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77-450: Every Ontario resident with his or her primary and permanent home in Ontario is entitled to access emergency and preventive care under OHIP free of charge. Ontario residents may go to a participating doctor—essentially every doctor practising in the province—any time they wish (subject to the consent of the doctor) and the services are billed through OHIP to the government. In 2018,

154-505: A reduction of vision . Nuclear cataracts typically cause greater impairment of distance vision than of near vision. Those with posterior subcapsular cataracts usually complain of glare as their major symptom. The severity of cataract formation, assuming no other eye disease is present, is judged primarily by a visual acuity test. Other symptoms include frequent changes of glasses and colored halos due to hydration of lens. Congenital cataracts can result in amblyopia if not treated in

231-400: A vitrectomy —without ever having had cataract surgery—will experience progression of nuclear sclerosis after the operation. This may be because the native vitreous humor is different from the solutions used to replace the vitreous (vitreous substitutes), such as BSS Plus . This may also be because the native vitreous humour contains ascorbic acid which helps neutralize oxidative damage to

308-400: A coping mechanism. However, with treatment and follow-ups, there is a 50% chance of recovery. Success in overcoming this disorder rests on following treatment directions and a properly supportive environment in which to recover. There is a higher chance of successful treatment in teenage populations, in which denial is less ingrained than adults. A review on behavioral addictions estimated

385-529: A decrease in efficiency. Another indication is craving food despite being full. One may set rules to try to eat healthy, but find themselves frustrated when they are overruled by their cravings. A large indicator of loss of control due to food addiction is knowing one has a medical problem caused by their behaviors, but not being able to stop consuming the foods, further compromising one's health. Food addiction has some physical signs and symptoms, including decreased energy; decreased ability for activity compared to

462-680: A different classification and includes lamellar, polar, and sutural cataracts. Cataracts can be classified by using the lens opacities classification system LOCS III. In this system, cataracts are classified based on type as nuclear, cortical, or posterior. The cataracts are further classified based on severity on a scale from 1 to 5. The LOCS III system is highly reproducible. Risk factors such as UVB exposure and smoking can be addressed. Although no means of preventing cataracts has been scientifically proven, wearing sunglasses that block ultraviolet light may slow their development. While adequate intake of vitamins A , C , and E may protect against

539-402: A major eye exam for you once every 12 months and any follow-up appointments related to the condition. It provides free, routine dental services for low-income seniors who are 65 years of age or older, with the income requirements of an annual net income of $ 22,200 or less for a single senior, or a combined annual net income of $ 37,100 or less for a couple (for year 2022). OHIP will only cover

616-460: A needle-shaped instrument, Galen attempted to remove the cataract-affected lens of the eye. Muslim ophthalmologist Ammar Al-Mawsili , in his The Book of Choice in Ophthalmology , written circa 1000 CE, wrote of his invention of a syringe and the technique of cataract extraction while experimenting with it on a patient. In 1468 Abiathar Crescas , a Jewish physician and astrologer of

693-656: A new program designed to assist individuals struggling with food addiction. Left untreated, food addiction can lead to chronic conditions and eventually death. In an individual diagnosed with an eating disorder such as BED , the chances for relapse are high. Those with a food addiction were most likely overweight in childhood, which may lead to treatment resistance depending on the amount of time gone untreated. Due to poor mental health and lack of control and environmental factors , overeaters may relapse into their old habits even after completing various treatments. BED patients often report and acknowledge using substances daily as

770-446: A person may be experiencing compulsive overeating. Common behaviors of compulsive overeaters include eating alone, consuming food quickly, gaining weight rapidly, and eating to the point of stomach discomfort. Other signs include significantly decreased mobility and withdrawal from activities due to weight gain. Emotional indicators can include feelings of guilt, a sense of loss of control, depression and mood swings. Hiding consumption

847-573: A person must normally be a Canadian citizen or permanent resident or a holder of a work permit as set out in Ontario's Health Insurance Act, must have a permanent and principal home in Ontario, and must be physically present in Ontario 153 days in any 12-month period. Canadian citizens or permanent residents returning to Canada from another country are not normally covered by OHIP until they have been resident in Ontario for three months. In 2009, applicants for permanent residence from within Canada were added to

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924-556: A result of excessive consumption of highly processed food (most likely consisting of high amounts of saturated fat, which is more energy-rich). Unlike smoking, drugs, or alcoholism, people with food cravings are not under a type of substance use disorder . Food addiction is more commonly associated with a behavioral addiction to a form of processed food that is not generally healthy. A food addiction features compulsive overeating , such as binge eating behavior , as its core and only defining feature. There are several potential signs that

1001-485: A therapeutic purpose. HBOT can have several side effects, including the long-term development of cataracts. This is rare and generally associated with multiple HBOT exposures over a long period. As it does not usually become symptomatic during HBOT, it may often go unrecognised and is probably under-reported. Evidence is emerging that lifetime dosage of oxygen may be a precipitating factor in the development of age-related cataracts. Nuclear cataracts have been hypothesized to be

1078-444: A timely manner. Age is the most common cause of cataracts. Lens proteins denature and degrade over time, and this process is accelerated by diseases such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension . Environmental factors, including toxins, radiation, and ultraviolet light have cumulative effects which are worsened by the loss of protective and restorative mechanisms due to alterations in gene expression and chemical processes within

1155-445: A trend to overuse cataract surgery has been noted, which may lead to disappointing results. Phacoemulsification is the most widely used cataract surgery in the developed world. This procedure uses ultrasonic energy to emulsify the cataract lens. Phacoemulsification typically comprises six steps: A Cochrane review found little to no difference in visual acuity as a function of the size of incisions made for phacoemulsification in

1232-513: A very limited amount of the costs if you receive emergency health services while you’re travelling outside Canada, including the following OOC emergency services: doctor services (e.g. medical assessments, emergency surgery), emergency outpatient services (e.g. MRIs, CT scans), emergency inpatient services (e.g. hospital stays, nursing services). While Ontario receives transfer payments from the Government of Canada to partially fund health care, OHIP

1309-995: Is a cloudy area in the lens of the eye that leads to a decrease in vision of the eye. Cataracts often develop slowly and can affect one or both eyes. Symptoms may include faded colours, blurry or double vision , halos around light, trouble with bright lights, and difficulty seeing at night . This may result in trouble driving, reading, or recognizing faces. Poor vision caused by cataracts may also result in an increased risk of falling and depression . Cataracts cause 51% of all cases of blindness and 33% of visual impairment worldwide. Cataracts are most commonly due to aging but may also occur due to trauma or radiation exposure, be present from birth , or occur following eye surgery for other problems. Risk factors include diabetes , longstanding use of corticosteroid medication, smoking tobacco , prolonged exposure to sunlight , and alcohol . The underlying mechanism involves accumulation of clumps of protein or yellow-brown pigment in

1386-407: Is a condition in which months or years after successful cataract surgery, vision deteriorates or problems with glare and light scattering recur, usually due to thickening of the back or posterior capsule surrounding the implanted lens, so-called 'posterior lens capsule opacification'. Growth of natural lens cells remaining after the natural lens was removed may be the cause, and the younger the patient,

1463-591: Is advised to move cautiously and avoid straining or heavy lifting for about a month. The eye is usually patched on the day of surgery and use of an eye shield at night is often suggested for several days after surgery. In all types of surgery, the cataractous lens is removed and replaced with an artificial lens, known as an intraocular lens , which stays in the eye permanently. Intraocular lenses are usually monofocal, correcting for either distance or near vision. Multifocal lenses may be implanted to improve near and distance vision simultaneously, but these lenses may increase

1540-445: Is also supported by general provincial tax revenues and premiums (taxes) paid by employers and individuals. Employers are charged a payroll health care tax (with an exemption for small businesses), and residents of the province pay a health premium (introduced in 2004) as part of their income taxes. Similarly, Ontario publicly funds hospitals. The Ontario Health Premium (OHP) is a component of Ontario's Personal Income Tax system. The OHP

1617-662: Is an autosomal recessive disorder associated with cuneiform cataracts and nuclear sclerosis. Basal-cell nevus and pemphigus have similar associations. Cigarette smoking has been shown to increase the risk of age-related cataract and nuclear cataract. Evidence is conflicting over the effect of alcohol. Some surveys have shown a link, but others that followed people over longer terms have not. Low vitamin C intake and serum levels have been associated with greater cataract rates. However, use of supplements of vitamin C has not demonstrated benefit. Some medications, such as systemic, topical, or inhaled corticosteroids , may increase

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1694-463: Is an emotional indicator of other symptoms that could be a result of having a food addiction. Hiding consumption of food includes behaviors such as eating in secret, eating late at night, eating in a vehicle, and hiding certain foods until ready to consume in private. Other signs of hiding consumption are avoiding social interactions to eat the specific foods that are craved. Other emotional indicators are inner guilt, which may consist of rationalizing why

1771-464: Is based on taxable income for a taxation year. As of May 2010, an Ontario resident with taxable income (i.e., income after subtracting allowable deductions) of $ 21,000 pays $ 60 per year. With a taxable income of $ 22,000, the premium doubles to $ 120. With a taxable income of $ 23,000, the premium is $ 180. With a taxable income of $ 24,000, the premium is $ 240. The premium increases at a decreasing rate thereafter for taxable incomes up to $ 200,600 at which point

1848-498: Is known to be caused by ΔFosB overexpression. Food addiction often refers to compulsive overeating; some who suffer from the condition engage in frequent episodes of uncontrollable eating ( binge eating ). The word was first used in a research-based publication the Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol by American doctor Theron Randolph in 1956. It was continued to use throughout the late 1900s with more cases reported of

1925-402: Is not only a problem of self-control , but that it is furthermore the body providing a stimulus so powerful as to numb the individual to the negative consequences of overeating. People who engage in binge eating may feel frenzied, and consume a large number of calories before stopping. Food binges may be followed by feelings of guilt and depression; for example, one might cancel their plans for

2002-429: Is problematic. Manual small incision cataract surgery (MSICS) has evolved from ECCE. In MSICS, the lens is removed through a self-sealing scleral tunnel wound in the sclera which, ideally, is watertight and does not require suturing. Although "small", the incision is still markedly larger than the portal in phacoemulsification. This surgery is increasingly popular in the developing world where access to phacoemulsification

2079-414: Is still limited. Intracapsular cataract extraction (ICCE) is rarely performed. The lens and surrounding capsule are removed in one piece through a large incision while pressure is applied to the vitreous membrane . The surgery has a high rate of complications. The postoperative recovery period (after removing the cataract) is usually short. The patient is usually ambulatory on the day of surgery, but

2156-551: Is the only effective treatment. Cataract surgery is not readily available in many countries, and surgery is needed only if the cataracts are causing problems and generally results in an improved quality of life . About 20 million people worldwide are blind due to cataracts. It is the cause of approximately 5% of blindness in the United States and nearly 60% of blindness in parts of Africa and South America. Blindness from cataracts occurs in about 10 to 40 per 100,000 children in

2233-570: The Crown of Aragon , famously removed the cataracts of King John II of Aragon , restoring his eyesight. "Cataract" is derived from the Latin cataracta , meaning "waterfall", and from the Ancient Greek καταρράκτης ( katarrhaktēs ), "down-rushing", from καταράσσω ( katarassō ) meaning "to dash down" (from kata -, "down"; arassein , "to strike, dash"). As rapidly running water turns white, so

2310-515: The developing world , and 1 to 4 per 100,000 children in the developed world . Cataracts become more common with age . In the United States, cataracts occur in 68% of those over the age of 80 years. Additionally they are more common in women, and less common in Hispanic and Black people. Signs and symptoms vary depending on the type of cataract, though considerable overlap occurs. People with nuclear sclerotic or brunescent cataracts often notice

2387-486: The lifetime prevalence (i.e., the proportion of individuals in the population that developed the disorder during their lifetime) for food addiction in the United States as 2.8%. As obesity continues to grow into a worldwide problem, solutions such as a sugar tax have been suggested. A sugar tax is set to be introduced in Ireland to minimise the consumption of harmful foods and drinks . Cataracts A cataract

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2464-574: The DNA of lens cells. Ultraviolet light, specifically UVB , has also been shown to cause cataracts, and some evidence indicates sunglasses worn at an early age can slow its development in later life. Microwaves , a type of nonionizing radiation , may cause harm by denaturing protective enzymes (e.g., glutathione peroxidase ), by oxidizing protein thiol groups (causing protein aggregation ), or by damaging lens cells via thermoelastic expansion. The protein coagulation caused by electric and heat injuries whitens

2541-514: The Ontario Disability Support Program, Family Benefits and Ontario Works (regardless of age). OHIP covers the cost of one major eye exam (for vision and general eye health) every 12 months, plus any minor assessments you need, but only if you are 19 years and younger, or 65 years and older. If you are 20 to 64 years old, and you have a specific medical condition affecting your eyes that requires regular monitoring, OHIP will cover

2618-683: The Ontario Health Insurance Plan announced a new program designed to assist individuals struggling with food addiction . OHIP does not generally cover prescription drugs outside of hospitals or dental care . However, As of 1 April 2019, the Ontario government will no longer offer free prescriptions to children and young adults with private coverage. OHIP coverage for physiotherapy was restricted to those 65 years of age and over, those 19 years of age and under, residents of long-term care homes (regardless of age), individuals who had been hospitalized (regardless of age) and individuals on

2695-496: The YFAS (Yale Food Addiction Scale) questionnaire, a diagnostic criteria of substance dependence. High-sugar and high-fat foods have been shown to increase the expression of ΔFosB , an addiction biomarker , in the D1-type medium spiny neurons of the nucleus accumbens ; however, there is very little research on the synaptic plasticity from compulsive food consumption, a phenomenon which

2772-449: The adverse consequences (such as excess weight gain , diabetes , and heart disease ) associated with their overconsumption. Psychological dependence has also been observed, with the occurrence of withdrawal symptoms when substituting foods low in sugar and fat . A person cannot develop a trait that codes for an eating disorder. Professionals address psychological dependence by providing behavior therapy and through administering

2849-513: The ages of 75 and 85. Cataracts affect nearly 22 million Americans age 40 and older. By age 80, more than half of all Americans have cataracts. Direct medical costs for cataract treatment are estimated at $ 6.8 billion annually. In the eastern Mediterranean region, cataracts are responsible for over 51% of blindness. Access to eye care in many countries in this region is limited. Childhood-related cataracts are responsible for 5–20% of world childhood blindness. Vision loss due to cataracts increases

2926-452: The back of the lens adjacent to the capsule (or bag) in which the lens sits. Because light becomes more focused toward the back of the lens, they can cause disproportionate symptoms for their size. An immature cataract has some transparent protein, but with a mature cataract, all the lens protein is opaque. In a hypermature or Morgagnian cataract, the lens proteins have become liquid. Congenital cataract, which may be detected in adulthood, has

3003-497: The case of neurofibromatosis type 2 , juvenile cataract on one or both sides may be noted. Examples of single-gene disorder include Alport's syndrome , Conradi's syndrome , cerebrotendineous xanthomatosis , myotonic dystrophy , and oculocerebrorenal syndrome or Lowe syndrome . The skin and the lens have the same embryological origin and so can be affected by similar diseases. Those with atopic dermatitis and eczema occasionally develop shield ulcer cataracts. Ichthyosis

3080-414: The chance of unsatisfactory vision. Serious complications of cataract surgery include retinal detachment and endophthalmitis . In both cases, patients notice a sudden decrease in vision. In endophthalmitis, patients often describe pain. Retinal detachment frequently presents with unilateral visual field defects, blurring of vision, flashes of light, or floating spots. The risk of retinal detachment

3157-428: The condition. In the 21st century, food addiction are often associated with eating disorders. The term binge eating is defined as eating an unhealthy amount of food while feeling that one's sense of control has been lost. Food addiction initially presents in the form of cravings, which cause a feeling that one cannot cope without the food in question. As the disorder progresses, behavior is modified in order to satisfy

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3234-485: The day. These actions result in an excessive overall number of calories consumed, even if the quantities eaten at any one time may be small. During binges, compulsive overeaters may consume between 5,000 and 15,000 food calories daily (far more than is healthy), resulting in a temporary release from psychological stress through an addictive high not unlike that experienced through drug abuse. Compulsive overeaters tend to show brain changes similar to those of drug addicts,

3311-465: The end stage of the far better known phenomenon of hyperbaric myopic shift. Cataracts may be partial or complete, stationary or progressive, hard or soft. Histologically, the main types of age-related cataracts are nuclear sclerosis, cortical, and posterior subcapsular. Nuclear sclerosis is the most common type of cataract, and involves the central or 'nuclear' part of the lens. This eventually becomes hard, or 'sclerotic', due to condensation on

3388-407: The epidemic of obesity overall. Compulsive overeating is treatable with nutritional assistance and medication. Psychotherapy may also be required, but recent research has shown this to be useful only as a complementary resource, with short-term effectiveness in moderate to severe cases. Lisdexamfetamine is an FDA-approved appetite suppressant drug that is indicated (i.e., used clinically) for

3465-501: The establishment of a national medical plan. In 1972, its name was shortened to simply OHIP. Food addiction A food addiction or eating addiction is any behavioral addiction characterized primarily by the compulsive consumption of palatable and hyperpalatable food items. Such foods often have high sugar , fat, and salt contents ( HFSS ), and markedly activate the reward system in humans and other animals. Those with eating addictions often overconsume such foods despite

3542-662: The eye and covering the eye with warm butter . References to cataracts and their treatment in Ancient Rome are also found in 29 AD in De Medicinae , the work of the Latin encyclopedist Aulus Cornelius Celsus . Archaeological evidence of eye surgery in the Roman era also exists. Galen of Pergamon (ca. 2nd century CE), a prominent Greek physician , surgeon and philosopher , performed an operation similar to modern cataract surgery. Using

3619-431: The eye. Oxidative stress associated with lipid peroxidation is an important pathogenic mechanism in cataract formation. Senile cataracts are associated with a decrease in antioxidant capacity in the lens. An increase in oxidative stress in the lens or a decrease in the ability to remove reactive oxygen species can lead to the lens becoming more opaque. Blunt trauma causes swelling, thickening, and whitening of

3696-402: The food would be beneficial to consume, as well as feeling guilty shortly after consuming the food. Sense of loss of control may be indicated in many ways, such as expending more effort than usual to obtain specific foods, or spending unnecessary amounts of money on foods to satisfy cravings . This sense of loss of control may impede function during work due to disorganized thoughts, leading to

3773-419: The greater the chance of this occurring. Management involves cutting a small, circular area in the posterior capsule with targeted beams of energy from a laser, called Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy, after the type of laser used. The laser can be aimed very accurately, and the small part of the capsule which is cut falls harmlessly to the bottom of the inside of the eye. This procedure leaves sufficient capsule to hold

3850-413: The highest risk group of patients, the incidence of pseudophakic retinal detachment may be as high as 20%. The risk of endophthalmitis occurring after surgery is less than one in 1000. Corneal edema and cystoid macular edema are less serious but more common, and occur because of persistent swelling at the front of the eye in corneal edema or back of the eye in cystoid macular edema. They are normally

3927-549: The individual to develop lasting improvement and a healthy relationship with food, these behavioral obstacles need to be resolved. Treatment can include talk therapy and medical and nutritional counseling. The American Dental Association has sanctioned these suggestions, stating: Given the continued increase in obesity in the United States and the willingness of dentists to assist in prevention and interventional effort, experts in obesity intervention in conjunction with dental educators should develop models of intervention within

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4004-412: The leading cause of blindness. Even where surgical services are available, low vision associated with cataracts may still be prevalent as a result of long waits for, and barriers to, surgery, such as cost, lack of information and transportation problems. In the United States, age-related lens changes have been reported in 42% between the ages of 52 and 64, 60% between the ages 65 and 74, and 91% between

4081-445: The lens and because conventional vitreous substitutes do not contain ascorbic acid. Accordingly, for phakic patients requiring a vitrectomy it is becoming increasingly common for ophthalmologists to offer the vitrectomy combined with prophylactic cataract surgery to prevent cataract formation. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is the administration of 100% oxygen at pressures greater than one-atmosphere absolute pressure (1 ATA) for

4158-407: The lens cortex (outer layer) becoming opaque. They occur when changes in the fluid contained in the periphery of the lens cause fissuring. When these cataracts are viewed through an ophthalmoscope , or other magnification system, the appearance is similar to white spokes of a wheel. Symptoms often include problems with glare and light scatter at night. Posterior subcapsular cataracts are cloudy at

4235-680: The lens fibers. While the swelling normally resolves with time, the white color may remain. In severe blunt trauma, or in injuries that penetrate the eye, the capsule in which the lens sits can be damaged. This damage allows fluid from other parts of the eye to rapidly enter the lens leading to swelling and then whitening, obstructing light from reaching the retina at the back of the eye. Cataracts may develop in 0.7 to 8.0% of cases following electrical injuries . Blunt trauma can also result in star- (stellate) or petal-shaped cataracts. Cataracts can arise as an effect of exposure to various types of radiation. X-rays, one form of ionizing radiation , may damage

4312-774: The lens in place, but removes enough to allow light to pass directly through to the retina. Serious side effects are rare. Posterior capsular opacification is common and occurs following up to one in four operations, but these rates are decreasing following the introduction of modern intraocular lenses together with a better understanding of the causes. Vitreous touch syndrome is a possible complication of intracapsular cataract extraction. Age-related cataracts are responsible for 51% of world blindness, about 20 million people. Globally, cataracts cause moderate to severe disability in 53.8 million (2004), 52.2 million of whom are in low and middle income countries. In many countries, surgical services are inadequate, and cataracts remain

4389-454: The lens nucleus and the deposition of brown pigment within the lens. In its advanced stages, it is called a brunescent cataract. In early stages, an increase in sclerosis may cause an increase in refractive index of the lens. This causes a myopic shift (lenticular shift) that decreases hyperopia and enables presbyopic patients to see at near without reading glasses. This is only temporary and is called second sight. Cortical cataracts are due to

4466-448: The lens that reduces transmission of light to the retina at the back of the eye. Diagnosis is by an eye examination . Wearing sunglasses and a wide brimmed hat, eating leafy vegetables and fruits, and avoiding smoking may reduce the risk of developing cataracts, or slow the process. Early on, the symptoms may be improved with glasses . If this does not help, surgery to remove the cloudy lens and replace it with an artificial lens

4543-496: The lens. Surgery is usually outpatient and usually performed using local anesthesia . About 9 of 10 patients can achieve a corrected vision of 20/40 or better after surgery. Several recent evaluations found that cataract surgery can meet expectations only when significant functional impairment due to cataracts exists before surgery. Visual function estimates such as VF-14 have been found to give more realistic estimates than visual acuity testing alone. In some developed countries,

4620-581: The lens. This same process is what makes the clear albumen of an egg become white and opaque during cooking. The genetic component is strong in the development of cataracts, most commonly through mechanisms that protect and maintain the lens. The presence of cataracts in childhood or early life can occasionally be due to a particular syndrome. Examples of chromosome abnormalities associated with cataracts include 1q21.1 deletion syndrome , cri-du-chat syndrome , Down syndrome , Patau's syndrome , trisomy 18 ( Edward's syndrome ), and Turner's syndrome , and in

4697-552: The maximum premium of $ 900 is reached. Until 2004, OHIP also paid for an eye examination every two years and limited chiropractic and physical therapy / physiotherapy services. The May 2004 budget, however, announced that most eye exams and all chiropractic and physical therapy would be "delisted" (removed) from coverage, by the Liberal government of Dalton McGuinty . Physiotherapy ended up never being delisted from OHIP. Instead, effective April 1, 2005, OHIP coverage for physiotherapy

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4774-697: The next day because one "feels fat." Binge eating also has implications on physical health, due to excessive intake of fats and sugars, which can cause numerous health problems. Unlike individuals with bulimia nervosa, persons with compulsive overeating do not attempt to compensate for their bingeing with purging behaviors, such as fasting, laxative use, or vomiting. When a person suffering from compulsive overeating through binge eating experiences feelings of guilt after their binges, that person can be said to have binge eating disorder (BED). In addition to binge eating, compulsive overeaters may also engage in "grazing" behavior, during which they continuously eat throughout

4851-765: The past or compared to others; decreased mental efficiency due to the lack of nutritive energy; fatigue ; hypersomnia ; and insomnia . Other physical signs and symptoms are restlessness , irritability , digestive disorders, and headaches . In extreme cases food addiction can result in suicidal thoughts. Obesity has been attributed to eating behavior or fast food, personality issues, depression, genetics, and also social and environmental conditions such as walkability and access to diverse foods. A lack of access to diverse foods could be caused by food deserts . Other effects of obesity could be an increased risk for type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and certain cancers. Food addiction might be one supplementary explanation for

4928-451: The plan, following the "Approval In Principle" (AIP) stage of the process. Applicants from outside Canada continue to be ineligible for OHIP until they have completed the landing process and have actually become permanent residents, when the usual three-month waiting period begins. It is recommended to obtain private health insurance to cover the waiting period. For Canadian citizens or permanent residents moving to Ontario from another province,

5005-518: The province of the previous residency continues to cover them during the three-month waiting period. Ontario's first government-run health plan, known as OMSIP (Ontario Medical Services Insurance Plan), was established and enacted on 1 July 1966. On 1 October 1969, it was replaced by OHSIP, the Ontario Health Services Insurance Plan, as a provincially-run and federally-assisted plan under the federal Medical Care Insurance Act for

5082-440: The range from ≤ 1.5 mm to 3.0 mm. Extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) consists of removing the lens manually, but leaving the majority of the capsule intact. The lens is expressed through a 10- to 12-mm incision which is closed with sutures at the end of surgery. ECCE is less frequently performed than phacoemulsification, but can be useful when dealing with very hard cataracts or other situations where emulsification

5159-419: The result of excessive inflammation following surgery, and in both cases, patients may notice blurred, foggy vision. They normally improve with time and with application of anti-inflammatory drops. The risk of either occurring is around one in 100. It is unclear whether NSAIDs or corticosteroids are superior at reducing postoperative inflammation. Posterior capsular opacification, also known as after-cataract,

5236-415: The risk of cataract development. Corticosteroids most commonly cause posterior subcapsular cataracts. People with schizophrenia often have risk factors for lens opacities (such as diabetes, hypertension, and poor nutrition). Second-generation antipsychotic medications are unlikely to contribute to cataract formation. Miotics and triparanol may increase the risk. Nearly every person who undergoes

5313-421: The risk of cataracts, clinical trials have shown no benefit from supplements, although the evidence is mixed, but weakly positive, for a potential protective effect of the carotenoids , lutein and zeaxanthin . The appropriateness of surgery depends on a person's particular functional and visual needs and other risk factors. Cataract removal can be performed at any stage and no longer requires ripening of

5390-526: The risk of dementia in the elderly population, increases the likelihood of falls and road traffic accidents, and by detrimental effects on the quality of life increases mortality. Cataract surgery was first described by the Ayurvedic physician , Suśruta (about 5th century BCE) in Sushruta Samhita in ancient India . Most of the methods mentioned focus on hygiene. Follow-up treatments include bandaging of

5467-436: The scope of dental practice. Moreover, dental appliances such as conventional jaw wiring and orthodontic wiring have been shown to be efficient methods of weight control in obese patients, with a low incidence of serious complications. Several twelve-step programs exist to help members recover from compulsive overeating and food addiction, such as Overeaters Anonymous . The Ontario Health Insurance Plan has announced

5544-569: The term may have been used metaphorically to describe the similar appearance of mature ocular opacities. In Latin, cataracta had the alternative meaning " portcullis " and the name possibly passed through French to form the English meaning "eye disease" (early 15th century), on the notion of "obstruction". Early Persian physicians called the term nazul-i-ah , or "descent of the water"—vulgarised into waterfall disease or cataract—believing such blindness to be caused by an outpouring of corrupt humour into

5621-508: The time promised to expand OHIP coverage for residents of long-term care homes and for residents of rural and remote areas. The provision continues to be made for free coverage to minors . Annual eye examinations are free for children (19 or younger), seniors (65 or older), adults ages 20–64 with certain ocular health conditions (including glaucoma , cataracts , and diabetes ), as well as those receiving ODSP or Ontario Works (every two years). In order to be eligible for coverage under OHIP,

5698-845: The treatment of binge eating disorder . The antidepressant fluoxetine is a medication that is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of an eating disorder, specifically bulimia nervosa . This medication has been prescribed off-label for the treatment of binge eating disorder. Off-label medications, such as other selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), have shown some efficacy, as have several atypical antidepressants , such as mianserin , trazodone and bupropion . Anti-obesity medications have also proven very effective. Studies suggest that anti-obesity drugs, or moderate appetite suppressants, may be key to controlling binge eating. Many eating disorders are thought to be behavioral patterns that stem from emotional struggles; for

5775-454: The urge for the food. These behavioral changes can result in binge eating disorder , obesity , and bulimia nervosa . A study in Physiology & Behavior by Parylak et al. suggests that animal models given free access to food become more emotionally withdrawn once the food is unavailable due to the anxiogenic stimulus for more food that results. This behavior may suggest that food addiction

5852-434: Was estimated as about 0.4% within 5.5 years, corresponding to a 2.3-fold risk increase compared to naturally expected incidence, with older studies reporting a substantially higher risk. The incidence is increasing over time in a somewhat linear manner, and the risk increase lasts for at least 20 years after the procedure. Particular risk factors are younger age, male sex, longer axial length, and complications during surgery. In

5929-463: Was restricted to those 65 years of age and over, those 19 years of age and under, residents of long-term care homes (regardless of age), individuals who had been hospitalized (regardless of age) and individuals on the Ontario Disability Support Program, Family Benefits and Ontario Works (regardless of age). OHIP covers up to 50 visits per year post-hospitalization and up to 100 visits per year for residents of long-term care homes. The McGuinty government at

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