welfare of orangutans in captivity. Of
10120-531: The spreading of new behaviours. Further evidence that highly social orangutans are more likely to exhibit cultural behaviours came from a study of leaf-carrying behaviours of formerly captive orangutans that were being rehabilitated on the island of Kaja in Borneo. Wild orangutans in Tuanan, Borneo, were reported to use tools in acoustic communication. They use leaves to amplify the kiss squeak sounds they produce. The apes may employ this method of amplification to deceive
10230-500: The state of Sabah in Malaysian Borneo opened in 1964 as the first official orangutan rehabilitation project. Orangutan Foundation , founded by Ashley Leiman, operates programmes in Central Kalimantan , Indonesian Borneo. The Foundation rescues orphaned orangutans and enters them into their soft-release programme, allowing them to develop the skills necessary to survive in the wild. When old enough, orangutans are released into
10340-429: The subjects, 100 were Sumatran ( Pongo abelii ), 54 Bornean ( Pongo pygmaeus ) and 30 were hybrid orangutans . 113 zoo employees, who were highly familiar with the typical behavior of the orangutans, used a four-item questionnaire to assess their subjective well-being. The results indicated that orangutans in higher subjective well-being were less likely to die during the follow-up period. The study concluded that happiness
10450-441: The symbol of his authority. Bharata returned to the palace with Rama's sandals. Rama with his two companions went to the woods to live there. During their stay, a female demon called Surpanaka saw Laksamana and fell in love with him and disguised herself as a beautiful woman. Laksmana was not interested in her and even cut off the tip of her nose when she threatened to grow violent. She was enraged and told this to her brother, Rawana
10560-520: The term Pongo for the genus in 1799. Battel's "Pongo", in turn, is from the Kongo word mpongi or other cognates from the region: Lumbu pungu , Vili mpungu , or Yombi yimpungu . The orangutan was first described scientifically in 1758 in the Systema Naturae of Carl Linnaeus as Homo troglodytes . It was renamed Simia pygmaeus in 1760 by his student Christian Emmanuel Hopp and given
10670-399: The time they are three years old. Construction of a night nest is done by following a sequence of steps. Initially, a suitable tree is located. Orangutans are choosy about sites, though nests can be found in many tree species. To establish a foundation, the ape grabs the large branches under it and bends them so they join. The orangutan then does the same to smaller, leafier branches to create
10780-748: The time. Dominant flanged males will call and advertise their position to receptive females, who prefer mating with flanged males. Adult males will often target females with weaned infants as mating partners because the female is likely to be fertile. Females reach sexual maturity and experience their first ovulatory cycle between about six and 11 years of age, although females with more body fat may experience this at an earlier age. The estrous cycle lasts between 22 and 30 days and menopause has been reported in captive orangutans at about age 48. Females tend to give birth at about 14–15 years of age. Newborn orangutans nurse every three to four hours, and begin to take soft food from their mothers' lips by four months. During
10890-602: The vibrations of their vocal folds, a trait that led to speech in humans. Bonnie , an orangutan at the US National Zoo , was recorded spontaneously whistling after hearing a caretaker. She appears to whistle without expecting a food reward. Tool use in orangutans was observed by primatologist Birutė Galdikas in ex-captive populations. Orangutans in Suaq Balimbing were recorded to develop a tool kit for use in foraging which consisted of both insect-extraction sticks for use in
11000-495: The wild. Orangutans are becoming increasingly endangered due to habitat destruction and the bushmeat trade, and young orangutans are captured to be sold as pets, usually entailing the killing of their mothers. The Bornean orangutan is critically endangered according to the IUCN Red List of mammals , and is listed on Appendix I of CITES . The total number of Bornean orangutans is estimated to be less than 14% of what it
11110-484: The year leading up to April 2008. These killing rates were higher than previously thought and confirm that the continued existence of the orangutan in Kalimantan is under serious threat. The survey did not quantify the additional threat to the species due to habitat loss from deforestation and expanding palm-oil plantations. The survey found that 73% of respondents knew orangutans were protected by Indonesian law. However,
11220-561: Was Simia satyrus , meaning "satyr monkey", but was changed when scientists discovered that not all orangutans are one species. The holotype of this organism is located in the British Museum in London. The current species name P. pygmaeus is not Latin unlike most other Linnean classifications. The genus name Pongo is derived from the Bantu word mpongo used to indicate a large primate. It
11330-576: Was a migration of the Bornean orangutans as they eventually went to Sumatra , effectively trading places with the Sumatra orangutans that were there at the time. These two species of orangutans have been closely related throughout their evolutionary history due to the fact that they were so close in physical proximity. Therefore, their genomes and demographic history are similar. The two species themselves are estimated to have split about 3.5 million years ago. Although these two species have officially diverged, it
11440-439: Was an obese male named "Andy", who weighed 204 kg (450 lb) in 1959 when he was 13 years old. The Bornean orangutan has a distinctive body shape with very long arms that may reach up to 1.5 metres in length. It has grey skin, a coarse, shaggy, reddish coat and prehensile , grasping hands and feet. Its coat does not cover its face unlike most mammals, although Bornean orangutans do have some hair on their faces including
11550-505: Was from Java where the apes were not known to be from) but to humans suffering some serious medical condition (most likely cretinism ) and that his use of the word was misunderstood by Nicolaes Tulp , who was the first to use the term in a publication a decade later. The word was first attested in English in 1693 by physician John Bulwer in the form Orang-Outang , and variants ending with -ng are found in many languages. This spelling (and pronunciation) has remained in use in English up to
11660-408: Was in the recent past (from around 10,000 years ago until the middle of the 20th century), and this sharp decline has occurred mostly over the past few decades due to human activities and development. Species distribution is now highly patchy throughout Borneo; it is apparently absent or uncommon in the southeast of the island, as well as in the forest between the Rajang River in central Sarawak and
11770-475: Was occurring, and second, the size of the orangutans' cultural repertoire increased according to the amount of social contact present within the group. Social contact facilitates cultural transmission. During a field observation in 2022, a male Sumatran orangutan, known to researchers as Rakus, chewed Fibraurea tinctoria vine leaves and applied the mashed plant material to an open wound on his face. According to primatologists who had been observing Rakus at
11880-554: Was originally used to describe chimpanzees in Western African dialects. The species name pygmaeus is derived from the Greek word "pygmy" meaning dwarf. The Bornean orangutan is the third-largest ape after the western gorilla , and the largest truly arboreal (or tree-dwelling) extant ape. Body weights broadly overlap with the considerably taller Homo sapiens , but the latter is considerably more variable in size. By comparison,
11990-517: Was prepared to become the king, because he was the eldest son. However Kaikeyi, another wife of the king Dasaratha, invoked the king's oath to her asking for her son Bharata to become king. Dejected, king Dasaratha granted him the kingship. Rama, Sinta and Laksmana were made to leave the palace, and, grieving intensely, king Dasaratha died. The new king Bharata sought out Rama. He felt he did not deserve kingship and asked Rama to return to Ayodhya. Rama, however, refused and gave his sandals to Bharata as
12100-463: Was related to longer life in orangutans. In late 2014, Nyaru Menteng veterinarians failed to rescue the life of a female orangutan. An operation was performed in which 40 air-rifle pellets were removed from her body. The orangutan was found at a palm oil plantation in Indonesian Borneo. Orangutans and humans diverged lineages approximately 14–18 million years ago. About 17,000 years ago, there
#694305