Misplaced Pages

#615384

71-548: A design competition in 2012 to build the library was won by the Finnish architectural firm ALA Architects and structural design by Ramboll Finland. ALA Architects won the commission over 543 other competitors. The library was planned to be a three-story building and to include a sauna (which hasn't materialised as of 2021) and a ground-floor movie theatre. In January 2015, the Helsinki City Council voted 75–8 to launch

142-464: A turbine in order to produce electricity. The typical amount of net energy that can be produced per tonne municipal waste is about 2/3 MWh of electricity and 2 MWh of district heating. Thus, incinerating about 600 metric tons (660 short tons) per day of waste will produce about 400 MWh of electrical energy per day (17  MW of electrical power continuously for 24 hours) and 1200 MWh of district heating energy each day. Incineration has

213-698: A built-in compressor before delivery to the incinerator. Alternatively, at landfills, the volume of the uncompressed garbage can be reduced by approximately 70% by using a stationary steel compressor, albeit with a significant energy cost. In many countries, simpler waste compaction is a common practice for compaction at landfills. Incineration has particularly strong benefits for the treatment of certain waste types in niche areas such as clinical wastes and certain hazardous wastes where pathogens and toxins can be destroyed by high temperatures. Examples include chemical multi-product plants with diverse toxic or very toxic wastewater streams, which cannot be routed to

284-476: A conventional wastewater treatment plant. Waste combustion is particularly popular in countries such as Japan, Singapore and the Netherlands, where land is a scarce resource. Denmark and Sweden have been leaders by using the energy generated from incineration for more than a century, in localised combined heat and power facilities supporting district heating schemes. In 2005, waste incineration produced 4.8% of

355-479: A daily capacity of less than 250 tons) processed only 9% of the total waste combusted, these produced 83% of the dioxins and furans emitted by municipal waste combustion. The breakdown of dioxin requires exposure of the molecular ring to a sufficiently high temperature so as to trigger thermal breakdown of the strong molecular bonds holding it together. Small pieces of fly ash may be somewhat thick, and too brief an exposure to high temperature may only degrade dioxin on

426-499: A fluid-like state. This allows all of the mass of waste, fuel and sand to be fully circulated through the furnace. Furniture factory sawdust incinerators need much attention as these have to handle resin powder and many flammable substances. Controlled combustion, burn back prevention systems are essential as dust when suspended resembles the fire catch phenomenon of any liquid petroleum gas. The heat produced by an incinerator can be used to generate steam which may then be used to drive

497-449: A great deal of treatment plant space. A side effect of breaking the strong molecular bonds of dioxin is the potential for breaking the bonds of nitrogen gas ( N 2 ) and oxygen gas ( O 2 ) in the supply air. As the exhaust flow cools, these highly reactive detached atoms spontaneously reform bonds into reactive oxides such as NO x in the flue gas, which can result in smog formation and acid rain if they were released directly into

568-449: A later date may be neglected or given less weight, or biodegradable waste may not be considered CO 2 neutral. A study by Eunomia Research and Consulting in 2008 on potential waste treatment technologies in London demonstrated that by applying several of these (according to the authors) unusual assumptions the average existing incineration plants performed poorly for CO 2 balance compared to

639-700: A number of outputs such as the ash and the emission to the atmosphere of flue gas . Before the flue gas cleaning system , if installed, the flue gases may contain particulate matter , heavy metals , dioxins , furans , sulfur dioxide , and hydrochloric acid . If plants have inadequate flue gas cleaning, these outputs may add a significant pollution component to stack emissions. In a study from 1997, Delaware Solid Waste Authority found that, for same amount of produced energy, incineration plants emitted fewer particles, hydrocarbons and less SO 2 , HCl, CO and NO x than coal-fired power plants, but more than natural gas–fired power plants. According to Germany's Ministry of

710-487: A pool of some 1,600 names proposed by the public. According to Helsinki Deputy City Director Ritva Viljanen, "Oodi" was chosen because it's easy to remember, easy to say, and easy to translate. The selection jury also did not want to name the new library after a person. The library was built in the Töölönlahti district next to Helsinki Music Centre and Kiasma Museum of Contemporary Art and inaugurated on 5 December 2018 on

781-544: A primary chamber and secondary chamber. The primary chamber in a rotary kiln incinerator consists of an inclined refractory lined cylindrical tube. The inner refractory lining serves as sacrificial layer to protect the kiln structure. This refractory layer needs to be replaced from time to time. Movement of the cylinder on its axis facilitates movement of waste. In the primary chamber, there is conversion of solid fraction to gases, through volatilization, destructive distillation and partial combustion reactions. The secondary chamber

SECTION 10

#1732851854616

852-514: A process known as 'de novo synthesis' as the emission gases cool is a probable source of the dioxins measured in emission stack tests from plants that have high combustion temperatures held at long residence times. As for other complete combustion processes, nearly all of the carbon content in the waste is emitted as CO 2 to the atmosphere. MSW contains approximately the same mass fraction of carbon as CO 2 itself (27%), so incineration of 1 ton of MSW produces approximately 1 ton of CO 2 . If

923-711: A state agency in advance to check current fire risk and conditions, and to alert officials of the controlled fire that will occur. The typical incineration plant for municipal solid waste is a moving grate incinerator. The moving grate enables the movement of waste through the combustion chamber to be optimized to allow a more efficient and complete combustion. A single moving grate boiler can handle up to 35 metric tons (39 short tons) of waste per hour, and can operate 8,000 hours per year with only one scheduled stop for inspection and maintenance of about one month's duration. Moving grate incinerators are sometimes referred to as municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs). The waste

994-623: A two-track railway and a four-lane motorway had to be built, aligned via the small islet Sprogø in the middle of the Great Belt. Ramboll was the leading engineer on the new Royal Danish Opera, The Copenhagen Opera House . As the lead consultant on the project, Ramboll delivered engineering design , fire & safety, project management , structural engineering , geophysical engineering , geotechnical engineering , HVAC engineering, electrical engineering , bridge engineering, traffic engineering , traffic planning and traffic safety services. This

1065-460: Is equivalent to 1.38 ton of CO 2 , which is more than the 1 ton of CO 2 which would have been produced by incineration. In some countries, large amounts of landfill gas are collected. Still the global warming potential of the landfill gas emitted to atmosphere is significant. In the US it was estimated that the global warming potential of the emitted landfill gas in 1999 was approximately 32% higher than

1136-420: Is introduced by a waste crane through the "throat" at one end of the grate, from where it moves down over the descending grate to the ash pit in the other end. Here the ash is removed through a water lock. Part of the combustion air (primary combustion air) is supplied through the grate from below. This air flow also has the purpose of cooling the grate itself. Cooling is important for the mechanical strength of

1207-414: Is necessary to complete gas phase combustion reactions. The clinkers spill out at the end of the cylinder. A tall flue-gas stack, fan, or steam jet supplies the needed draft . Ash drops through the grate, but many particles are carried along with the hot gases. The particles and any combustible gases may be combusted in an "afterburner". A strong airflow is forced through a sandbed. The air seeps through

1278-508: Is one of several waste-to-energy technologies such as gasification , pyrolysis and anaerobic digestion . While incineration and gasification technologies are similar in principle, the energy produced from incineration is high-temperature heat whereas combustible gas is often the main energy product from gasification. Incineration and gasification may also be implemented without energy and materials recovery. In several countries, there are still concerns from experts and local communities about

1349-452: Is passed to the flue gas cleaning system . In Scandinavia , scheduled maintenance is always performed during summer, where the demand for district heating is low. Often, incineration plants consist of several separate 'boiler lines' (boilers and flue gas treatment plants), so that waste can continue to be received at one boiler line while the others are undergoing maintenance, repair, or upgrading. The older and simpler kind of incinerator

1420-549: Is responsible for management of Ramboll Group A/S; while the Executive Board is responsible for day-to-day operation of Ramboll Group A/S. Ramboll had been involved in many large-scale projects, both domestically and internationally. During the early 2010s, the company announced that it was re-orientating itself towards major infrastructure works in regions such as the Middle East, Russia and eastern Europe. In Denmark, one of

1491-730: The Falkland Islands . Perhaps most unusually, Ramboll has undertaken work in Antarctica . 55°37′38.52″N 12°34′45.37″E  /  55.6273667°N 12.5792694°E  / 55.6273667; 12.5792694 Incineration plant Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of substances contained in waste materials. Industrial plants for waste incineration are commonly referred to as waste-to-energy facilities. Incineration and other high-temperature waste treatment systems are described as " thermal treatment ". Incineration of waste materials converts

SECTION 20

#1732851854616

1562-417: The burn pit is one of the simplest and earliest forms of waste disposal, essentially consisting of a mound of combustible materials piled on the open ground and set on fire, leading to pollution. Burn piles can and have spread uncontrolled fires, for example, if the wind blows burning material off the pile into surrounding combustible grasses or onto buildings. As interior structures of the pile are consumed,

1633-464: The 16-storey National Hospital at the heart of Copenhagen (opened in 1970). During 1972, the ownership of the company was transferred to a newly-created employee-controlled foundation . The stated aims of this move included the desire for all profits generated to be used to continue the development of Rambøll & Hannemann, to safeguard its long-term future and independence, as well as to benefit its employees, clients and communities. By this point,

1704-637: The Buildings, Transport, Energy, Environment & Health, Water, Management Consulting, and Architecture & Landscape sectors. Ramboll was founded in October 1945 as Rambøll & Hannemann in Copenhagen by a pair of engineers, Børge Johannes Rambøll (1911–2009) and Johan Georg Hannemann (1907–1980). Both had studied at the Technical University of Denmark (DTU) and were heavily motivated to be involved in

1775-487: The CO 2 footprint of incineration can be reached with different assumptions. Local conditions (such as limited local district heating demand, no fossil fuel generated electricity to replace or high levels of aluminium in the waste stream) can decrease the CO 2 benefits of incineration. The methodology and other assumptions may also influence the results significantly. For example, the methane emissions from landfills occurring at

1846-507: The Environment , waste incinerators reduce the amount of some atmospheric pollutants by substituting power produced by coal-fired plants with power from waste-fired plants. The most publicized concerns about the incineration of municipal solid wastes (MSW) involve the fear that it produces significant amounts of dioxin and furan emissions. Dioxins and furans are considered by many to be serious health hazards. The EPA announced in 2012 that

1917-551: The Kino Regina cinema, located since 2019 in the Helsinki Central Library Oodi. The building is regarded as very energy-efficient due to its use of local materials and its use of sunlight. The building uses passive solar building design and uses almost no energy. Ramboll Rambøll Group A/S, also known as "Ramboll", is a Danish multinational architecture , engineering , and consulting company. In

1988-870: The Nordic countries. Among these are projects under the Trans-European Networks and the Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link , the world's longest immersed tunnel . Internationally, Ramboll has also marked itself by being involved in projects such as Chicago Lakeside Development , Ferrari World in Abu Dhabi , King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center in Saudi Arabia , the National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design in Oslo , and infrastructure upgrades on

2059-450: The Opera winning "The 2008 IABSE Outstanding Structure Award". Ramboll were the structural engineers for the new Tate Modern extension, opened on 17 June 2016 in London, the world's most visited museum of modern art. The company has also provided services to Network Rail 's Digital Railway programme. Ramboll is currently working on several projects concerning linking the infrastructure of

2130-788: The Ramboll Foundation (approx. 96.9%). The remainder are owned by Ramboll employees and Ramboll Group A/S. Ramboll Group A/S includes a number of primary business units within Markets and Geographies spanning the EU and US, and with branches and offices in 35 countries. Ramboll's corporate governance comprises the Group Board of Directors, the Group Executive Board, the Group Leadership Team, and Corporate Management. The Board of Directors

2201-544: The US-EPA demonstrated that one family using a burn barrel produced more emissions than an incineration plant disposing of 200 metric tons (220 short tons) of waste per day by 1997 and five times that by 2007 due to increased chemicals in household trash and decreased emission by municipal incinerators using better technology. Most of the improvement in U.S. dioxin emissions has been for large-scale municipal waste incinerators. As of 2000, although small-scale incinerators (those with

Helsinki Central Library Oodi - Misplaced Pages Continue

2272-556: The United States, private rural household or farm waste incineration of small quantities was typically permitted so long as it is not a nuisance to others, does not pose a risk of fire such as in dry conditions, and the fire does not produce dense, noxious smoke. A handful of states, such as New York, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, have laws or regulations either banning or strictly regulating open burning due to health and nuisance effects. People intending to burn waste may be required to contact

2343-547: The United States. In December 2019, Ramboll announced the acquisition of Henning Larsen Architects , effective on 2 January 2020. During 2020-2021 Ramboll acquired Web Structures. In August 2023, Ramboll announced the acquisition of the German Consultancy firm civity Management Consultants In August 2024, Ramboll announced the acquisition of K2 Management Almost all shares in Ramboll Group A/S are owned by

2414-693: The acquisition, Whitbybird employed 680 people based at offices throughout the UK as well as in Italy , India and the United Arab Emirates . During April 2008, Ramboll's presence in India was strengthened by acquiring the Indian telecom design company ImIsoft. In March 2011, Ramboll bought the privately owned UK based engineering firm Gifford . Gifford also has offices around the world. During March 2011, Ramboll acquired

2485-439: The amount of CO 2 that would have been emitted by incineration. Since this study, the global warming potential estimate for methane has been increased from 21 to 35, which alone would increase this estimate to almost the triple GWP effect compared to incineration of the same waste. In addition, nearly all biodegradable waste has biological origin. This material has been formed by plants using atmospheric CO 2 typically within

2556-735: The base for air intake. Over time, the very high heat of incineration causes the metal to oxidize and rust, and eventually the barrel itself is consumed by the heat and must be replaced. The private burning of dry cellulosic/paper products is generally clean-burning, producing no visible smoke, but plastics in the household waste can cause private burning to create a public nuisance, generating acrid odors and fumes that make eyes burn and water. A two-layered design enables secondary combustion, reducing smoke. Most urban communities ban burn barrels and certain rural communities may have prohibitions on open burning, especially those home to many residents not familiar with this common rural practice. As of 2006 in

2627-435: The boiler in case the heating value of the waste becomes too low to reach this temperature alone. The flue gases are then cooled in the superheaters , where the heat is transferred to steam, heating the steam to typically 400 °C (752 °F) at a pressure of 40 bars (580  psi ) for the electricity generation in the turbine . At this point, the flue gas has a temperature of around 200 °C (392 °F), and

2698-453: The building project. The estimated costs of the new library was € 98 million, of which the state agreed to pay €30 million in connection with the centenary of Finland's independence in 2017. The City of Helsinki budgeted €66 million for the building. On 31 December 2016, it was announced that the new library would be named Oodi in Finnish and Ode in Swedish. The name was selected from

2769-416: The burning material inside a metal barrel, with a metal grating over the exhaust. The barrel prevents the spread of burning material in windy conditions, and as the combustibles are reduced they can only settle down into the barrel. The exhaust grating helps to prevent the spread of burning embers. Typically steel 55-US-gallon (210 L) drums are used as burn barrels, with air vent holes cut or drilled around

2840-530: The company had offices in both Copenhagen and Aarhus, a branch office was opened in Oslo in 1976. During the 1980s, Børge Rambøll formulated the Ramboll Philosophy, which had since served as the basis for the organisation's values, culture and working practices. In 1991, the company merged with B. Højlund Rasmussen A/S , greatly expanding its multidisciplinary reach. The combined entity initially traded as Rambøll, Hannemann & Højlund , however, during

2911-510: The company secured major contracts with the Danish broadcast engineering services (‘Radioingeniørtjenesten’) to erect broadcast towers across both Denmark and Norway. This experience contributed to future undertakings, including work on high-tension-line towers for power plants as well as with the Norwegian telephone directorate. By the start of the 1960, the firm had around 30 employees; by the end of

Helsinki Central Library Oodi - Misplaced Pages Continue

2982-733: The company's most significant undertakings has been the Oresund Bridge (1995–1999), connecting Copenhagen, Denmark with Malmö , Sweden. The bridge is one of the most important infrastructures in Denmark. The international European route E20 runs across the bridge, as does the Oresund Railway Line . The firm was also involved in the planning and construction of the Great Belt Bridge (1988–1998). This bridge connects Halsskov on Zealand with Knudshoved on Funen , 18 kilometres to its west,

3053-582: The controlled combustion of waste accounted for 41.7% of the total dioxin inventory. In 1987, before the governmental regulations required the use of emission controls, there was a total of 8,905.1 grams (314.12 oz) Toxic Equivalence (TEQ) of dioxin emissions from US municipal waste combustors. Today, the total emissions from the plants are 83.8 grams (2.96 oz) TEQ annually, a reduction of 99%. Backyard barrel burning of household and garden wastes , still allowed in some rural areas, generates 580 grams (20 oz) of dioxins annually. Studies conducted by

3124-415: The decade, it had expanded to 170 employees as the undertakings it was involved in not only became more numerous but also more diversified. During the 1960s, the company worked on incineration plants and waste management projects for the first time; environmental affairs proved to be a key new area of growth. Rambøll & Hannemann started engineering what it referred to as future-proof buildings, such as

3195-483: The dioxins remain after combustion and either float off into the atmosphere, or may remain in the ash where it can be leached down into groundwater when rain falls on the ash pile. Fortunately, dioxin and furan compounds bond very strongly to solid surfaces and are not dissolved by water, so leaching processes are limited to the first few millimeters below the ash pile. The gas-phase dioxins can be substantially destroyed using catalysts, some of which can be present as part of

3266-534: The electricity consumption and 13.7% of the total domestic heat consumption in Denmark. A number of other European countries rely heavily on incineration for handling municipal waste, in particular Luxembourg , the Netherlands, Germany, and France. The first UK incinerators for waste disposal were built in Nottingham by Manlove, Alliott & Co. Ltd. in 1874 to a design patented by Alfred Fryer. They were originally known as destructors . The first US incinerator

3337-507: The environmental effect of incinerators (see arguments against incineration ). In some countries , incinerators built just a few decades ago often did not include a materials separation to remove hazardous, bulky or recyclable materials before combustion. These facilities tended to risk the health of the plant workers and the local environment due to inadequate levels of gas cleaning and combustion process control. Most of these facilities did not generate electricity. Incinerators reduce

3408-644: The eve of the Finnish Independence Day . In 2019, the International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) named Oodi as the best Public Library of the Year. Specially designed robots transport books to the third floor that has an 17,200-square-metre (185,000 sq ft) area designated for books. The rest of the space is designed for meetings and events. The National Audiovisual Institute (KAVI) organizes regular archival film screenings at

3479-410: The fabric filter bag structure. Modern municipal incinerator designs include a high-temperature zone, where the flue gas is sustained at a temperature above 850 °C (1,560 °F) for at least 2 seconds before it is cooled down. They are equipped with auxiliary heaters to ensure this at all times. These are often fueled by oil or natural gas, and are normally only active for a very small fraction of

3550-421: The grate, and many moving grates are also water-cooled internally. Secondary combustion air is supplied into the boiler at high speed through nozzles over the grate. It facilitates complete combustion of the flue gases by introducing turbulence for better mixing and by ensuring a surplus of oxygen. In multiple/stepped hearth incinerators, the secondary combustion air is introduced in a separate chamber downstream

3621-415: The last growing season. If these plants are regrown the CO 2 emitted from their combustion will be taken out from the atmosphere once more. Such considerations are the main reason why several countries administrate incineration of biodegradable waste as renewable energy . The rest – mainly plastics and other oil and gas derived products – is generally treated as non-renewables . Different results for

SECTION 50

#1732851854616

3692-407: The local environment. These reactive oxides must be further neutralized with selective catalytic reduction (SCR) or selective non-catalytic reduction (see below). The temperatures needed to break down dioxin are typically not reached when burning plastics outdoors in a burn barrel or garbage pit, causing high dioxin emissions as mentioned above. While plastic does usually burn in an open-air fire,

3763-408: The mid 1990s, the company name was shortened to Rambøll . During the late 1990s, the company decided to make use of digital tools in the execution of a railway electrification scheme that it had been tasked with. Covering 350 km of tracks and 20,000 steel masts, it was considered to be one of Ramboll's landmark projects at that time. During 2003, Ramboll merged with rival company Scandiaconsult;

3834-427: The molecular breakdown temperature is higher, the exposure time for heating can be shorter, but excessively high temperatures can also cause wear and damage to other parts of the incineration equipment. Likewise the breakdown temperature can be lowered to some degree but then the exhaust gases would require a greater lingering period of perhaps several minutes, which would require large/long treatment chambers that take up

3905-461: The past 25 years, the company has expanded from being a business mainly focused on the Nordic region, to having offices in more than 35 countries, with more than 18,000 employees working on projects across the world. Much of the company's activity is centred on Europe, North America, but also in emerging markets. Ramboll has been listed among the world's top 15 international design firms in 2023. The company's main work and solutions are for clients in

3976-435: The pile can shift and collapse, spreading the burn area. Even in a situation of no wind, small lightweight ignited embers can lift off the pile via convection , and waft through the air into grasses or onto buildings, igniting them. Burn piles often do not result in full combustion of waste and therefore produce particulate pollution. The burn barrel is a somewhat more controlled form of private waste incineration, containing

4047-722: The power engineering section of DONG Energy (now Ørsted A/S), DONG Energy Power. In July 2011, Ramboll Informatik was divested to the Danish IT company KMD . During 2014, Ramboll acquired the US-based global consultancy, ENVIRON , adding more than 1,500 environmental and health science specialists in 21 countries. In 2018, Ramboll acquired North American engineering and design consultancy OBG (formally O'Brien & Gere ), adding 950 consultants to Ramboll's North American presence. By 1 January 2019, Ramboll Americas consists of engineering and science experts across Brazil, Canada, Mexico and

4118-522: The primary combustion chamber. According to the European Waste Incineration Directive , incineration plants must be designed to ensure that the flue gases reach a temperature of at least 850 °C (1,560 °F) for 2 seconds in order to ensure proper breakdown of toxic organic substances. In order to comply with this at all times, it is required to install backup auxiliary burners (often fueled by oil), which are fired into

4189-519: The rebuilding effort following the devastation of the Second World War . One of the first undertakings of the newly-formed company was the construction of a ferris wheel for Copenhagen’s Tivoli Gardens . During 1950, Rambøll & Hannemann built Denmark’s first giant radio transmission mast; despite a length of 142m, this mast weighed just 28 tonnes, being 12 tonnes light and using 30 percent less steel than competing designs. Later that decade,

4260-407: The resulting company was the largest consulting engineering firm in the Nordic region. Around this time, Danish ceased to be the business' corporate language as an increasing focus on international operations took hold. In August 2006, the company acquired the Norwegian firm Storvik & Co. In August 2007, Ramboll bought the privately owned UK based engineering firm Whitbybird . At the time of

4331-512: The safe limit for human oral consumption is 0.7 picograms Toxic Equivalence (TEQ) per kilogram bodyweight per day, which works out to 17 billionths of a gram for a 150 lb person per year. In 2005, the Ministry of the Environment of Germany, where there were 66 incinerators at that time, estimated that "...whereas in 1990 one third of all dioxin emissions in Germany came from incineration plants, for

SECTION 60

#1732851854616

4402-413: The sand until a point is reached where the sand particles separate to let the air through and mixing and churning occurs, thus a fluidized bed is created and fuel and waste can now be introduced. The sand with the pre-treated waste and/or fuel is kept suspended on pumped air currents and takes on a fluid-like character. The bed is thereby violently mixed and agitated keeping small inert particles and air in

4473-416: The solid mass of the original waste by 80–85% and the volume (already compressed somewhat in garbage trucks ) by 95–96%, depending on composition and degree of recovery of materials such as metals from the ash for recycling. This means that while incineration does not completely replace landfilling , it significantly reduces the necessary volume for disposal. Garbage trucks often reduce the volume of waste in

4544-437: The surface of the ash. For a large volume air chamber, too brief an exposure may also result in only some of the exhaust gases reaching the full breakdown temperature. For this reason there is also a time element to the temperature exposure to ensure heating completely through the thickness of the fly ash and the volume of waste gases. There are trade-offs between increasing either the temperature or exposure time. Generally where

4615-497: The time. Further, most modern incinerators utilize fabric filters (often with Teflon membranes to enhance collection of sub-micron particles) which can capture dioxins present in or on solid particles. For very small municipal incinerators, the required temperature for thermal breakdown of dioxin may be reached using a high-temperature electrical heating element, plus a selective catalytic reduction stage. Although dioxins and furans may be destroyed by combustion, their reformation by

4686-447: The waste into ash , flue gas and heat. The ash is mostly formed by the inorganic constituents of the waste and may take the form of solid lumps or particulates carried by the flue gas. The flue gases must be cleaned of gaseous and particulate pollutants before they are dispersed into the atmosphere . In some cases, the heat that is generated by incineration can be used to generate electric power . Incineration with energy recovery

4757-403: The waste was landfilled without prior stabilization (typically via anaerobic digestion ), 1 ton of MSW would produce approximately 62 cubic metres (2,200 cu ft) methane via the anaerobic decomposition of the biodegradable part of the waste. Since the global warming potential of methane is 34 and the weight of 62 cubic meters of methane at 25 degrees Celsius is 40.7 kg, this

4828-698: The year 2000 the figure was less than 1%. Chimneys and tiled stoves in private households alone discharge approximately 20 times more dioxin into the environment than incineration plants." According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency , the combustion percentages of the total dioxin and furan inventory from all known and estimated sources in the U.S. (not only incineration) for each type of incineration are as follows: 35.1% backyard barrels; 26.6% medical waste; 6.3% municipal wastewater treatment sludge ; 5.9% municipal waste combustion; 2.9% industrial wood combustion. Thus,

4899-445: Was a brick-lined cell with a fixed metal grate over a lower ash pit, with one opening in the top or side for loading and another opening in the side for removing incombustible solids called clinkers . Many small incinerators formerly found in apartment houses have now been replaced by waste compactors . The rotary-kiln incinerator is used by municipalities and by large industrial plants. This design of incinerator has two chambers:

4970-554: Was built in 1885 on Governors Island in New York, NY. The first facility in Austria-Hungary was built in 1905 in Brunn . An incinerator is a furnace for burning waste . Modern incinerators include pollution mitigation equipment such as flue gas cleaning. There are various types of incinerator plant design: moving grate, fixed grate, rotary-kiln, and fluidised bed. The burn pile or

5041-413: Was carried out between 2001 and 2004. A characteristic feature of the Opera building is the gigantic roof covering the entire building stretching all the way to the harbour front. Measuring 158 metres x 90 metres, the Opera roof is one of the largest roof constructions in the world. The innovative design of the roof, which Ramboll has projected in cooperation with Henning Larsen Architects, was the reason for

#615384