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54-697: Oltremontani ("those from over the Alps") were those of the Franco-Flemish School of composers who dominated the musical landscape of Northern Italy during the middle of the sixteenth Century. The role of the oltremontani composers at the ducal courts of Italy was analogous to the dominance at the Spanish court of the Flemish chapel (capilla flamenca) , and other composers of the Franco-Flemish School in Germany and France. In

108-478: A fireplace from the castle of Gouy-lez-Pedestrian, and another fireplace in 1603 from the Château d'Havré . On 23 April 2006 was inaugurated a bronze statuary group by Garouste Gerard, creator of a fresco for the wedding hall. The work, evoking the combat of St. George and the dragon, is in front of City Hall at the bottom of the stair-ramps providing access to one of the entrances to City Hall. These buildings surround

162-450: A good example. Sources Mons, Belgium Mons ( French: [mɔ̃s] ; German and Dutch : Bergen , Dutch pronunciation: [ˈbɛrɣə(n)] ; Walloon and Picard : Mont ) is a city and municipality of Wallonia , and the capital of the province of Hainaut , Belgium. Mons was made into a fortified city by Count Baldwin IV of Hainaut in

216-487: A result of the riot, but the event focused attention on prisons throughout Belgium. Today, the city is an important university town and commercial centre. The municipality consists of the following sub-municipalities : Ciply , Cuesmes , Flénu , Ghlin , Harmignies , Harveng , Havré , Hyon , Jemappes , Maisières , Mesvin , Mons proper, Nimy , Nouvelles , Obourg , Saint-Denis , Saint-Symphorien , Spiennes , and Villers-Saint-Ghislain . Tanks in town commemorates

270-462: A saint upon her death in 688. She was canonized in 1039. Like Ath , its neighbour to the north-west, Mons was made a fortified city by Count Baldwin IV of Hainaut in the 12th century. The population grew quickly, trade flourished, and several commercial buildings were erected near the Grand-Place. The 12th century also saw the appearance of the first town halls. The city had 4,700 inhabitants by

324-574: A small, irregularly shaped square, the Mayor's Garden, from which the Rue d'Enghien descends. The Ropieur Fountain, by sculptor Léon Gobert (1869–1935), can be found in the middle of the square. The ropieur symbolizes a young insolent resident of Mons, drenching passersby with water from the fountain. Although located in the heart of the old County of Hainaut, the Saint Waltrude Collegiate Church

378-475: A teacher-student-relationship between them rarely existed. Most of these musicians were born in the thriving Burgundian provinces of Artois , Flanders , Brabant , Hainaut , or Limburg . Others were born in Northern and Southern France, like Guillaume Faugues , Simone de Bonefont and Antoine Brumel who was one of the most influential composers of his generation. During periods of political and economic stability,

432-455: Is expressed by a Latin cross sign. It measures 115 metres long, 32 metres wide and rises to 24.5 metres at the keystone. The chancel is surrounded by an ambulatory and 15 chapels. Also called El Catiau by Montois, it was built in the 17th century. The Belfry is the only Baroque style building in Belgium that reaches a height of 87 meters. In its top section it contains a 49 bell carillon. It

486-468: Is located nearby for private aircraft. Mons has a typical Belgian oceanic climate with relatively narrow temperature differences between seasons for its inland 50° latitude, as a result of Gulf Stream influence. The town hosts a professional basketball team called Belfius Mons-Hainaut and a tennis tournament called the Ethias Trophy . It previously hosted the football club R.A.E.C. Mons , though

540-417: Is one of the most characteristic churches and most homogeneous of Brabantine Gothic architecture . The collegiate was built in the 15th century on the orders of canons. Along with the nearby Belfry, it is considered as a major symbol of the city of Mons. It contains many works of Jacques du Broeucq . It is made of local materials like sandstone, blue stone and brick. It is designed in a classic form, which

594-610: Is used as commercial space, while other floors are used for housing. Generally behind the houses there is a small garden. The outskirts of the city are also generally made of brick terraced houses. They nevertheless have the largest green spaces in the front or rear. In more remote areas of the centre, there are four façades of the villas. After the Second World War the city experienced rather limited construction of buildings. Some public housing have been built in Ghlin, Hyon Jemappes and in

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648-533: The 12th century. The population grew quickly, trade flourished, and several commercial buildings were erected near the Grand-Place. In 1814, King William I of the Netherlands increased the fortifications, following the fall of the First French Empire . The Industrial Revolution and coal mining made Mons a centre of heavy industry. In 1830, Belgium gained its independence and the decision was made to dismantle

702-528: The 82.7% who live in single family homes, only 26% (37.3% in Belgium) are separate houses, while 55.7% (44.4 in Belgium) are detached or terraced houses. That's pretty much a small town in Belgium. Large municipalities have in fact fewer single family homes, but many more apartments whereas the smallest towns have few apartments and a lot of single family homes. The figures show very clearly the strong presence of terraced houses rather than separate houses: it exemplifies

756-656: The European courts in Italy where they were called "I fiamminghi" or Oltremontani ("those from over the Alps") and Spain —notably in the Flemish chapel (capilla flamenca) of the Habsburgs , or to towns in Germany , and other parts of Europe—Poland, the Czech lands, Austria, Hungary, England, Sweden, Denmark, Saxony—carrying their styles with them. The exact centres shifted during this time, and by

810-561: The Franco-Flemish/Netherlandish school. Development of this musical style was continuous, and these generations only provide useful reference points. Composed between 1450 and 1520, these motets were typically written for four voices, with all voices being equal. They often exhibit thick, dark textures, with an extended low range. The most notable composers of this style include Ockeghem and Josquin , whose De profundis clamavi ad te , composed between 1500 and 1521, provides

864-431: The Netherlands fortified the city heavily. In 1830, however, Belgium gained its independence and the decision was made to dismantle fortified cities such as Mons, Charleroi , and Namur . The actual removal of fortifications only happened in the 1860s, allowing the creation of large boulevards and other urban projects. The Industrial Revolution and coal mining made Mons a center of heavy industry, which strongly influenced

918-451: The alliance in 1967. The relocation of SHAPE to this particular region of Belgium was largely a political decision, based in large part on the depressed economic conditions of the area at the time with the view to bolstering the economy of the region. A riot in the prison of Mons took place in April 2006 after prisoner complaints concerning living conditions and treatment; no deaths were reported as

972-417: The centre. Each year, the square is used as an action theatre called Lumeçon to stage a battle between Saint George and Dragon . The Grand-Place is also equipped with a fountain, which opened on 21 March 2006. It also hosts a Christmas market and sometimes an ice rink during the winter holiday period. The façade of the building called "au Blan Levrie" shows the care with which the city attempted to unite

1026-784: The city became the target of various occupations, starting in May 1572 with the Protestant takeover by Louis of Nassau , who had hoped to clear the way for the French Protestant leader Gaspard de Coligny to oppose Spanish rule. After the murder of de Coligny during the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre , the Duke of Alba took control of Mons in September 1572 in the name of the Catholic King of Spain . This spelled

1080-524: The city is an important university town and commercial centre. The main square is the centre of the old city. It is paved in the manner of old cities and is home to many cafes and restaurants, as well as the Town Hall and Belfry . It is forbidden to park in or drive through the centre. Together with the Czech city of Plzeň , Mons was the European Capital of Culture in 2015. The first signs of activity in

1134-576: The city was heavily bombed. During the Battle of the Mons Pocket US Army forces encircled and took 25,000 Germans prisoner in early September 1944. After the war, most industries went into decline. NATO 's Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) was relocated in Casteau , a village near Mons, from Rocquencourt on the outskirts of Paris after France's withdrawal from the military structure of

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1188-511: The counts mentioned the House of Peace, located in the Rue Nimy. Other documents of the same time let one suppose that there existed two Houses of Peace, the one in the Rue Nimy and the other in the market area. It was in 1323 that Count William I gave permission to build the House of Peace on the location of the current City Hall. This is called a "Town House" built of stones and bricks at the base, while

1242-617: The courts of the Burgundian dukes were a centre of cultural activity in Europe. Franco-Flemish composers had their origins in ecclesiastical choir schools such as at the cathedrals and collegiate churches of Saint-Quentin , Arras , Valenciennes , Douai , Bourges , Liège , Tournai , Cambrai , Mons , Antwerp , Bruges , and Ghent , although they were famous for working elsewhere. Numerous musicians established themselves in French court or moved to

1296-531: The culture and image of the Borinage region as a whole. It was to become an integral part of the sillon industriel , the industrial backbone of Wallonia . On 17 April 1893, between Mons and Jemappes , seven strikers were killed by the civic guard at the end of the Belgian general strike of 1893 . This general strike was one of the first general strikes in an industrial country. The proposed law on universal suffrage

1350-504: The end of the 13th century. Mons succeeded Valenciennes as the capital of the county of Hainaut in 1295 and grew to 8,900 inhabitants by the end of the 15th century. In the 1450s, Matheus de Layens took over the construction of the Saint Waltrude church from Jan Spijkens and restored the Town Hall. In 1515, Charles V took an oath in Mons as Count of Hainaut. In this period of its history,

1404-588: The end of the sixteenth century the focal point of the Western musical world had moved from the Low Countries to Italy. To conclude, let us recall that the expression "Franco-Flemish" and the more biased one of "Dutch school" are still controversial among musicologists. They were not in use at that time and seem to cover only part of the linguistic, political, territorial and historical reality. Following are five groups, or generations, that are sometimes distinguished in

1458-421: The floor and various stone ornaments. In its current state, the Town Hall consists of a remarkable collection of various buildings housing a large proportion of municipal services. These buildings have undergone many changes over the centuries, restorations and additions of elements from other buildings, such as a Gothic style fireplace from castle Trazegnies, carved doors of the 16th century saved from demolition,

1512-569: The fortifications, allowing the creation of large boulevards and other urban projects. In 1914, Mons was the location of the Battle of Mons . The British were forced to retreat by a numerically superior German force and the town remained occupied by the Germans until its liberation by the Canadian Corps during the final days of the war. There are several memorial placards related to the WW1 battles. Today,

1566-425: The introduction in 1828 of city gas to illuminate new avenues and streets. These two changes are made possible by the demolition of the fortifications, which releases the land, and the diversion of Trouille including the strategic role of supply ditches was then passed. The "water machine" was restored in the early 1990s, and the building now hosts various cultural events. The machinery was dismantled. Waux Hall park

1620-578: The late-renaissance, early-baroque 4 and 5 voice madrigal and laid the foundation for Marenzio , Monteverdi and Carlo Gesualdo . The first madrigals for 3, 4 and 5 voices were primarily written by Flemish composers in Italy, such as Philippe Verdelot , in Florence, Jacques Arcadelt in Venice, though the first madrigal collection, in 1530, also included works by a native Italian, Costanzo Festa . The madrigal genre

1674-845: The liberation of Belgium during World War II by the American 3rd Armored Division , and is one of the world's largest gatherings of WWII tanks. There are several public educational facilities in Mons: Mons is located along the N56 road . It is also accessed via European route E42 , which is a continuation of French Autoroute A2 , linking the British WW1 battlefields of Mons with the Somme Battlefields, Mons railway station opened on 19 December 1841. A small, general aviation airfield Saint-Ghislain Airport

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1728-465: The mountain on which the castrum was built. In the 7th century, Saint Ghislain and two of his disciples built an oratory or chapel dedicated to Saints Peter and Paul near the Mons hill, at a place called Ursidongus, now known as Saint-Ghislain . Soon after, Saint Waltrude (in French Sainte Waudru ), daughter of one of Chlothar II ’s intendants, came to the oratory and was proclaimed

1782-542: The musical innovation during the 17th Century. Franco-Flemish School Several generations of Renaissance composers from the region loosely known as the Low Countries (Imperial and French fiefs ruled in personal union by the House of Valois-Burgundy in the period from 1384 to 1482)—i.e. present-day Northern France , Belgium and the Southern Netherlands —are grouped under "Franco-Flemish School", though

1836-534: The old and the modern. It is the first authorised building in the main square which was made of stone to avoid fire incidents. It was originally built in 1530 in the Gothic style, for the Malaperts, a wealthy local family. In 1975, the architects A. Godart and O. Dupire were assigned to design a bank. They proceeded to gut the interior and conduct a precise survey of the whole before beginning the restoration project. The façade

1890-463: The plan (which was not found) was not completed, including the abandonment of the second floor, which was still intended for construction. The Renaissance campanile was added in the 18th century. It contains a bell dating from 1390, the Bancloque, and carries a clock dial overlooking the Grand-Place and a light clock. The 19th century saw various modifications of the façade, the removal of stone mullions to

1944-408: The preeminent post of maestro di cappella of St Mark's Basilica . Likewise the beginning of the end of that preeminence is signalled by the resignation of Cipriano de Rore from the same post in 1565, in favour of Gioseffe Zarlino , with Andrea Gabrieli as organist, both of whom were students of Willaert . Henceforth the Low Countries, and the rest of Europe, would look to Italy as the leaders in

1998-555: The region of Mons are found at Spiennes , where some of the best flint tools in Europe were found dating from the Neolithic period. When Julius Caesar arrived in the region in the 1st century BC, the region was settled by the Nervii , a Belgian tribe. A castrum was built in Roman (Belgica) times, giving the settlement its Latin name Castrilocus . The name was later changed into Montes for

2052-516: The ruin of the city and the arrest of many of its inhabitants; from 1580 to 1584, Mons became the capital of the Southern Netherlands . On 8 April 1691, after a nine-month siege, Louis XIV ’s army stormed the city, which again suffered heavy casualties. From 1697 to 1701, Mons was alternately French or Austrian. After being under French control from 1701 to 1709, the Dutch and British armies gained

2106-692: The sacred field the works of the Oltremontani are similar to the Ars Perfecta style of previous generations in the Low Countries, and to their countrymen in Spain and Germany. But in the field of secular music the Oltremontani , Flemish composers in Italy, were quick to progress and adapt Italian vernacular forms. It was partly the Flemish polyphonic "northern heritage" which raised the indigenous frottola and villota into

2160-449: The sanitary and hygiene concerns which arose in Mons in 1865-1870 and marks the transition from medieval water supply wells, springs and hand pumps, to operation of pumps suction and force. This progress at domestic level transformed the townspeople's way of life and changed the boundaries of Mons and Spiennes. They used to get water from wells or fountains, sometimes over a hundred yards from their homes. Soon followed another urban project:

2214-450: The suburbs of the city. Since the late 1990s and especially since the arson which took place in one of these buildings, the city undertook a policy of deconstruction of these houses which is still in progress at the moment. A whole series of social buildings are evenly dispersed in the downtown and surrounding suburbs. 16,5% of the city's population lives in apartments (17% in Belgium) and 82.7% in single-family homes (82.3% in Belgium). Of

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2268-457: The superstructure is of wood. This building underwent various changes during the 15th century until 1477, when the nearby shop in the arsenal exploded. The destroyed buildings were rebuilt and benefitted from new changes and additions over the centuries. The architect of the City Hall, Matthew Layens of Leuven, was called to draw up plans. It was to be a building in Gothic style, but it seems that

2322-407: The team has since disbanded. There is also a horse racing venue at Hippodrome de Wallonie in Mons. The centre consists largely of red brick houses. Although there are few old buildings and rarely new blue stone buildings, its use is generally limited to parts of the decorative walls. Much of the centre is made up of houses which are two or three storeys high. In commercial areas, the ground floor

2376-638: The upper hand in the Battle of Malplaquet and the Siege of Mons in 1709. In 1715, Mons returned to Austria under the terms of the Treaty of Utrecht (1713). But the French did not give up easily; Louis XV besieged the city again in 1746. After the Battle of Jemappes (1792), the Hainaut area was annexed to France and Mons became the capital of Jemappes . Following the fall of the First French Empire in 1814, King William I of

2430-455: The urbanization of downtown, but also urban cores such as Jemappes et Cuesmes . The Grand-Place is the centre of the old city. It is situated near the shopping street (pedestrian) and the Belfry. It is paved in the manner of old cities and is home to many cafes and restaurants, as well as the Town Hall. The outskirts of the square are accessible by car, but it is forbidden to park or drive through

2484-490: The war. Within the front entrance to the City Hall, there are several memorial placards related to the First World War battles and in particular, one has the inscription: MONS WAS RECAPTURED BY THE CANADIAN CORPS ON THE 11th NOVEMBER 1918: AFTER FIFTY MONTHS OF GERMAN OCCUPATION, FREEDOM WAS RESTORED TO THE CITY: HERE WAS FIRED THE LAST SHOT OF THE GREAT WAR. During the Second World War, as an important industrial centre,

2538-458: The way of which was treated at the entrance gate.[?]" Originally its communal organization, Mons was a City Hall called "House of Peace." Earlier the deputy mayors were on the castle of the Counts of Hainaut, and now it is only the conciergerier, Saint-Calixte chapel and some underground rooms and the chamber. This place is now Castle Park, where we can also see the Belfry. Already in the 13th century,

2592-469: The year when the river Trouille was diverted. Designed by the architect Hubert and the engineer Celi Moullan, this impressive machinery of pipes and mains was built in metal and glass and forced the water from the valley level up to the town water tanks in the castle place yard. To source the water, Mons purchased two springs known as the "Mouse Hole" and "La Vallière," and the water was transported via hydraulic motor. The "water machine" still bears witness to

2646-625: Was approved the day after by the Belgian Parliament. On 23–24 August 1914, Mons was the location of the Battle of Mons —the first battle fought by the British Army in World War I . The British were forced to retreat with just over 1,600 casualties, and the town remained occupied by the Germans until its liberation in the Second Battle of Mons by the Canadian Corps during the final days of

2700-453: Was built in the 19th century (1862–1864) at the initiative of the Society of Waux Hall created for this purpose by members of the bourgeoisie. It is therefore the source of a private park. It is located at the site of Fort said that the Dutch formed an outwork the last fortification (1815–1864). Remnants of the fort still exist under the current pavillon. The gardens were designed by Louis Fuchs and

2754-473: Was classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site on 1 December 1999, as part of the Belfries of Belgium and France site. Victor Hugo described the Belfry in a letter to his wife as "a coffeepot flanked by four smaller teapots." The Press House dates back to the 16th century and is a rare example of a house in traditional Spanish style in Mons. It is made in a simple architectural way using brick. This material

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2808-399: Was completely restored, sometimes (as below) by extending the design of mouldings, but the fenestration proved impossible to restore as there were not enough clues from the remains of the original to do so. Therefore, "The choice was directed towards a contemporary discrete [style], appearing in second test [?]: they are steel frame whose profiles are thinner. » Impression yet reinforced by

2862-482: Was economical and used after the fire in 1548, because when it was rebuilt, the cost of stone had increased. In 1548, the deputy mayor had prohibited the use of flammable materials. The buildings were restored in 1919–1920, on the plans of the communal architect E. Bertiaux and are occupied by the Maison de la Presse. This industrial hall is all that remains of the "machine" that supplied Mons with drinkable water from 1871,

2916-461: Was taken up by Adrian Willaert , Cipriano de Rore , Giaches de Wert , Giovanni de Macque and, although he was based in Munich , the pan-European publishing phenomenon that was Orlando di Lasso . The zenith of the influence of the Oltremontani can perhaps be indicated by the tenure of the Flemish musicians Albertus Francigena 1485–1491, Petrus De Fossis 1491–1527, and Adrian Willaert from 1527, in

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