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69-660: The fifth year in the Ontario secondary school system had existed in Ontario for 82 years, from 1921 to 2003, first as Grade 13 and then as the Ontario Academic Credit. The first attempt to reform the education system in Ontario was initiated in 1945, with the Royal Commission on Education, which proposed a three-tiered education system with six years of elementary education, followed by four years of secondary education, and culminating in three years of junior colleges. However,

138-463: A backbench supporter of Leslie Frost 's government. When Frost announced his retirement in 1961, Davis became the chief organizer of Robert Macaulay 's campaign to succeed him as premier and party leader. Macaulay was eliminated on the next-to-last ballot, and, with Davis, delivered crucial support for John Robarts to defeat Kelso Roberts on the final vote. Davis was appointed to Robarts' cabinet as Minister of Education on October 25, 1962, and

207-495: A 2005 by-election . In 2014, Davis endorsed Christine Elliott in her second campaign to become leader of the Ontario PC Party, but she finished as runner-up to Patrick Brown , whom he would later endorse in his successful campaign against incumbent Linda Jeffrey for mayor of Brampton in 2018. Davis had supported Jeffrey in her 2014 bid for mayor, as well as Toronto mayor John Tory , former Ontario PC Party leader and

276-493: A bachelor of laws from Osgoode Hall Law School in 1954 and was called to the bar of Ontario in 1955. Davis was first elected to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in the 1959 provincial election , for the southern Ontario constituency of Peel . He was only 29 years old. Although Peel was an extremely safe Conservative seat for most of its history, Davis won by a narrow 1,203 votes. The election took place soon after

345-648: A falling out over Peel Region's proposed Light Rail Transit line, as Jeffrey supported its extension from Hurontario Street in Mississauga further north along Main Street in Brampton (where it would run by Davis's house), while Davis preferred an alternative alignment along Queen Street. Throughout his political career, Davis often remarked upon the lasting influence of his hometown of Brampton, leading to his nickname, "Brampton Billy". On August 8, 2021, Davis died in Brampton at

414-450: A field to postgraduate students. This type of summer school is often organized at a national or international level, and no credits are awarded. Also, a college or university sometimes offers a summer program for teachers or other professional workers wishing to round out their professional or general education. Some summer schools are for the general public involving no examinations and are not for degree purposes. Outside North America ,

483-466: A fifth year in secondary schools, only one in five females choose to do so. They also noted that the motivations of both genders differed, with females opting to victory lap in order to gain additional academic credits, while males primarily opted for a fifth year in order to participate in sports and to gain maturity. Bill Davis William Grenville Davis , PC , CC , OOnt , QC (July 30, 1929 – August 8, 2021)

552-549: A legal liability to universities as the majority of first-year students were now below the legal drinking age (it is 19 in Ontario). This has forced the universities to eliminate or police many frosh-week events and traditions that allegedly encouraged drinking and has banned the consumption of alcohol at most frosh-week events. Queen's University's Student Orientation Activities Review Board (SOARB) noted in 2005 that [F]irst-year students seemed to show more desire to drink than those of

621-602: A minority government and lost the popular vote to the Liberal Party , and were soon defeated in a motion of non-confidence by a Liberal–NDP accord, ending the party's 42-year period of rule over the province. Davis was made a companion of the Order of Canada in 1986, and received the Order of Ontario in 1987. Upon his retirement from politics, he served on numerous corporate boards, including Seagram , Power Corporation , CIBC , Rogers Cable among others. In 1985 and 1986, Davis

690-399: A principal secretary of Davis in the 1980s. Incumbent Brampton mayor Susan Fennell was embroiled in numerous scandals over expenses and financial record-keeping. Davis reportedly convinced Jeffrey to resign from provincial cabinet to challenge Fennell. After taking office as mayor, Jeffrey appointed Davis to a panel tasked with bringing a university to Brampton. However, Davis and Jeffrey had

759-520: A result of the double cohort decided to fast-track to graduate before 2003; as well, some students under OSS decided to take an extra year of high school to graduate in 2004 or delayed application to post-secondary institutions. Double-cohort students who chose the latter options in their turn affected those in the year after them, creating a ripple effect. A higher-than-typical number of withdrawals from group education fund investments to pay for post-secondary expenses resulted in lower payout per individual in

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828-509: Is not usually offered in UK schools but may be taught in summer schools), or the experience of studying in an ancient university or a university or college that has a strong reputation on the global stage, such as the University of Oxford. Summer schools may also incorporate a wider variety of excursions and fields trips than would be possible in day-to-day education, so that some summer schools straddle

897-437: Is usually used for remediation purposes, but in colleges, it is most often used as advancement in credit hours. Many universities offer shorter and more intensive summer courses to attract both local and international students, and these programs are often surrounded by social activities. In academia , the term can also refer to a type of conference . Typically, established academics will give presentations on advanced topics in

966-683: The 1981 provincial election , with 8 of their 12 gained seats coming at the expense of the NDP. Soon after the election, Davis announced that John Tory (who became leader of the PCs 23 years later) had been hired to succeed Hugh Segal as his principal secretary. He also announced that Ontario would purchase a 25% share in the energy corporation Suncor , despite opposition from within his own caucus. Unlike most provincial premiers in Canada, Davis strongly supported Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau 's 1981 plans to patriate

1035-424: The 29th Legislative Assembly of Ontario began two weeks later on September 13. The campaign featured the first televised leaders debate for a provincial election. The PC's would gain 9 seats in the election , held on October 21, 1971. Davis's first full term as premier was by most accounts his least successful, with public confidence in his government weakened by a series of scandals. There were allegations that

1104-467: The 35th Legislative Assembly of Ontario provincial government, had recommended the elimination of OAC. The incoming 36th Legislative Assembly of Ontario provincial government acted upon the recommendations of the commission in 1998, but students still in the five-year system would continue in the OAC system until they graduated. The motivation for phasing out OAC was largely thought of as a cost-saving measure by

1173-609: The Big Blue Machine , and remained a dominant campaign force in the Progressive Conservative Party into the 1980s. Three months after taking office as premier, Davis announced that his government would not continue to fund construction of the Spadina Expressway into downtown Toronto—an initiative that had been unpopular with many of the area's residents. The section of Allen Road south of Lawrence Avenue

1242-658: The Fidinam company had received special consideration for a Toronto development program in return for donations to the Progressive Conservative Party. In 1973, it was revealed that Davis's friend Gerhard Moog had received a untendered C$ 44.4 million ($ 293 million in 2023 dollars) contract for the construction of Ontario Hydro 's new head office and related projects. Attorney General Dalton Bales , Solicitor General John Yaremko and Treasurer McKeough were all accused of conflicts-of-interest relating to government approval for developments on properties they owned. The government

1311-702: The constitution of Canada from the United Kingdom and add to it the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . Davis's role in the constitutional negotiations of 1981 were pivotal in achieving a compromise that resulted in the passage of the Constitution Act, 1982 . Davis publicly announced his retirement on October 8, 1984, a few months before the 1985 election , with he and his government still well ahead in polls against David Peterson 's Liberals and Bob Rae 's NDP. One of his last major acts as premier

1380-488: The summer vacation . Participation in summer schools has been shown to have substantial beneficial effects on education. In elementary and middle school , these programs are often used for remedial instruction , though some non- academic day camp programs call themselves summer school. In high school , college or university , students can enroll in classes for credit to be taken into account in their grade point average or their transcript . In high school, it

1449-460: The victory lap . In the first few years after OAC had been eliminated, more than 32 percent of students returned for a fifth year. The percentage of students who opt for a fifth year has since decreased between 15 percent to 20 percent, with some predicting it to level out around that level. In the 2007–2008 year, students over the age of 19 made up 3.7 percent of all secondary day school enrolment in Ontario. Both Brady and Allingham note that

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1518-565: The Liberals and 33 for the NDP. The Conservatives remained the dominant party after the 1975 and 1977 elections due to the inability of either the New Democrats and the Liberals to become the clear alternative. The Conservatives were able to stay in power due to the competition between both opposition parties. As there was no serious consideration of a Liberal-NDP alliance after both campaigns, Davis

1587-425: The OAC level. Assuming that one had taken the necessary prerequisite courses, one could complete an OAC course before the OAC year, and so in many schools it was common for Grade 11 or Grade 12 students to have taken some OAC courses. Students who completed these requirements in 4 years of high school were permitted to graduate; this practice was known as fast-tracking, finishing Grade 12 in four years with 30 credits if

1656-502: The Ontario Educational Communications Authority educational television network (now TVO ) were established while he was Minister, in 1965 and 1970, respectively. Davis's handling of the education portfolio, of which Robarts was a previous minister, made his entry into the leadership contest to succeed Robarts unsurprising. Robarts himself fully expected Davis to be his successor. He was immediately dubbed

1725-565: The Progressive Conservatives that would bring Ontario into line with the rest of the provinces. The reforms led to a new, standardized curriculum documented in Ontario Secondary Schools, Grades 9 to 12: Program and Diploma Requirements (OSS). The OAC year was replaced with an extra ten days of schooling in each lower grade, and the material was integrated into the earlier years of education. The last graduating class of OAC

1794-495: The age of 92. In a 2012 edition, the Institute for Research on Public Policy 's magazine, Policy Options , named Davis the second-best Canadian premier of the last forty years, beaten only by Peter Lougheed . Summer school Summer school (or summer university ) is a school, or a program generally sponsored by a school or a school district , or provided by a private company, that provides lessons and activities during

1863-422: The centrality of secondary school life can make a student prolong it. While they found it was not a universal phenomenon, they noted a number of students who returned for a fifth year primarily to continue their participation in the school's non-academic programming. In Brady's and Allingham's study, they had also found differences between genders. While close to half of male participants in their study opted to spend

1932-513: The commission's report was shelved after five years, in part because of its potential to reopen the politically-sensitive issue of separate school funding and also because of the Minister of Education's prior interference in curriculum redesign a year earlier. The threat to the fifth year of secondary school education in Ontario grew significantly during the 1960s, with growing opposition to the grade 13 departmental examinations from parents. That led to

2001-484: The death of the daughter of his close friend and advisor, Eddie Goodman . Davis called a snap election in 1977 , attempting to capitalise on the turmoil and surprise following the 1976 Quebec general election that saw the Parti Quebecois gain a majority. He was again returned with only a minority following the vote on June 9. The Progressive Conservatives increased their standing by 7 to 58 seats, against 34 for

2070-478: The double cohort year. In June 2007, a cascade double-cohort effect occurred at universities and the job market, as double cohort students who were finishing their undergraduate studies in April competed for graduate spaces in universities or employment in the job market. The elimination of OAC resulted in the majority of incoming first-year students in Ontario universities to drop from 19 to 18 years of age. This created

2139-493: The early 2000s, Davis returned to an honoured position within the Ontario Progressive Conservative Party. He was a keynote speaker at the 2004 Progressive Conservative leadership convention , and was singled out for praise in speeches by outgoing party leader Ernie Eves and new leader John Tory . Davis was also present for Tory's first session in the Ontario legislature, following the latter's victory in

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2208-408: The education reforms had surfaced by the 1970s, and they believed there was a decline in academic standards, a lack of focus in the curriculum, and lax discipline in schools. Combined with financially-pressured school boards beginning to call for the abolition of grade 13 as a means of financial restraint, that resulted in the government reevaluating its secondary education system. The resulting document

2277-464: The election had the Liberals in the lead. The Progressive Conservatives won only 51 seats out of 125, but were able to remain in power with a minority government . The New Democratic Party (NDP) won 38 seats under the leadership of Stephen Lewis , while Nixon's Liberals finished third with 36. Soon after the election, Davis hired Hugh Segal as his legislative secretary. On January 1, 1976, Davis enacted Canada's first mandatory seat belt law, following

2346-462: The elimination of OAC, some have noted that a greater proportion of students have entered post-secondary education. However, in a paper published by Harry Krashinsky of the University of Toronto , the author found that the elimination of OAC had a large and negative impact on academic performance in university. The elimination of OAC led to a spike in more than 100,000 students graduating in 2003, with

2415-569: The establishment of the Grade 13 Study Committee in 1964 by Education Minister Bill Davis , which recommended the elimination of both the departmental examinations and grade 13. A subsequent recommendation in 1968, in the Hall-Dennis Report , also called for the elimination of grade 13. In spite of the recommendations, however, grade 13 was maintained by the Ontario government. Significant opposition from parents, businesses, and universities regarding

2484-694: The federal Progressive Conservative government of John Diefenbaker had cancelled the Avro Arrow program. Davis was given the honour of move the motion to vote on the Speech from the Throne , which while purely symbolic, allowed him to give a speech that included two of his own planned projects: establishing what would become the Forks of the Credit Provincial Park , and improving education. Davis served for two years as

2553-463: The federal Progressive Conservatives with the Canadian Alliance , and create the new Conservative Party of Canada . In the 2006 federal campaign , he campaigned for Conservative Leader Stephen Harper . Harper spoke favourably of Davis during the campaign, and said that he learned much from Davis's style of governing. The Conservatives were able to defeat the Liberals to form the government. In

2622-534: The fifth year, known as OAC, which had courses catering for students planning to proceed with post-secondary education. Despite the fact that students could graduate from the secondary school system in four years, a fifth year of secondary education continued to persist in Ontario, with fewer than 15 percent of students exercising the option to graduate in four years; reports stated that between 20 percent and 25 percent of students chose to repeat one or more OAC years. Another Royal Commission on Learning, set up in 1995 by

2691-525: The first delegate younger than seventeen years to attend a national Progressive Conservative convention in Canada. He frequently campaigned for local Member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) Thomas Laird Kennedy , who briefly served as Premier of Ontario in 1949. Davis graduated from the University of Toronto with a BA in 1951. He was a football player during his university years, and his teammates included Roy McMurtry and Thomas Leonard Wells , both of whom would later serve in his cabinet. Davis received

2760-464: The frontrunner when he announced his bid on December 20, 1970. In the early hours of February 13, 1971, Davis defeated rival candidate Allan Lawrence by only 44 votes on the final ballot, after receiving support from third-place candidate Darcy McKeough . Following the convention, Davis brought Lawrence's campaign team, known as "the Spades", to become his principal advisors. The group later became known as

2829-715: The last OAC (OS:IS) class and the first Grade 12 (OSS) class graduating in the same year. This strained many Ontario post-secondary institutions, as the spike in students forced the institutions to either construct or rent new buildings for student housing. With the increase in students entering post-secondary education, the provincial government set aside additional funding for colleges and universities to build more infrastructure such as residences and classrooms. They also had to provide more resources such as upgrading libraries, adding more study areas, creating new programs, and hiring additional professors and teaching assistants . For those who were unable to enter post-secondary institutions,

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2898-756: The line between education and holiday. Summer schools help students help students get ahead in the competitive environment of university applications and their careers. Summer schools are a popular choice for students of English as a Foreign Language, particularly children. EnglishUK, the language teaching organisation for EFL in the UK, has more than 470 members, many of which operate summer schools. Summer schools often offer foreign language immersion , which has known benefits for language learning. Summer schools of this kind also hold appeal for students wishing to pursue higher education in English-speaking countries, which consistently top university league tables and get

2967-470: The motivations behind the victory lap can be traced to the province's history of a fifth year of secondary school education, making it a basic assumption of secondary school life for students in Ontario. They also note that it may represent a form of transition anxiety, as students seek to prolong their secondary education, which can be seen as a safe environment, or to acquire further maturity before moving on to their post-secondary education. They also note how

3036-518: The outdated school board systems in the province, reducing the number of boards from 3,676 in 1962 to 192 by 1967. During his tenure as education minister, Davis established new public universities, including Trent University and Brock University , as well as the public community college system . Canada's first educational research institute, the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education , and

3105-433: The past few years. Student drinking, prior to attendance, compromised events at which no alcohol was available... The Board wonders if there is merit to making the evening hours busier to avoid allowing time to "pre-drink" before events. With a significant minority of students below the legal drinking age, 18-year-olds are legally excluded from many campus events and social activities. The temporal nature of this exclusion and

3174-483: The previous year as prerequisite). Students with an average of 80 percent or higher in six OAC courses were named Ontario Scholar . The award continues to exist today, although it requires the student to have 80 percent or higher in six grade 12 courses. The elimination of the fifth year of high school education in Ontario led to a number of consequences, most notably the double cohorts in 2003, in which an unusually high proportion of students graduated in Ontario. Since

3243-448: The province. Although he actively supported and campaigned for him in 1976, Davis had an awkward relationship with federal Progressive Conservative leader Joe Clark . He and Clark held differing views over fuel prices, and the Davis government actively opposed Clark's 1979 austerity budget which included a gas tax. The Progressive Conservatives were returned with a majority government in

3312-402: The provincial government allocated more funding for the apprentice program. The spike in students graduating in 2003 had also led to more competitive admission standards in most Ontario universities along with arbitrarily short-lived higher standards to graduate from universities. Some students under OS:IS who feared that they might not be able to gain admission to the university of their choice as

3381-402: The provincial government's attempt to bring Ontario in line with the rest of the continent's 12 grades system has only been partially successful. While the fifth year of secondary education was formally eliminated, both have noted that the fifth year in secondary schools is still a norm in Ontario, with students in Ontario still opting to take a fifth year in secondary school, colloquially known as

3450-445: The stress associated with establishing a social network in an unfamiliar environment creates intense pressure for underage students to either find ways to subvert the Ontario drinking laws (by purchasing fake IDs, using real IDs of other people, or drinking in private residences with ill-gotten alcohol) or sacrifice relationships with those of legal drinking age. Patrick Brady and Philip Allingham of Lakehead University have argued that

3519-650: The student was college bound. Under the old Grade 13 system, the SSGD represented 27 credits and the SSHGD usually represented 33 credits (however, as long as you could pass the 6 credits required for an SSHGD, the Ontario school system was required to award the OSSHGD, even if you had less than 33 credits overall). A minority of students completed the old program in four years by completing eight credits per year and one summer school credit (usually Grade 12 mathematics, as each maths course had

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3588-493: The support of the party establishment. This period of the Davis government was one of expansion for the province's public health and education systems, and Davis held a particular interest in ensuring that the province's community colleges remained productive. The government also expanded the provisions of the Ontario Human Rights Code , and expanded bilingual services without introducing official bilingualism to

3657-455: The tabling of a bill to force an end to labour disruptions . In the buildup to the 1975 provincial election , Davis imposed a ninety-day freeze on energy prices, temporarily reduced the provincial sales tax from 7% to 5%, and announced rent controls for the province. The 1975 campaign was far more bitter than that of 1971, with Davis and Liberal leader Robert Nixon repeatedly hurling personal insults at one another. Polls taken shortly before

3726-609: The term has a broader definition and refers to all ages and includes leisure and other non-academic subjects, so, for example, a course on hedge-laying is probably targeting older adults. In these regions, Music Summer Schools, on the other hand, may be designed for school age students, college students, or adult professionals or amateurs at various levels of attainment. Summer schools can also provide students with educational experiences that would not be available to them within their normal schooling. This may encompass subjects that are not conventionally offered in schools (such as law, which

3795-515: Was a Canadian politician who served as the 18th premier of Ontario from 1971 to 1985. Behind Oliver Mowat , Davis was the second-longest serving premier of Ontario . Born in Toronto , Davis was a lawyer before being elected as a Progressive Conservative member of provincial Parliament for Peel in the 1959 provincial election . He was a backbencher in the Conservative caucus until 1962, when he

3864-448: Was a successful local lawyer. Davis married twice, first to Helen McPhee (b. 1931, m. 1955, d. 1962), with whom he had four children (Neil, Nancy, Cathy, Ian), before marrying Kathleen Mackay (m. 1964). They had one daughter, Meg, in 1965. Davis was politically active from the age of 15. Local Progressive Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) Gordon Graydon was a frequent guest at Davis's parents' house, and Davis himself became

3933-421: Was able to avoid defeat in the legislature by appealing to other parties for support on particular initiatives. The opposition parties had also undergone leadership changes; Nixon and Lewis, who had posed a strong challenge to Davis, resigned after the 1975 and 1977 elections, respectively. Nixon's successor Stuart Lyon Smith proved unable to increase Liberal support, while new NDP leader Michael Cassidy lacked

4002-450: Was appointed minister of education under John Robarts . During this period, Davis created the community college system and the educational television network now known as TVO . In 1971, he succeeded Robarts as the premier of Ontario and held the position until resigning in 1985. He led the Progressive Conservatives to victory in four consecutive elections, winning two majority governments and two minority governments . As premier, Davis

4071-488: Was cleared of impropriety in all cases, but its popular support nonetheless declined. The Conservatives lost four key by-elections in 1973 and 1974. On the policy front, the Davis administration introduced regional governments for Durham , Hamilton-Wentworth , Haldimand-Norfolk , and Waterloo but shelved further plans in response to popular protests. He faced a significant backlash from teachers in December 1973, following

4140-417: Was compromised during the 1990s by the party's shift to the right under Mike Harris . Many Conservatives parliamentarians were openly dismissive of Davis-era spending policies, and frequently highlighted the differences between Davis and Harris on policy issues. Davis remained a supporter of the party, but seldom appeared at official events. In 2003, Davis played a role in the successful negotiations to merge

4209-443: Was elected leader at a January 1985 leadership convention over Larry Grossman (who was widely considered the successor to Davis and his Big Blue Machine ). Although Miller was more conservative, the Progressive Conservatives still held a significant lead over the opposition when the election was called. However, after a poor campaign and controversy over Catholic school funding, in the 1985 provincial election they were reduced to

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4278-699: Was in 2003. There were two high school diplomas in Ontario, the Secondary School Graduation Diploma (SSGD) which was awarded after Grade 12 and the Secondary School Honours Graduation Diploma (SSHGD) awarded after Grade 13. This practice ended with the replacement of both diplomas in 1988 with the Ontario Secondary School Diploma (OSSD) under OS:IS. OS:IS more formally allowed for the completion of schooling after only 12 grades. Under OS:IS, OAC year

4347-442: Was re-elected by a greatly increased margin in the 1963 provincial election . He was given additional responsibilities as Ontario's Minister of University Affairs on May 14, 1964, and held both portfolios until 1971. He significantly increased education funding during the 1960s; spending increased by 454% between 1962 and 1971 and hundreds of public schools were opened. Davis also oversaw a controversial overhaul and amalgamation of

4416-570: Was responsible for the cancellation of the Spadina Expressway , the funding of Catholic secondary schools through grade 12, the formation of Canada's first Ministry of the Environment , and rent control , as well as playing a large role in the patriation of the Constitution of Canada . Davis was born on July 30, 1929, at Toronto General Hospital , Toronto , Ontario, the son of Vera Mildred ( née Hewetson) and Albert Grenville Davis. His father

4485-406: Was subsequently nicknamed the "Davis ditch". In July 1971, he created appointed the first Minister of the Environment , George Kerr . On August 31, Davis announced the rejection of a proposal to grant full funding to Ontario's Catholic high schools—which were only publicly funded up to grade 10—stating that it "would fragment the present system beyond recognition and repair". The campaign to elect

4554-506: Was the Ontario Schools: Intermediate and Senior (OS:IS), which had called for the formal elimination of grade 13 without formally eliminating the fifth year of secondary education. Acting upon the recommendations of the document, Ontario formally eliminated grade 13 in 1984, and introduced the Ontario Academic Credit system. The new system allowed for students to graduate from secondary schools in four years but also maintaining

4623-730: Was the Canadian half of a joint task force with the United States (with Drew Lewis as his American counterpart) appointed by Brian Mulroney and Ronald Reagan to solve the ongoing acid rain issues affecting the Great Lakes. Their report was popularly referred to as the Acid Rain Treaty ; Davis was paid $ 1 for his work, proudly framing the bill at his cottage. Davis's reputation within the Ontario Progressive Conservatives

4692-427: Was the final year of high school in Ontario. OAC courses were the highest level courses in Ontario high schools until the formal elimination of the Ontario Academic Credit. To enter university, students were required to complete 30 high school credits (courses can have different credit values, but most courses were worth 1 credit; some courses were compulsory and there were other restrictions), 6 of which had to be at

4761-487: Was to reverse his 1971 decision against the full funding of Catholic schools, and announce that such funding would be provided to the end of Grade Thirteen. Although the policy was supported by all parties in the legislature, it was unpopular with some in the Conservatives' traditional rural Protestant base, and many would stay home in the upcoming election because of this issue. Davis was succeeded by Frank Miller , who

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