The Open Sound System (OSS) is an interface for making and capturing sound in Unix and Unix-like operating systems. It is based on standard Unix devices system calls (i.e. POSIX read , write , ioctl , etc.). The term also sometimes refers to the software in a Unix kernel that provides the OSS interface; it can be thought of as a device driver (or a collection of device drivers) for sound controller hardware. The goal of OSS is to allow the writing of sound-based applications that are agnostic of the underlying sound hardware.
37-403: OSS was created by Hannu Savolainen and is distributed under four license options , three of which are free software licences , thus making OSS free software . The API is designed to use the traditional Unix framework of open(), read(), write(), and ioctl(), via device files . For instance, the default device for sound input and output is /dev/dsp . Examples using the shell: OSS implements
74-458: A aoss userspace program that works by intercepting systems calls directed to the OSS device files. OSS/3D is a plugin for music players, which acts as an audio postprocessing engine. Supported players include Winamp , Windows Media Player (9 or later), musicmatch, Sonique , Foobar2000 , JetAudio , XMMS . It is ported to Windows and Linux platforms. Unlike the OSS, it is shareware . 4Front OSS3D
111-467: A software development kit (SDK). foobar2000 supports many audio file formats , has many features for organizing metadata , files, and folders, and has a converter interface for use with command line encoders. To maximize audio fidelity in cases where resampling or downscaling in bit depth is required, it provides noise shaping and dithering . There are a number of official and third-party components which add many additional features. The core
148-414: A commercial edition. Not confirmed, but highly plausible: 2) brand promotion, and 3) thwart forking attempts / stifle unsolicited external code reuse. 2) Speculative: Diminish the influence of FOSS enthusiasts and vigilantes, who could interfere with a commercially guided development process. De facto relegation to work on small-scale peripheral complements, which not need to be open source. Only
185-406: A commercial environment. In this scenario, one option is a proprietary software license, which allows the possibility of creating proprietary applications derived from it, while the other license is a copyleft free software / open-source license , thus requiring any derived work to be released under the same license. The copyright holder of the software then typically provides the free version of
222-569: A few months after these friction points were observed, a new fork of the SugarCRM Community Edition was announced. A second use of multi-licensing with free software is for license compatibility , allowing code from differently licensed free software projects to be combined, or to provide users the preference to pick a license. Examples include the source code of Mozilla Application Suite and previously Mozilla Thunderbird and Mozilla Firefox , that have used tri-licensing under
259-467: A person outside the company creates additional source code, using the less restrictive license. Because the company with the official code is not the copyright holder of the additional code, they may not legally include this new work in their more restrictively licensed version. Companies may require outside developers agree to a contributor license agreement before accepting their work in the official code-base and source code repositories. Multi licensing
296-683: A software package after it was made free software, they have chosen to ignore any bugs filed against these packages. The OSS API has remained influential despite the obscurity of the original library. NetBSD's documentation describes it as "the preferred API in FreeBSD and Solaris". FreeBSD contains an independently developed implementation of the OSS API, which includes, among other things, in-kernel resampling, mixing (vchans), equalizer, surround sound, and independent volume control for each application. It also supports bit-perfect mode. It gradually evolved from
333-679: A tendency towards commercial bias. To prevent the community from being provoked or alienated it may therefore seem imperative to balance commercial inclinations against “open” interests. This is by no means an easy task. As Berdal demonstrated through a case study of SugarCRM , this commercial open source software (COSS) business model can trigger substantial friction points, which can eventually lead to pure open source forks (table adapted from Berdal, Table 3, page 75 ): Free Software purists: “Immoral”. 2) wider scope for price discrimination and product differentiation for commercial editions, and 3) stronger incentives for Sugar CE users to migrate to
370-521: Is closed source , whereas the SDK is licensed under the Three-Clause BSD license . foobar2000 was first released on 20 December 2002 and developed by Peter Pawłowski, who had previously worked at Nullsoft and developed plugins for Winamp . He created foobar2000 with the audiophile community in mind. The software's mascot and logo icon consists of a white "alien cat". foobar2000 supports Windows, though
407-495: Is a commercial edition, hence to be purchased. The license is only offered as a subscription, named MySQL Enterprise Edition Subscription. The same applies for MySQL Standard Edition (MySQL Standard Edition Subscription) and MySQL Cluster CGE (MySQL Cluster Carrier Grade Edition Subscription). The other editions, such as the MySQL Classic Edition or MySQL Community Edition, are free to use with some restrictions. For instance,
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#1732859359360444-433: Is also known as the dual-license strategy of commercial open source. In contrast to traditional open source projects, a single-vendor commercial open source project is controlled by exactly one stakeholder with the purpose of commercially exploiting it . In this context, the open source community is less engaged in the development of core functionality, as they typically are in conventional (pure) open source projects. As
481-503: Is built with an open component architecture, allowing third-party developers to extend functionality of the player. With addons or plugins, foobar2000 can read the APE , HDCD , AC3 , DTS , SACD and DVD-Audio formats. Other optional features include playback statistics, CD burning , kernel streaming , ASIO support, WASAPI output compatibility, and a UPnP / DLNA renderer, media server and controller for networking. Third-party support
518-434: Is done to proprietary software to segregate a market. By splitting customers into multiple categories such as home users, professional users, and academic users, copyright holders can set different prices for each group. However, among proprietary software companies, it is more common to release a "home edition" and a "professional edition" of a given product, which differ by the software and software features included, not just
555-483: Is used by the copyright holders of some free software packages advertising their willingness to distribute using both a copyleft free software license and a non-free software license. The latter license typically offers users the software as proprietary software or offers third parties the source code without copyleft provisions. Copyright holders are exercising the monopoly they're provided under copyright in this scenario, but also use multi licensing to distinguish
592-535: The /dev/audio interface. Detailed access to individual sound devices is provided via the /dev/oss directory. OSS also has MIDI support in /dev/sequencer , /dev/music (both legacy) and /dev/mini . On Linux, OSS4 is also able to emulate ALSA , its open-source replacement. OSS was originally "VoxWare", a Linux kernel sound driver by Hannu Savolainen. Savolainen made the code available under free software licenses, GPL for Linux and BSD for BSD distributions. Between November 1993 (and Linux 1.00) and 1997, OSS
629-571: The Mozilla Public License (MPL) 1.1, GNU General Public License (GPL) 2.0 or GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) 2.1 before the latter upgraded to GPL-compatible MPL 2.0, making the tri-licensing unnecessary. Other examples are Perl , which is dual-licensed under the GPL or Artistic License , and Ruby , whose license contains explicit GPL dual licensing. Multi-licensing is also used by distributors of non-free software. Sometimes this
666-773: The free software community . These contributions can be the support of a dedicated user community, word of mouth marketing or modifications that are made available as stipulated by a copyleft license. However, a copyright holder's commitment to elude copyleft provisions and advertise proprietary redistributions risks losing confidence and support from free software users. Examples of multi-licensed software include Oracle 's NetBeans IDE , MySQL AB 's database, Asterisk , Oracle Corporation 's Berkeley DB , Modelio , ZeroC 's Ice , Magnolia CMS , JUCE , wolfSSL , and Qt Software 's Qt development toolkit. Description on one specific example to illustrate multi-licensing: Oracle MySQL comes in various editions: MySQL Enterprise Edition
703-608: The "newpcm" replacement written in 1999 and caught up with OSS4 API around 2005. NetBSD supports a compatibility mode for the OSS API, by providing the soundcard.h header file and the libossaudio library, which internally operate using the native Sun-like audio interface. The replacement was first seen in NetBSD 1.3 of 1998. Linux had, as aforementioned, switched to Advanced Linux Sound Architecture since 2003 (kernel 2.6). ALSA provides an optional, in-kernel, OSS emulation mode that appears to programs as if it were OSS. ALSA also has
740-464: The Converter component. The player can read inside ZIP , GZIP , and RAR archives . Additional features include ReplayGain support (for both playback and calculation), gapless playback , keyboard shortcuts and support for DSP effects such as equalization and crossfade . Users can configure the foobar2000 Media Library with automated folder watching and Windows Media streaming. The client
777-572: The Linux community abandoned the OSS/free implementation included in the kernel and development effort switched to the replacement Advanced Linux Sound Architecture (ALSA). FreeBSD by this time had switched to a "newpcm" project started in 1999 and was not affected. In July 2007, 4Front Technologies released sources for OSS under CDDL-1.0 for OpenSolaris and GPL-2.0-only for Linux . Drivers for some soundcards remained closed-source and were not included in
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#1732859359360814-583: The MySQL Community Edition is a freely downloadable version, available under the GPL license and is supported by a community of open source developers. The term single-vendor commercial open source was coined by Dirk Riehle in 2010, and has later been further popularized by other scholars, such as Simon R. B. Berdal . According to Riehle: Single-vendor commercial open source firms build their business around an open source software project that they fully control, typically by having developed
851-540: The code-owning firm, as well as strategic partners that have vested interest in the software. As Riehle notes, In single-vendor open source, almost all of the core product development work is carried out by the commercial firm, with occasional contributions from the community. As Berdal notes, the governance of the open source community becomes a key business management process in this context: As such, it needs to be aligned with other business activities. Governance models of dual-licensed OSS editions may therefore display
888-701: The license. Foobar2000 foobar2000 (often abbreviated as fb2k or f2k ) is a freeware audio player for Microsoft Windows , iOS , Android , macOS , and formerly Windows Phone , developed by Peter Pawłowski. It has a modular design , which provides user flexibility in configuration and customization. Standard "skin" elements can be individually augmented or replaced with different dials and buttons, as well as visualizers such as waveform, oscilloscope, spectrum, spectrogram (waterfall), peak and smoothed VU meters, which all of them are analysis-oriented, at least for built-in visualizations. foobar2000 offers third-party user interface modifications through
925-429: The number of licenses used, e.g. dual-licensed for software licensed under two different licenses. When software is multi-licensed, recipients can typically choose the terms under which they want to use or distribute the software, but the simple presence of multiple licenses in a software package or library does not necessarily indicate that the recipient can freely choose one or the other. In some cases, especially when
962-592: The release. In January 2008, 4Front Technologies released OSS for FreeBSD (and other BSD systems) under the BSD-2-Clause . OSS4 now exists mostly as a standalone piece of software, not integrated into the kernel source code. The exception is Solaris and OpenSolaris , which use a fork of OSS4 called Boomer. It combines the OSS4 framework (audio and mixer) together with Sun's earlier SADA ( /dev/audio ) API. Although Linux distributions such as Ubuntu made OSS4 available as
999-429: The rights and freedoms different recipients receive. Such licensing allows the holder to offer customizations and early releases, generate other derivative works or grant rights to third parties to redistribute proprietary versions all while offering everyone a free version of the software. Sharing the package as copyleft free software can benefit the copyright holder by receiving contributions from users and hackers of
1036-447: The software and never having shared control with third parties. This is done by owning the full copyright to the code and related intellectual property such as patents and trademarks... Typically, the free open source form is provided under a reciprocal license like the GPL to drive adoption but stall possible competitors. Paid-for versions of the software are then provided under a commercial license like traditional software vendors do. This
1073-429: The software at little or no cost, and profits by selling proprietary licenses to commercial operations looking to incorporate the software into their own business. This model can be compared to shareware . Since in most cases, only the copyright holder can change the licensing terms of a software, multi licensing is mostly used by companies that wholly own the software which they are licensing. Confusion may arise when
1110-434: The software has multiple origins, all the accompanied licenses apply at the same time. The applicability of the different licenses has to be individually checked. The distributor may or may not apply a fee to either option. The two usual motivations for multi-licensing are license compatibility and market segregation based business models. Multi-licensing is commonly done to support free software business models in
1147-407: The support of older versions for Windows XP and Vista has been dropped as of version 1.6 (released 2020). Windows 2000 support was dropped as of version 0.9.5 (released 2008) and Windows 95 / 98 / ME / NT4 support was dropped as of version 0.9 (released 2006). Most functionality also works as intended under Wine on Linux , although the program's crash reporter will detect Wine and direct
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1184-452: The then CEO Mårten Mikos of MySQL said in an interview: The depth of the contributions varies by product and situation. The deeper you go into the core of the database engine, the more difficult it is for somebody to contribute because it takes five years to learn. If you build something on the outskirts of the kernel - some tool or function that you add on top of it - then that is much easier because there's less risk that you will mess up
1221-620: The user to the Wine Bugzilla . The vast majority of plugins and themes work fine, however, certain plugins may cause issues. Safe mode allows users to disable all plugins temporarily to debug the issue. foobar2000 versions since 0.9.5 feature a revamped default interface, with embedded support for album list, album art , spectrum visualization , and some other features and improvements. In May 2016, versions for mobile devices were released, and in January 2018, an early beta version for macOS
1258-410: The whole product. But something great can emerge out of many tiny-looking contributions. It's analogous to how, in economic development, microloans can have such a huge impact - each entry is minimal, but when you multiply it by the number of people who are involved, it grows massive. It starts getting a momentum of its own. . Hence, the community of multi-license software as a rule includes employees of
1295-475: Was later renamed to Joesoft Hear. OSS both as API and as software has been criticized by some developers, such as Paul Davis (of JACK Audio Connection Kit ) and Lennart Poettering (of competing PulseAudio ). Multi-licensing Multi-licensing is the practice of distributing software under two or more different sets of terms and conditions. This may mean multiple different software licenses or sets of licenses. Prefixes may be used to indicate
1332-553: Was released. In April 2023, version 2.0 was released out of beta with native support for 64-bit , dark mode, and ARM . At its core, foobar2000 natively supports a range of audio formats, including MP1 , MP2 , MP3 , MPC , AAC , WMA , Ogg Vorbis , FLAC / Ogg FLAC, ALAC , WavPack , WAV , AIFF , AU , SND , Audio CD , Speex , and Opus . foobar2000 also has a highly customizable user interface, advanced tagging capabilities and support for ripping Audio CDs , as well as transcoding of all supported audio formats using
1369-411: Was the sole choice of sound system in FreeBSD and Linux. This was changed when Luigi Rizzo wrote a new "pcm" driver for FreeBSD in 1997, and when Jaroslav Kysela started Advanced Linux Sound Architecture in 1998. In 2002, Savolainen was contracted by the company 4Front Technologies and made the upcoming OSS 4, which includes support for newer sound devices and improvements, proprietary . In response,
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