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91-592: OmniWeb was originally developed by Omni Group for the NeXTSTEP platform and was released by Lighthouse Design on March 17, 1995, after only one month's development. As NeXTSTEP evolved into OPENSTEP and then Mac OS X, OmniWeb was updated to run on these platforms. These early versions of OmniWeb also run on Microsoft Windows through the Yellow Box or the OpenStep frameworks. After Sun Microsystems bought Lighthouse Design,

182-453: A Lutheran church. When Steve was in high school, Clara admitted to his girlfriend, Chrisann Brennan , that she "was too frightened to love [Steve] for the first six months of his life ... I was scared they were going to take him away from me. Even after we won the case, Steve was so difficult a child that by the time he was two I felt we had made a mistake. I wanted to return him." When Chrisann shared this comment with Steve, he stated that he

273-465: A closed adoption , and travelled to San Francisco to give birth. Schieble requested that her son be adopted by college graduates. A lawyer and his wife were selected, but they withdrew after discovering that the baby was a boy, so Jobs was instead adopted by Paul Reinhold and Clara (née Hagopian) Jobs. Paul Jobs, an American of German descent, was the son of a dairy farmer from Washington County, Wisconsin . After dropping out of high school, he worked as

364-495: A computer platform development company that specialized in computers for higher-education and business markets, serving as its CEO. In 1986, he helped develop the visual effects industry by funding the computer graphics division of Lucasfilm that eventually spun off independently as Pixar, which produced the first 3D computer-animated feature film Toy Story (1995) and became a leading animation studio , producing 28 films since. In 1997, Jobs returned to Apple as CEO after

455-500: A flow charts . This basic design can be enhanced by the simple addition of new links and new documents, located anywhere in the local area network, that foreshadowed Tim Berners-Lee's initial prototype that was written on NeXTSTEP in October–December 1990. In the 1990s, the pioneering PC games Doom , Doom II , Quake , and their respective level editors were developed by id Software on NeXT machines. Other games based on

546-530: A repossession agent, and Clara became a bookkeeper . In 1955, after having an ectopic pregnancy , the couple looked to adopt a child. Since they lacked a college education, Schieble initially refused to sign the adoption papers, and went to court to request that her son be removed from the Jobs household and placed with a different family, but changed her mind after Paul and Clara promised to pay for their son's college tuition. In his youth, Jobs's parents took him to

637-406: A Homestead classmate as "kind of brain and kind of hippie ... but he never fit into either group. He was smart enough to be a nerd, but wasn't nerdy. And he was too intellectual for the hippies, who just wanted to get wasted all the time. He was kind of an outsider. In high school everything revolved around what group you were in, and if you weren't in a carefully defined group, you weren't anybody. He

728-429: A consistent manner across all applications. Additional kits were added to the product line. These include Portable Distributed Objects (PDO), which allow easy remote invocation , and Enterprise Objects Framework , an object-relational database system. The kits made the system particularly interesting to custom application programmers, and NeXTSTEP had a long history in the financial programming community. NeXTSTEP

819-475: A female name (his first choice was "Claire" after St. Clare ). She stated that she never gave him permission to use the baby's name for a computer and he hid the plans from her. Jobs worked with his team to come up with the phrase, "Local Integrated Software Architecture" as an alternative explanation for the Apple Lisa . Decades later, however, Jobs admitted to his biographer Walter Isaacson that "obviously, it

910-623: A forerunner of the modern " app store " concept. It is the platform on which Tim Berners-Lee created the first web browser , and on which id Software developed the video games Doom and Quake . In 1996, Apple Computer acquired NeXT. Apple needed a successor to the classic Mac OS , and merged NeXTSTEP and OpenStep with the Macintosh user environment to create Mac OS X. All of Apple's subsequent platforms since iPhone OS 1 were then based on Mac OS X (later renamed macOS ). NeXTSTEP (also stylized as NeXTstep , NeXTStep , and NEXTSTEP )

1001-506: A hammer so I could work with him ... I wasn't that into fixing cars ... but I was eager to hang out with my dad." Jobs had difficulty functioning in a traditional classroom, tended to resist authority figures, frequently misbehaved, and was suspended a few times. He frequently played pranks on others at Monta Loma Elementary School in Mountain View. His father Paul (who was abused as a child) never reprimanded him, however, and instead blamed

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1092-535: A house from their other roommate, Al. In September 1972, Jobs enrolled at Reed College in Portland, Oregon . He insisted on applying only to Reed, although it was an expensive school that Paul and Clara could ill afford. Jobs soon befriended Robert Friedland , who was Reed's student body president at that time. Brennan remained involved with Jobs while he was at Reed. I was interested in Eastern mysticism which hit

1183-456: A humanities person as a kid, but I liked electronics... then I read something that one of my heroes, Edwin Land of Polaroid , said about the importance of people who could stand at the intersection of humanities and sciences, and I decided that's what I wanted to do. —Steve Jobs Paul Jobs worked in several jobs that included a try as a machinist, several other jobs, and then "back to work as

1274-572: A lifelong friendship with Jobs. By early 1985, the Macintosh's failure to defeat the IBM PC became clear, and it strengthened Sculley's position in the company. In May 1985, Sculley—encouraged by Arthur Rock—decided to reorganize Apple, and proposed a plan to the board that would remove Jobs from the Macintosh group and put him in charge of "New Product Development". This move would effectively render Jobs powerless within Apple. In response, Jobs then developed

1365-543: A machinist". Paul and Clara adopted Jobs's sister Patricia in 1957, and by 1959 the family had moved to the Monta Loma neighborhood in Mountain View, California . Paul built a workbench in his garage for his son in order to "pass along his love of mechanics". Jobs, meanwhile, admired his father's craftsmanship "because he knew how to build anything. If we needed a cabinet, he would build it. When he built our fence, he gave me

1456-596: A mechanic, then joined the US Coast Guard . When his ship was decommissioned at San Francisco, he bet he could find a wife within two weeks. He then met Clara Hagopian, an American of Armenian descent, and the two were engaged ten days later, in March 1946, and married that same year. The couple moved to Wisconsin, then Indiana, where Paul Jobs worked as a machinist and later as a car salesman. Since Clara missed San Francisco, she convinced Paul to move back. There, Paul worked as

1547-657: A plan to get rid of Sculley and take over Apple. However, Jobs was confronted after the plan was leaked, and he said that he would leave Apple. The Board declined his resignation and asked him to reconsider. Sculley also told Jobs that he had all of the votes needed to go ahead with the reorganization. A few months later, on September 17, 1985, Jobs submitted a letter of resignation to the Apple Board. Five additional senior Apple employees also resigned and joined Jobs in his new venture, NeXT. The Macintosh's struggle continued after Jobs left Apple. Though marketed and received in fanfare,

1638-500: A smaller, contemporary styled one. After a few years in court, the house was finally demolished in 2011, a few months before he died. Jobs took over development of the Macintosh in 1981, from early Apple employee Jef Raskin , who had conceived the project. Wozniak and Raskin had heavily influenced the early program, and Wozniak was on leave during this time due to an airplane crash earlier that year, making it easier for Jobs to take over

1729-601: A whole lot, and I started to read more outside of just science and technology — Shakespeare , Plato . I loved King Lear ... when I was a senior I had this phenomenal AP English class . The teacher was this guy who looked like Ernest Hemingway . He took a bunch of us snowshoeing in Yosemite." During his last two years at Homestead High, Jobs developed two different interests: electronics and literature. These dual interests were particularly reflected during Jobs's senior year, as his best friends were Wozniak and his first girlfriend,

1820-501: A wide range of objects beyond file icons, system-wide piped services , real-time scrolling and window dragging, properties dialog boxes called "inspectors", and window modification notices (such as the saved status of a file). The system is among the first general-purpose user interfaces to handle publishing color standards, transparency, sophisticated sound and music processing (through a Motorola 56000 DSP ), advanced graphics primitives , internationalization, and modern typography , in

1911-470: Is a free software implementation of the OpenStep standard. Delivered on 2 CDs: NeXTSTEP CISC and NeXTSTEP RISC . The Developer CD includes libraries for all architectures , so that programs can be cross-compiled on any architecture for all architectures. Allegedly dropped due to complaints of having to re-teach users but not for technical reasons (the new UI worked well in the beta). Versions up to 4.1 are general releases. OPENSTEP 4.2 pre-release 2

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2002-405: Is a bug-fix release published by Apple and supported for five years after its September 1997 release. Steve Jobs Steven Paul Jobs (February 24, 1955 – October 5, 2011) was an American businessman, inventor, and investor best known for co-founding the technology company Apple Inc. Jobs was also the founder of NeXT and chairman and majority shareholder of Pixar . He was a pioneer of

2093-581: Is a combination of several parts: NeXTSTEP is a preeminent implementation of the last three items. The toolkits are the canonical development system for all of the software on the system. It introduced the idea of the Dock (carried through OpenStep and into macOS ) and the Shelf . NeXTSTEP originated or innovated a large number of other GUI concepts which became common in other operating systems: 3D chiseled widgets, large full-color icons , system-wide drag and drop of

2184-513: Is called "OPENSTEP for Mach" and its first release (4.0) superseded NeXTSTEP 3.3 on NeXT, Sun, and Intel IA-32 systems. Following an announcement on December 20, 1996, Apple Computer acquired NeXT on February 4, 1997, for $ 429 million. Based upon the " OPENSTEP for Mach" operating system, and developing the OpenStep API to become Cocoa , Apple created the basis of Mac OS X , and eventually of iOS , iPadOS , watchOS , and tvOS . GNUstep

2275-622: The Doom engine such as Heretic and its sequel Hexen by Raven Software , and Strife by Rogue Entertainment were developed on NeXT hardware using id's tools. Altsys made the NeXTSTEP application Virtuoso, version 2 of which was ported to Mac OS and Windows to become Macromedia FreeHand version 4. The modern "Notebook" interface for Mathematica , and the advanced spreadsheet Lotus Improv , were developed using NeXTSTEP. The software that controlled MCI 's Friends and Family calling plan program

2366-541: The NeXTcube . It was later ported to several other computer architectures . Although relatively unsuccessful at the time, it attracted interest from computer scientists and researchers. It hosted the original development of the Electronic AppWrapper, the first commercial electronic software distribution catalog to collectively manage encryption and provide digital rights for application software and digital media ,

2457-555: The personal computer revolution of the 1970s and 1980s, along with his early business partner and fellow Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak . Jobs was born in San Francisco in 1955 and adopted shortly afterwards. He attended Reed College in 1972 before withdrawing that same year. In 1974, he traveled through India, seeking enlightenment before later studying Zen Buddhism . He and Wozniak co-founded Apple in 1976 to further develop and sell Wozniak's Apple I personal computer. Together,

2548-475: The web archive , support for user-defined style sheets , a "Select Next Link" feature, FTP folder display, ad-blocking improvements, updated localizations , and many other small changes and bug fixes. OmniWeb was Omni Group's flagship app, but as OS X web browsers improved—Apple eventually bundled Safari into OS X— and Omni successfully introduced other products such as OmniGraffle and OmniOutliner , OmniWeb's importance diminished. OmniWeb's price

2639-599: The $ 50 fine. The arrest allegedly occurred "behind a store". Basically Steve Wozniak and I invented the Apple because we wanted a personal computer. Not only couldn't we afford the computers that were on the market, those computers were impractical for us to use. We needed a Volkswagen . The Volkswagen isn't as fast or comfortable as other ways of traveling, but the VW owners can go where they want, when they want and with whom they want. The VW owners have personal control of their car. —Steve Jobs By March 1976, Wozniak completed

2730-507: The Apple II, targeting education, small business, and home markets less vulnerable to IBM. Jobs wanted the company to focus on the closed architecture Macintosh as a business alternative to the IBM PC. President and CEO Sculley had little control over chairman of the board Jobs's Macintosh division; it and the Apple II division operated like separate companies, duplicating services. Although its products provided 85% of Apple's sales in early 1985,

2821-598: The Eiffel Tower in a box of crackerjacks. Then the tower transforms into a tiny robot and makes you lunch." NeXTSTEP NeXTSTEP is a discontinued object-oriented , multitasking operating system based on the Mach kernel and the UNIX -derived BSD . It was developed by NeXT Computer , founded by Steve Jobs , in the late 1980s and early 1990s and was initially used for its range of proprietary workstation computers such as

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2912-955: The Internet" are mere passive windows, depriving the user of the possibility to contribute. During some sessions in the CERN cafeteria, Tim and I try to find a catching name for the system. I was determined that the name should not yet again be taken from Greek mythology. Tim proposes "World-Wide Web". I like this very much, except that it is difficult to pronounce in French... Some features and keyboard shortcuts now common to web browsers originated in NeXTSTEP conventions. The basic layout options of HTML 1.0 and 2.0 are attributable to those features of NeXT's Text class. Lighthouse Design Ltd . developed Diagram! , a drawing tool, originally called BLT (for Box-and-Line Tool) in which objects (boxes) are connected together using "smart links" (lines) to construct diagrams such

3003-566: The Mac interface." Sculley granted Microsoft the license which later led to problems for Apple. In addition, cheap IBM PC clones that ran Microsoft software and had a graphical user interface began to appear. Although the Macintosh preceded the clones, it was far more expensive, so "through the late 1980s, the Windows user interface was getting better and better and was thus taking increasingly more share from Apple". Windows-based IBM-PC clones also led to

3094-621: The Neem Karoli ashram, it was almost deserted because Neem Karoli Baba had died in September 1973. Then they made a long trek up a dry riverbed to an ashram of Haidakhan Babaji . After seven months, Jobs left India and returned to the US ahead of Daniel Kottke. Jobs had changed his appearance; his head was shaved, and he wore traditional Indian clothing . During this time, Jobs experimented with psychedelics , later calling his LSD experiences "one of

3185-463: The Omni Group had the best support for Mac OS X technologies among its competition (chiefly Mozilla Firefox and Internet Explorer for Mac ). John Siracusa, a technology journalist and critic writing for Ars Technica , said, "Finding [this level of functionality] in a proper Mac OS X application from a respected developer with a proven track record is like finding a perfect 1/10,000th scale replica of

3276-681: The Omni Group released the product from version 2.5 onwards. From version 4.0 onwards, OmniWeb was developed solely for the OS X platform. OmniWeb was developed using the Cocoa API , which allows it to take full advantage of OS X features. It uses Quartz to render images and smooth text. It uses multiple processors, if available, and features an interface that uses Aqua UI features such as drawers, sheets, and customizable toolbars. The Omni Group originally employed its proprietary HTML layout engine that uses standard API NSText components. However, this engine

3367-466: The TTL count to 45, far below the usual 100, though Atari later re-engineered it to make it easier to test and add a few missing features. According to Wozniak, Jobs told him that Atari paid them only $ 750 (instead of the actual $ 5,000), and that Wozniak's share was thus $ 375. Wozniak did not learn about the actual bonus until ten years later but said that if Jobs had told him about it and explained that he needed

3458-506: The US. He considered taking up monastic residence at Eihei-ji in Japan , and maintained a lifelong appreciation for Zen, Japanese cuisine, and artists such as Hasui Kawase . Jobs returned to Atari in early 1975, and that summer, Bushnell assigned him to create a circuit board for the arcade video game Breakout in as few chips as possible, knowing that Jobs would recruit Wozniak for help. During his day job at HP, Wozniak drew sketches of

3549-505: The Year special, released on January 3, 1983, in which she discussed her relationship with Jobs. Rather than name Jobs the Person of the Year, the magazine named the generic personal computer the "Machine of the Year". In the issue, Jobs questioned the reliability of the paternity test, which stated that the "probability of paternity for Jobs, Steven... is 94.1%". He responded by arguing that "28% of

3640-403: The artistic Homestead junior Chrisann Brennan . In 1971, after Wozniak began attending University of California, Berkeley , Jobs would visit him there a few times a week. This experience led him to study in nearby Stanford University 's student union. Instead of joining the electronics club, Jobs put on light shows with a friend for Homestead's avant-garde jazz program. He was described by

3731-502: The basic design of the Apple I computer and showed it to Jobs, who suggested that they sell it; Wozniak was at first skeptical of the idea but later agreed. In April of that same year, Jobs, Wozniak, and administrative overseer Ronald Wayne founded Apple Computer Company (now called "Apple Inc.") as a business partnership in Jobs's parents' Crist Drive home on April 1, 1976. The operation originally started in Jobs's bedroom and later moved to

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3822-524: The blue boxes. Jobs later reflected that had it not been for Wozniak's blue boxes, "there wouldn't have been an Apple". He states it showed them that they could take on large companies and beat them. By his senior year of high school, Jobs began using LSD . He later recalled that on one occasion he consumed it in a wheat field outside Sunnyvale, and experienced "the most wonderful feeling of my life up to that point". In mid-1972, after graduation and before leaving for Reed College , Jobs and Brennan rented

3913-460: The circuit design; at night, he joined Jobs at Atari and continued to refine the design, which Jobs implemented on a breadboard . According to Bushnell, Atari offered $ 100 (equivalent to about $ 600 in 2023) for each TTL chip that was eliminated in the machine. Jobs made a deal with Wozniak to split the fee evenly between them if Wozniak could minimize the number of chips. Much to the amazement of Atari engineers, within four days Wozniak reduced

4004-615: The classic video game Pong and gave its electronics board to Jobs. According to Wozniak, Atari only hired Jobs because he took the board down to the company, and they thought that he had built it himself. Atari's cofounder Nolan Bushnell later described him as "difficult but valuable", pointing out that "he was very often the smartest guy in the room, and he would let people know that". Jobs traveled to India in mid-1974 to visit Neem Karoli Baba at his Kainchi ashram with his Reed College friend and eventual Apple employee Daniel Kottke , searching for spiritual teachings. When they got to

4095-657: The cofounders of Sun Microsystems , said that Jobs broke a " glass age ceiling " in Silicon Valley because he'd created a very successful company at a young age. Markkula brought Apple to the attention of Arthur Rock , which, after looking at the crowded Apple booth at the Home Brew Computer Show, started with a $ 60,000 investment and went on the Apple board. Jobs was not pleased when Markkula recruited Mike Scott from National Semiconductor in February 1977 to serve as

4186-425: The company's January 1985 annual meeting did not mention the Apple II division or employees. Many left, including Wozniak, who stated that the company had "been going in the wrong direction for the last five years" and sold most of his stock. Though frustrated with the company's and Jobs's dismissal of the Apple II in favor of the Macintosh, Wozniak left amicably and remained an honorary employee of Apple, maintaining

4277-442: The company's acquisition of NeXT. He was largely responsible for reviving Apple, which was on the verge of bankruptcy. He worked closely with British designer Jony Ive to develop a line of products and services that had larger cultural ramifications, beginning with the " Think different " advertising campaign, and leading to the iMac , iTunes , Mac OS X , Apple Store , iPod , iTunes Store , iPhone , App Store , and iPad . Jobs

4368-430: The development of its unusual case and Rod Holt developed the unique power supply. During the design stage, Jobs argued that the Apple II should have two expansion slots , while Wozniak wanted eight. After a heated argument, Wozniak threatened that Jobs should "go get himself another computer". They later agreed on eight slots. The Apple II became one of the first highly successful mass-produced microcomputer products in

4459-511: The duo gained fame and wealth a year later with production and sale of the Apple II , one of the first highly successful mass-produced microcomputers . Jobs saw the commercial potential of the Xerox Alto in 1979, which was mouse -driven and had a graphical user interface (GUI). This led to the development of the unsuccessful Apple Lisa in 1983, followed by the breakthrough Macintosh in 1984,

4550-437: The established industry of giant mainframe computers with big decks of punch cards: "Steve took me over to the garage. He had a circuit board with a chip on it, a DuMont TV set, a Panasonic cassette tape deck and a keyboard. He said, 'This is an Apple computer.' I said, 'You've got to be joking.' I dismissed the whole idea." Jobs's friend from Reed College and India, Daniel Kottke , recalled that as an early Apple employee, he "was

4641-455: The expensive Macintosh was hard to sell. In 1985, Bill Gates 's then-developing company, Microsoft , threatened to stop developing Mac applications unless it was granted "a license for the Mac operating system software. Microsoft was developing its graphical user interface ... for DOS, which it was calling Windows and didn't want Apple to sue over the similarities between the Windows GUI and

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4732-427: The fact that she realized she was pregnant, and that Jobs was the father. It took her a few days to tell Jobs, whose face, according to Brennan, "turned ugly" at the news. At the same time, according to Brennan, at the beginning of her third trimester, Jobs said to her: "I never wanted to ask that you get an abortion. I just didn't want to do that." He also refused to discuss the pregnancy with her. Brennan turned down

4823-422: The farm owner. While distant, Jobs worked with her on a name for the baby, which they discussed while sitting in the fields on a blanket. Brennan suggested the name "Lisa" which Jobs also liked and notes that Jobs was very attached to the name "Lisa" while he "was also publicly denying paternity". She would discover later that during this time, Jobs was preparing to unveil a new kind of computer that he wanted to give

4914-470: The first app store were all invented on the NeXTSTEP platform. 1990 CERN: A Joint proposal for a hypertext system is presented to the management. Mike Sendall buys a NeXT cube for evaluation, and gives it to Tim Berners-Lee . Tim's prototype implementation on NeXTSTEP is made in the space of a few months, thanks to the qualities of the NeXTSTEP software development system. This prototype offers WYSIWYG browsing/authoring! Current Web browsers used in "surfing

5005-579: The first batch, Wozniak sold his HP scientific calculator and Jobs sold his Volkswagen van . Later that year, computer retailer Paul Terrell purchased 50 fully assembled Apple I units for $ 500 each. Eventually about 200 Apple I computers were produced in total. A neighbor on Crist Drive recalled Jobs as an odd individual who would greet his clients "with his underwear hanging out, barefoot and hippie-like". Another neighbor, Larry Waterland, who had just earned his PhD in chemical engineering at Stanford, recalled dismissing Jobs's budding business compared to

5096-571: The first mass-produced computer with a GUI. The Macintosh launched the desktop publishing industry in 1985 (for example, the Aldus Pagemaker ) with the addition of the Apple LaserWriter , the first laser printer to feature vector graphics and PostScript . In 1985, Jobs departed Apple after a long power struggle with the company's board and its then-CEO, John Sculley . That same year, Jobs took some Apple employees with him to found NeXT,

5187-403: The first president and CEO of Apple. For what characterizes Apple is that its scientific staff always acted and performed like artists – in a field filled with dry personalities limited by the rational and binary worlds they inhabit, Apple's engineering teams had passion. They always believed that what they were doing was important and, most of all, fun. Working at Apple was never just a job; it

5278-555: The garage. Wayne stayed briefly, leaving Jobs and Wozniak as the active primary cofounders of the company. The two decided on the name "Apple" after Jobs returned from the All One Farm commune in Oregon and told Wozniak about his time in the farm's apple orchard . Jobs originally planned to produce bare printed circuit boards of the Apple I and sell them to computer hobbyists for $ 50 (equivalent to about $ 270 in 2023) each. To fund

5369-417: The internship and decided to leave Apple. A few weeks before she was due to give birth, Brennan was invited to deliver her baby at the All One Farm. She accepted the offer. When Jobs was 23 (the same age as his biological parents when they had him) Brennan gave birth to her baby, Lisa Brennan , on May 17, 1978. Jobs went there for the birth after he was contacted by Robert Friedland , their mutual friend and

5460-489: The local Hare Krishna temple. In that same speech, Jobs said: "If I had never dropped in on that single calligraphy course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts". I was lucky to get into computers when it was a very young and idealistic industry. There weren't many degrees offered in computer science, so people in computers were brilliant people from mathematics, physics, music, zoology, whatever. They loved it, and no one

5551-461: The male population of the United States could be the father". Time also noted that "the baby girl and the machine on which Apple has placed so much hope for the future share the same name: Lisa". In 1978, at age 23, Jobs was worth over $ 1 million (equivalent to $ 4.67 million in 2023). By age 25, his net worth grew to an estimated $ 250 million (equivalent to $ 838 million in 2023). He

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5642-805: The money, Wozniak would have given it to him. Jobs and Wozniak attended meetings of the Homebrew Computer Club in 1975, which was a stepping stone to the development and marketing of the first Apple computer. According to a document released by the United States Department of Defense , Jobs claimed that in 1975, he was arrested in Eugene, Oregon , after being questioned for being a minor in possession of alcohol. Jobs alleged that he "didn't have any alcohol", but police questioned him, and subsequently determined that he had an outstanding arrest warrant for an unpaid speeding ticket. Jobs claimed he then paid

5733-448: The only person who worked in the garage ... Woz would show up once a week with his latest code. Steve Jobs didn't get his hands dirty in that sense." Kottke also stated that much of the early work took place in Jobs's kitchen, where he spent hours on the phone trying to find investors for the company. They received funding from a then-semi-retired Intel product marketing manager and engineer named Mike Markkula . Scott McNealy , one of

5824-533: The project. On January 22, 1984, Apple aired a Super Bowl television commercial titled " 1984 ", which ended with the words: "On January 24th, Apple Computer will introduce Macintosh. And you'll see why 1984 won't be like 1984 ." On January 24, 1984, an emotional Jobs introduced the Macintosh to a wildly enthusiastic audience at Apple's annual shareholders meeting held in the Flint Auditorium at De Anza College. Macintosh engineer Andy Hertzfeld described

5915-451: The relationship. In October 1977, Brennan was approached by Rod Holt , who asked her to take "a paid apprenticeship designing blueprints for the Apples". Both Holt and Jobs believed that it would be a good position for her, given her artistic abilities. Holt was particularly eager that she take the position and puzzled by her ambivalence toward it. Brennan's decision, however, was overshadowed by

6006-458: The rest of your life selling sugared water, or do you want a chance to change the world?". In 1984, Jobs bought the Jackling House and estate and resided there for a decade. Thereafter, he leased it out for several years until 2000 when he stopped maintaining the house, allowing weathering to degrade it. In 2004, Jobs received permission from the town of Woodside to demolish the house to build

6097-523: The scene as "pandemonium". The Macintosh was inspired by the Lisa (in turn inspired by Xerox PARC's mouse -driven graphical user interface ), and it was widely acclaimed by the media with strong initial sales. However, its low performance and limited range of available software led to a rapid sales decline in the second half of 1984. Sculley's and Jobs's respective visions for the company greatly differed. Sculley favored open architecture computers like

6188-410: The school for not challenging his brilliant son. Jobs skipped the 5th grade and transferred to the 6th grade at Crittenden Middle School in Mountain View, where he became a "socially awkward loner". Jobs was often "bullied" at Crittenden Middle, and in the middle of 7th grade, he gave his parents an ultimatum: either they would take him out of Crittenden or he would drop out of school. The Jobs family

6279-471: The shores about then. At Reed there was a constant flow of people stopping by – from Timothy Leary and Richard Alpert , to Gary Snyder . There was a constant flow of intellectual questioning about the truth of life. That was the time when every college student in the country read Be Here Now and Diet for a Small Planet . —Steve Jobs After just one semester, Jobs dropped out of Reed College without telling his parents. Jobs later explained this

6370-649: The two or three most important things [he had] done in [his] life". He spent a period at the All One Farm , a commune in Oregon that was owned by Robert Friedland . During this time period, Jobs and Brennan both became practitioners of Zen Buddhism through the Zen master Kōbun Chino Otogawa . Jobs engaged in lengthy meditation retreats at the Tassajara Zen Mountain Center , the oldest Sōtō Zen monastery in

6461-499: The underlying operating system from the application frameworks, producing OpenStep . OpenStep and its applications can run on multiple underlying operating systems, including OPENSTEP, Windows NT , and Solaris . In 1997, it was updated to 4.4BSD while assimilated into Apple's development of Rhapsody for x86 and PowerPC. NeXTSTEP's direct descendant is Apple's macOS , which then yielded iPhone OS 1 , iOS , iPadOS , watchOS , and tvOS . The first web browser , WorldWideWeb , and

6552-516: The world. As Jobs became more successful with his new company, his relationship with Brennan grew more complex. In 1977, the success of Apple was now a part of their relationship, and Brennan, Daniel Kottke , and Jobs moved into a house near the Apple office in Cupertino . Brennan eventually took a position in the shipping department at Apple. Brennan's relationship with Jobs deteriorated as his position with Apple grew, and she began to consider ending

6643-557: Was 13, in 1968, Jobs was given a summer job by Bill Hewlett (of Hewlett-Packard ) after Jobs cold-called him to ask for parts for an electronics project. The location of the Los Altos home meant that Jobs would be able to attend nearby Homestead High School , which had strong ties to Silicon Valley . He began his first year there in late 1968 along with Bill Fernandez , who introduced Jobs to Steve Wozniak, and would become Apple's first employee. Neither Jobs nor Fernandez (whose father

6734-461: Was a lawyer) came from engineering households and thus decided to enroll in John McCollum's Electronics I class. Jobs had grown his hair long and become involved in the growing counterculture, and the rebellious youth eventually clashed with McCollum and lost interest in the class. Jobs underwent a change during mid-1970. He later noted to his official biographer that "I started to listen to music

6825-406: Was already aware, and later said that he had been deeply loved and indulged by Paul and Clara. Jobs would "bristle" when Paul and Clara were referred to as his "adoptive parents", and he regarded them as his parents "1,000%". Jobs referred to his biological parents as "my sperm and egg bank. That's not harsh, it's just the way it was, a sperm bank thing, nothing more." I always thought of myself as

6916-587: Was also a board member at Gap Inc. from 1999 to 2002. In 2003, Jobs was diagnosed with a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor . He died of tumor-related respiratory arrest in 2011; in 2022, he was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom . Since his death, he has won 141 patents; Jobs holds over 450 patents in total. Steven Paul Jobs was born in San Francisco, California, on February 24, 1955, to Joanne Carole Schieble and Abdulfattah "John" Jandali ( Arabic : عبد الفتاح الجندلي ). Abdulfattah Jandali

7007-488: Was also a crusade, a mission, to bring better computer power to people. At its roots, that attitude came from Steve Jobs. It was " Power to the People ", the slogan of the sixties, rewritten in technology for the eighties and called Macintosh . —Jeffrey S. Young, 1987 After Brennan returned from her own journey to India, she and Jobs fell in love again, as Brennan noted changes in him that she attributes to Kobun (whom she

7098-563: Was also one of the youngest "people ever to make the Forbes list of the nation's richest people—and one of only a handful to have done it themselves, without inherited wealth". In 1982, Jobs bought an apartment on the top two floors of The San Remo , a Manhattan building with a politically progressive reputation. Although he never lived there, he spent years renovating it thanks to I. M. Pei . In 1983, Jobs lured John Sculley away from Pepsi-Cola to serve as Apple's CEO, asking, "Do you want to spend

7189-539: Was also still following). It was also at this time that Jobs displayed a prototype Apple II computer for Brennan and his parents in their living room. Brennan notes a shift in this time period, where the two main influences on Jobs were Apple Inc. and Kobun . In April 1977, Jobs and Wozniak introduced the Apple II at the West Coast Computer Faire . It is the first consumer product to have been sold by Apple Computer. Primarily designed by Wozniak, Jobs oversaw

7280-400: Was an individual, in a world where individuality was suspect." By his senior year in late 1971, he was taking a freshman English class at Stanford and working on a Homestead underground film project with Chrisann Brennan. Around that time, Wozniak designed a low-cost digital " blue box " to generate the necessary tones to manipulate the telephone network, allowing free long-distance calls. He

7371-481: Was an unusual implementation of tabbed browsing , in which the tabs are displayed vertically in a drawer on the side of the window (including optional thumbnail pictures of the pages.) Despite controversy over the merits of a tab drawer over a tab toolbar, the feature persists through the final version. On September 7, 2006, version 5.5 was released. Major new features include the use of a custom version of WebKit instead of WebCore, universal binary support, saving to

7462-435: Was because he did not want to spend his parents' money on an education that seemed meaningless to him. He continued to attend by auditing his classes, including a course on calligraphy that was taught by Robert Palladino . In a 2005 commencement speech at Stanford University , Jobs stated that during this period, he slept on the floor in friends' dorm rooms, returned Coke bottles for food money, and got weekly free meals at

7553-700: Was born in a Muslim household to wealthy Syrian parents, the youngest of nine siblings. After obtaining his undergraduate degree at the American University of Beirut , Jandali pursued a PhD in political science at the University of Wisconsin . There, he met Joanne Schieble, an American Catholic of Swiss-German descent whose parents owned a mink farm and real estate in Green Bay . The two fell in love but faced opposition from Schieble's father due to Jandali's Muslim faith. When Schieble became pregnant, she arranged for

7644-578: Was built upon Mach and BSD, initially 4.3BSD-Tahoe . A preview release of NeXTSTEP (version 0.8) was shown with the launch of the NeXT Computer on October 12, 1988. The first full release, NeXTSTEP 1.0, shipped on September 18, 1989. It was updated to 4.3BSD-Reno in NeXTSTEP 3.0. The last version, 3.3, was released in early 1995, for the Motorola 68000 family based NeXT computers, Intel x86 , Sun SPARC , and HP PA-RISC -based systems. NeXT separated

7735-465: Was developed using NeXTSTEP. About the time of the release of NeXTSTEP 3.2, NeXT partnered with Sun Microsystems to develop OpenStep . It is the product of an effort to separate the underlying operating system from the higher-level object libraries to create a cross-platform object-oriented API standard derived from NeXTSTEP. OpenStep was released for Sun's Solaris , Windows NT , and NeXT's Mach kernel -based operating system. NeXT's implementation

7826-526: Was inspired by an article titled "Secrets of the Little Blue Box" from the October 1971 issue of Esquire . Jobs decided then to sell them and split the profit with Wozniak. The clandestine sales of the illegal blue boxes went well and perhaps planted the seed in Jobs's mind that electronics could be both fun and profitable. In a 1994 interview, he recalled that it took six months for him and Wozniak to design

7917-490: Was named for my daughter". When Jobs denied paternity, a DNA test established him as Lisa's father. It required him to pay Brennan $ 385 (equivalent to about $ 1,200 in 2023) monthly in addition to returning the welfare money she had received. Jobs paid her $ 500 (equivalent to about $ 1,500 in 2023) monthly at the time when Apple went public and made him a millionaire. Later, Brennan agreed to interview with Michael Moritz for Time magazine for its Time Person of

8008-526: Was not affluent, and only by expending all their savings were they able to buy a new home in 1967, allowing Steve to change schools. The new house (a three-bedroom home on Crist Drive in Los Altos, California ) was in the better Cupertino School District , in Cupertino, California . The house was declared a historic site in 2013, as the first site of Apple Computer. As of 2013 , it was owned by Jobs's sister, Patty, and occupied by his stepmother, Marilyn. When he

8099-486: Was really in it for the money [...] There are people around here who start companies just to make money, but the great companies, well, that's not what they're about. —Steve Jobs In February 1974, Jobs returned to his parents' home in Los Altos and began looking for a job. He was soon hired by Atari, Inc. in Los Gatos, California , as a computer technician . Back in 1973, Steve Wozniak designed his own version of

8190-479: Was successively lowered, first to $ 39.95, then on February 24, 2009, Omni Group announced that OmniWeb would be made available for free, a change from its previous price of $ 14.95. The Omni Group official website now states that the browser is no longer under active development. OmniWeb was popular in the early 2000s when OmniGroup's experience developing for OpenStep (which became the foundation for Mac OS X) gave them an edge over other developers. Until Apple's Safari,

8281-426: Was very slow, particularly when scrolling, and was not fully compatible with the most recent web standards , such as Cascading Style Sheets . In OmniWeb version 4.5, the Omni Group adopted Apple's KHTML -based WebCore rendering engine, which was created by Apple for its Safari browser. On August 11, 2004, the Omni Group released version 5.0 of OmniWeb, which added several new features. The most notable addition

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