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59-515: Open XML Paper Specification (also referred to as OpenXPS ) is an open specification for a page description language and a fixed-document format. Microsoft developed it as the XML Paper Specification (XPS). In June 2009, Ecma International adopted it as international standard ECMA-388 . It is an XML -based (more precisely XAML -based) specification, based on a new print path (print processing data representation and data flow) and

118-476: A color-managed vector document format that supports device independence and resolution independence . In Windows 8 .xps was replaced with the ECMA standard .oxps format which is not natively supported in older Windows versions. OpenXPS was introduced by Microsoft as an alternative to Portable Document Format (PDF). However, PDF remained the standard choice, and support for and user familiarity with XPS files

177-498: A multitasking OS , by launching all elements at the same time as processes, and automatically servicing the data read requests by each process with the data written by the upstream process. This can be called a multiprocessed pipeline. In this way, the scheduler will naturally switch the CPU among the processes so as to minimize its idle time. In other common models, elements are implemented as lightweight threads or as coroutines to reduce

236-457: A record-oriented filesystem and connected I/O devices operate in record mode rather than stream mode. As a consequence, data in CMS Pipelines is handled in record mode. For text files, a record holds one line of text. In general, CMS Pipelines does not buffer the data but passes records of data in a lock-step fashion from one program to the next. This ensures a deterministic flow of data through

295-729: A royalty-free basis. Many definitions of the term standard permit patent holders to impose " reasonable and non-discriminatory licensing" royalty fees and other licensing terms on implementers or users of the standard. For example, the rules for standards published by the major internationally recognized standards bodies such as the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), International Organization for Standardization (ISO), International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), and ITU-T permit their standards to contain specifications whose implementation will require payment of patent licensing fees. Among these organizations, only

354-477: A "free software and open standards law." The decree includes the requirement that the Venezuelan public sector must use free software based on open standards, and includes a definition of open standard: Pipeline (software) In software engineering , a pipeline consists of a chain of processing elements ( processes , threads , coroutines , functions , etc. ), arranged so that the output of each element

413-657: A common patent policy under the banner of the WSC . However, the ITU-T definition should not necessarily be considered also applicable in ITU-R, ISO and IEC contexts, since the Common Patent Policy does not make any reference to "open standards" but rather only to "standards." In section 7 of its RFC 2026, the IETF classifies specifications that have been developed in a manner similar to that of

472-674: A consensus basis. The definitions of the term open standard used by academics, the European Union , and some of its member governments or parliaments such as Denmark , France , and Spain preclude open standards requiring fees for use, as do the New Zealand , South African and the Venezuelan governments. On the standard organisation side, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) ensures that its specifications can be implemented on

531-402: A data format which is made public, is thoroughly documented and neutral with regard to the technological tools needed to peruse the same data. The E-Government Interoperability Framework (e-GIF) defines open standard as royalty-free according to the following text: While a universally agreed definition of "open standards" is unlikely to be resolved in the near future, the e-GIF accepts that

590-601: A definition of "open standards" needs to recognise a continuum that ranges from closed to open, and encompasses varying degrees of "openness." To guide readers in this respect, the e-GIF endorses "open standards" that exhibit the following properties: The e-GIF performs the same function in e-government as the Road Code does on the highways. Driving would be excessively costly, inefficient, and ineffective if road rules had to be agreed each time one vehicle encountered another. The Portuguese Open Standards Law, adopted in 2011, demands

649-528: A definition of open standards, which also is used in pan-European software development projects. It states: The French Parliament approved a definition of "open standard" in its "Law for Confidence in the Digital Economy." The definition is (Article 4): A clear royalty-free stance and far reaching requirements case is the one for India's Government 4.1 Mandatory Characteristics An Identified Standard will qualify as an "Open Standard", if it meets

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708-584: A full, irrevocable and irreversible way to the Portuguese State; e) There are no restrictions to its implementation. A Law passed by the Spanish Parliament requires that all electronic services provided by the Spanish public administration must be based on open standards. It defines an open standard as royalty-free, according to the following definition (ANEXO Definiciones k): An open standard fulfills

767-407: A lightweight dispatcher to concurrently execute instances of more than 200 built-in programs that implement typical UNIX utilities and interface to devices and operating system services. In addition to the built-in programs, CMS Pipelines defines a framework to allow user-written REXX programs with input and output streams that can be used in the pipeline. Data on IBM mainframes typically resides in

826-608: A network of interconnected pipelines. Beside byte stream-based pipelines, there are also object pipelines. In an object pipeline, processing elements output objects instead of text. PowerShell includes an internal object pipeline that transfers .NET objects between functions within the PowerShell runtime. Channels , found in the Limbo programming language , are other examples of this metaphor. Graphical environments such as RISC OS and ROX Desktop also use pipelines. Rather than providing

885-541: A pipe. Pipes and filters can be viewed as a form of functional programming , using byte streams as data objects. More specifically, they can be seen as a particular form of monad for I/O . The concept of pipeline is also central to the Cocoon web development framework or to any XProc (the W3C Standards) implementations, where it allows a source stream to be modified before eventual display. This pattern encourages

944-647: A pipeline is analogous to function composition . Narrowly speaking, a pipeline is linear and one-directional, though sometimes the term is applied to more general flows. For example, a primarily one-directional pipeline may have some communication in the other direction, known as a return channel or backchannel, as in the lexer hack , or a pipeline may be fully bi-directional. Flows with one-directional trees and directed acyclic graph topologies behave similarly to linear pipelines. The lack of cycles in such flows makes them simple, and thus they may be loosely referred to as "pipelines". Pipelines are often implemented in

1003-459: A random access database of objects that may be created from PostScript or generated directly from applications, whereas XPS is based on XML. Both formats are compressed , albeit using different methods. The filter pipeline architecture of XPS is also similar to the one used in printers supporting the PostScript page description language. PDF includes dynamic capabilities purposely not supported by

1062-400: A save dialog box containing a file manager to let the user specify where a program should write data, RISC OS and ROX provide a save dialog box containing an icon (and a field to specify the name). The destination is specified by dragging and dropping the icon. The user can drop the icon anywhere an already-saved file could be dropped, including onto icons of other programs. If the icon

1121-588: A set of principles which have contributed to the exponential growth of the Internet and related technologies. The "OpenStand Principles" define open standards and establish the building blocks for innovation. Standards developed using the OpenStand principles are developed through an open, participatory process, support interoperability, foster global competition, are voluntarily adopted on a global level and serve as building blocks for products and services targeted to meet

1180-456: A wide range of meanings associated with their usage. There are a number of definitions of open standards which emphasize different aspects of openness, including the openness of the resulting specification, the openness of the drafting process, and the ownership of rights in the standard. The term "standard" is sometimes restricted to technologies approved by formalized committees that are open to participation by all interested parties and operate on

1239-445: Is desired that the source process complete its task as soon as possible. E.g., if the source process consists of a command which reads an audio track from a CD and the destination process consists of a command which compresses the waveform audio data to a format like MP3 . In this case, buffering the entire track in a pipe buffer would allow the CD drive to spin down more quickly, and enable

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1298-688: Is determined by the market. The ITU-T is a standards development organization (SDO) that is one of the three sectors of the International Telecommunication Union (a specialized agency of the United Nations ). The ITU-T has a Telecommunication Standardization Bureau director's Ad Hoc group on IPR that produced the following definition in March 2005, which the ITU-T as a whole has endorsed for its purposes since November 2005: The ITU-T , ITU-R , ISO , and IEC have harmonized on

1357-457: Is dropped onto a program's icon, it is loaded and the contents that would otherwise have been saved are passed in on the new program's standard input stream. For instance, a user browsing the world-wide web might come across a .gz compressed image which they want to edit and re-upload. Using GUI pipelines, they could drag the link to their de-archiving program, drag the icon representing the extracted contents to their image editor , edit it, open

1416-557: Is here meant in the sense of fulfilling the following requirements: The Network Centric Operations Industry Consortium (NCOIC) defines open standard as the following: Specifications for hardware and/or software that are publicly available implying that multiple vendors can compete directly based on the features and performance of their products. It also implies that the existing open system can be removed and replaced with that of another vendor with minimal effort and without major interruption. The Danish government has attempted to make

1475-407: Is limited. It has been described as neglected technology, which may cause difficulties to recipients of documents in a format they are not familiar with. The XPS document format consists of structured XML markup that defines the layout of a document and the visual appearance of each page, along with rendering rules for distributing, archiving, rendering, processing and printing the documents. Notably,

1534-459: Is supported by the Unix kernel, but few programs use it as it makes for complicated syntax and blocking modes, although some shells do support it via arbitrary file descriptor assignment). Traditional application programs on IBM mainframe operating systems have no standard input and output streams to allow redirection or piping. Instead of spawning processes with external programs, CMS Pipelines features

1593-551: Is the input of the next. The concept is analogous to a physical pipeline . Usually some amount of buffering is provided between consecutive elements. The information that flows in these pipelines is often a stream of records , bytes , or bits , and the elements of a pipeline may be called filters . This is also called the pipe(s) and filters design pattern which is monolithic . Its advantages are simplicity and low cost while its disadvantages are lack of elasticity , fault tolerance and scalability . Connecting elements into

1652-501: Is then published in the form of RFC 6852 in January 2013. The European Union defined the term for use within its European Interoperability Framework for Pan-European eGovernment Services, Version 1.0 although it does not claim to be a universal definition for all European Union use and documentation. To reach interoperability in the context of pan-European eGovernment services, guidance needs to focus on open standards. The word "open"

1711-643: The Certified for Windows level of Windows Logo conformance certification were required to have XPS drivers for printing since 1 June 2007. Microsoft released XPS under a royalty-free patent license called the Community Promise for XPS , allowing users to create implementations of the specification that read, write and render XPS files as long as they included a notice within the source that technologies implemented may be encumbered by patents held by Microsoft. Microsoft also required that organizations "engaged in

1770-743: The GSM phones (adopted as a government standard), Open Group which promotes UNIX , and the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) which created the first standards of SMTP and TCP/IP. Buyers tend to prefer open standards which they believe offer them cheaper products and more choice for access due to network effects and increased competition between vendors. Open standards which specify formats are sometimes referred to as open formats . Many specifications that are sometimes referred to as standards are proprietary, and only available (if they can be obtained at all) under restrictive contract terms from

1829-491: The Windows Color System color management technology for color conversion precision across devices and higher dynamic range . It includes a software raster image processor (RIP) (downloadable separately). The print subsystem supports named colors , simplifying color definition for images transmitted to printers supporting those colors. XPS supports HD Photo images natively for raster images. The XPS format used in

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1888-593: The "Simplified BSD License" as stated in the IETF Trust Legal Provisions and Copyright FAQ based on RFC 5377. In August 2012, the IETF combined with the W3C and IEEE to launch OpenStand and to publish The Modern Paradigm for Standards. This captures "the effective and efficient standardization processes that have made the Internet and Web the premiere platforms for innovation and borderless commerce". The declaration

1947-572: The IE-hosted XPS Viewer, as well as XPS Document Writer. Since then, Microsoft released the XPS Essentials Pack for Windows XP, Server 2003 , and Vista, which includes the standalone viewer, an IFilter plug-in that helps Windows Desktop Search index the contents of XPS files, and another plug-in for Windows Explorer to help generate thumbnails for XPS files. Installing this pack enables operating systems prior to Windows Vista to use

2006-495: The IETF and ITU-T explicitly refer to their standards as "open standards", while the others refer only to producing "standards". The IETF and ITU-T use definitions of "open standard" that allow "reasonable and non-discriminatory" patent licensing fee requirements. There are those in the open-source software community who hold that an "open standard" is only open if it can be freely adopted, implemented and extended. While open standards or architectures are considered non-proprietary in

2065-518: The IETF itself as being "open standards," and lists the standards produced by ANSI , ISO , IEEE , and ITU-T as examples. As the IETF standardization processes and IPR policies have the characteristics listed above by ITU-T, the IETF standards fulfill the ITU-T definition of "open standards." However, the IETF has not adopted a specific definition of "open standard"; both RFC 2026 and the IETF's mission statement (RFC 3935) talks about "open process," but RFC 2026 does not define "open standard" except for

2124-456: The OS overhead often involved with processes. Depending on the OS, threads may be scheduled directly by the OS or by a thread manager. Coroutines are always scheduled by a coroutine manager of some form. Read and write requests are usually blocking operations. This means that the execution of the source process, upon writing, is suspended until all data can be written to the destination process. Likewise,

2183-835: The Windows development teams on the specification and reference architecture for the new format. Microsoft submitted the XPS specification to Ecma International . In June 2007 Ecma International Technical Committee 46 (TC46) was set up to develop a standard based on the Open XML Paper Specification (OpenXPS). At the 97th General Assembly held in Budapest , June 16, 2009, Ecma International approved Open XML Paper Specification (OpenXPS) as an Ecma standard (ECMA-388). TC46's members included: XPS files can be infected with malware. Open specification The terms open and standard have

2242-409: The XPS format. There are many resources for converting from XPS to PDF and some for converting from PDF to XPS. A method often suggested is to open an XPS file in a program with printing capability, and then "print" to a virtual PDF printer such as Microsoft Print to PDF, with a similar procedure to convert from PDF to XPS. Windows Vista and later supports both creating and viewing XPS. In addition,

2301-484: The XPS print spooler instead of the older GDI -based spooler. The XPS print spooler can produce better quality prints for printers that directly consume the XPS format. XPS had the support of printing companies such as Konica Minolta , Sharp , Canon , Epson , Hewlett-Packard , and Xerox and software and hardware companies such as CSR (formerly Zoran) , and Global Graphics . Native XPS printers were introduced by Canon, Konica Minolta, Toshiba , and Xerox. Devices at

2360-650: The business of developing (i) scanners that output XPS Documents; (ii) printers that consume XPS Documents to produce hard-copy output; or (iii) print driver or raster image software products or components thereof that convert XPS Documents for the purpose of producing hard-copy output, [...] will not sue Microsoft or any of its licensees under the XML Paper Specification or customers for infringement of any XML Paper Specification Derived Patents (as defined below) on account of any manufacture, use, sale, offer for sale, importation or other disposition or promotion of any XML Paper Specification implementations." The specification itself

2419-646: The degree of openness will be taken into account when selecting an appropriate standard: The UK government 's definition of open standards applies to software interoperability, data and document formats. The criteria for open standards are published in the "Open Standards Principles" policy paper and are as follows. The Cabinet Office in the UK recommends that government departments specify requirements using open standards when undertaking procurement exercises in order to promote interoperability and re-use, and avoid technological lock-in. The Venezuelan Government approved

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2478-504: The document writer defaults to the .oxps format. Microsoft provides two free converters. XpsConverter converts documents between .xps and .oxps format, while OxpsConverter converts documents from .oxps to .xps format. XPS specifies a set of document layout functionality for paged, printable documents. It also has support for features such as color gradients , transparencies , CMYK color spaces , printer calibration , multiple-ink systems and print schemas . XPS supports

2537-468: The execution of the destination process, upon reading, is suspended until at least some of the requested data can be obtained from the source process. This cannot lead to a deadlock , where both processes would wait indefinitely for each other to respond, since at least one of the processes will soon have its request serviced by the operating system, and continue to run. For performance, most operating systems implementing pipes use pipe buffers , which allow

2596-502: The following conditions: The South African Government approved a definition in the "Minimum Interoperability Operating Standards Handbook" (MIOS). For the purposes of the MIOS, a standard shall be considered open if it meets all of these criteria. There are standards which we are obliged to adopt for pragmatic reasons which do not necessarily fully conform to being open in all respects. In such cases, where an open standard does not yet exist,

2655-564: The following criteria: Italy has a general rule for the entire public sector dealing with Open Standards, although concentrating on data formats, in Art. 68 of the Code of the Digital Administration ( Codice dell'Amministrazione Digitale ) [applications must] allow representation of data under different formats, at least one being an open data format. [...] [it is defined] an open data format,

2714-778: The markup language for XPS is a subset of XAML , allowing it to incorporate vector elements in documents. An XPS file is a ZIP archive using the Open Packaging Conventions , containing the files which make up the document. These include an XML markup file for each page, text, embedded fonts , raster images, 2D vector graphics , as well as the digital rights management information. The contents of an XPS file can be examined by opening it in an application which supports ZIP files. There are two incompatible XPS formats available. The original document writer printed to .xps in Windows 7 and Windows Vista . Beginning with Windows 8 ,

2773-400: The needs of markets and consumers. This drives innovation which, in turn, contributes to the creation of new markets and the growth and expansion of existing markets. There are five, key OpenStand Principles, as outlined below: 1. Cooperation Respectful cooperation between standards organizations, whereby each respects the autonomy, integrity, processes, and intellectual property rules of

2832-411: The organization that owns the copyright on the specification. As such these specifications are not considered to be fully open . Joel West has argued that "open" standards are not black and white but have many different levels of "openness". A more open standard tends to occur when the knowledge of the technology becomes dispersed enough that competition is increased and others are able to start copying

2891-711: The others. 2. Adherence to Principles – Adherence to the five fundamental principles of standards development, namely 3. Collective Empowerment Commitment by affirming standards organizations and their participants to collective empowerment by striving for standards that: 4. Availability Standards specifications are made accessible to all for implementation and deployment. Affirming standards organizations have defined procedures to develop specifications that can be implemented under fair terms. Given market diversity, fair terms may vary from royalty-free to fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory terms (FRAND). 5. Voluntary Adoption Standards are voluntarily adopted and success

2950-738: The printing architecture of Windows Vista uses XPS as the spooler format. Apps can create XPS documents by printing to XPS Document Writer, a virtual printer that comes bundled with Windows. These files open in XPS Viewer, an optional component that comes with Windows Vista and later. In Windows Vista, XPS is hosted within Internet Explorer , but in subsequent versions, it is a standalone app. Both versions support digital rights management and digital signatures . Windows 8 also comes with an app called "Reader", which reads XPS and PDF files. The .NET Framework 3.0 installer for Windows XP also adds

3009-631: The purpose of defining what documents IETF standards can link to. RFC 2026 belongs to a set of RFCs collectively known as BCP 9 (Best Common Practice, an IETF policy). RFC 2026 was later updated by BCP 78 and 79 (among others). As of 2011 BCP 78 is RFC 5378 (Rights Contributors Provide to the IETF Trust), and BCP 79 consists of RFC 3979 (Intellectual Property Rights in IETF Technology) and a clarification in RFC 4879. The changes are intended to be compatible with

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3068-488: The save as dialog, and drag its icon to their uploading software. Conceptually, this method could be used with a conventional save dialog box, but this would require the user's programs to have an obvious and easily accessible location in the filesystem. As this is often not the case, GUI pipelines are rare. The name "pipeline" comes from a rough analogy with physical plumbing in that a pipeline usually allows information to flow in only one direction, like water often flows in

3127-480: The sense that the standard is either unowned or owned by a collective body, it can still be publicly shared and not tightly guarded. The typical example of "open source" that has become a standard is the personal computer originated by IBM and now referred to as Wintel , the combination of the Microsoft operating system and Intel microprocessor. There are three others that are most widely accepted as "open" which include

3186-414: The source process to provide more data than the destination process is currently able or willing to receive. Under most Unixes and Unix-like operating systems, a special command is also available, typically called "buffer", that implements a pipe buffer of potentially much larger and configurable size. This command can be useful if the destination process is significantly slower than the source process, but it

3245-542: The spool file represents advanced graphics effects such as 3D images, glow effects, and gradients as Windows Presentation Foundation primitives, which printer drivers could offload their rasterization to the printer in order to reduce computational load if the printer is capable of rasterizing those primitives. Like PDF , XPS is a page description language using fixed-layout document format designed to preserve document fidelity, providing device-independent document appearance. PDF uses Carousel Object Syntax (COS syntax) to form

3304-693: The technology as they implement it. This occurred with the Wintel architecture as others were able to start imitating the software. Less open standards exist when a particular firm has much power (not ownership) over the standard, which can occur when a firm's platform "wins" in standard setting or the market makes one platform most popular. On August 12, 2012, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Internet Society (ISOC), World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and Internet Architecture Board (IAB), jointly affirmed

3363-667: The use of Open Standards, and is applicable to sovereign entities, central public administration services (including decentralized services and public institutes), regional public administration services and the public sector. In it, Open Standards are defined thus: a) Its adoption is fruit off an open decision process accessible to all interested parties; b) The specifications document must have been freely published, allowing its copy, distribution and use without restrictions; c) The specifications document cannot cover undocumented actions of processes; d) The applicable intellectual property rights, including patents, have been made available in

3422-594: The user to remove the CD from the drive before the encoding process has finished. Such a buffer command can be implemented using system calls for reading and writing data. Wasteful busy waiting can be avoided by using facilities such as poll or select or multithreading . Some notable examples of pipeline software systems include: CMS Pipelines is a port of the pipeline idea to VM/CMS and z/OS systems. It supports much more complex pipeline structures than Unix shells, with steps taking multiple input streams and producing multiple output streams. (Such functionality

3481-415: Was released under a royalty-free copyright license, allowing its free distribution. On September 13, 2011, Monotype Imaging announced it had licensed its XPS-to-PCL 6 and XPS-to-PostScript vector conversion filters to Microsoft for use in the next version of Windows. In 2003, Global Graphics was chosen by Microsoft to provide consultancy and proof of concept development services on XPS and worked with

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