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65-472: The company is known for innovative product design, ranging from the 1950s Lettera 22 portable typewriter, to some of the first commercial programmable desktop calculators , such as the 1964 Programma 101 , as well as the pop-art inspired Valentine typewriter of 1969. Between 1954 and 2001, Italy's Association of Industrial Design (ADI) awarded 16 Compasso d'Oro prizes to Olivetti products and designs – more than any other company or designer. The company

130-401: A magnetic coating on one side and an area for writing on the other. Each card can be recorded on two stripes, enabling it to store two programs. Five registers are stored on the card; two registers are dedicated to the program code, the other three registers (D, E, F) can be used for code and/or numbers. Instructions occupy one byte, and a magnetic card can hold 120 instructions. The cards use

195-621: A 10% stake valued at around $ 300 million , amidst a wave of investment in European companies by their US counterparts. Digital were already reselling Olivetti personal computer models in Europe, and the investment presented an opportunity for the adoption of Digital's Alpha processor in Olivetti's workstation products. The investment programme was to be conducted in two steps over an 18 month period, augmented by additional share purchases. The partnership between

260-414: A 22-digit number with sign and decimal point or 24 instructions each consisting of a letter and a symbol. Five of the registers (B, C, D, E, F) can be subdivided into half-registers, each containing an 11-digit number with sign and decimal point. It uses a kind of Modified Harvard architecture where data registers and instruction register are clearly separated, but it allows for some data to be written in

325-535: A Lettera 22 in 1964. Austrian composer Olga Neuwirth requested an Olivetti Lettera 22 in her 2018 piece Magic Flu-idity for solo-flute (and typewriter). Sylvia Plath used an Olivetti Lettera 22 on Cape Cod with Ted Hughes in July 1957: "They had no phone and no car, just their bicycles, Sylvia's new Olivetti Lettera 22 typewriter (a gift from Aurelia), some books, and clothes" Programma 101 The Olivetti Programma 101 , also known as Perottina or P101 ,

390-807: A controlling stake in Olivetti, but sold it to a consortium including the Pirelli and Benetton groups two years later. Olivetti then launched a hostile bid for Telecom Italia in February 1999, despite being less than a seventh of the size of its target. In a take-over battle against Deutsche Telekom and other potential bidders that initially seem to have been settled in Deutsche Telecom's favour, with an $ 82 billion merger reportedly agreed in April 1999, Olivetti won out and controlled 52.12% of former monopoly Telecom Italia, Italy's #1 fixed-line and mobile phone operator. However,

455-432: A cycle time of 2.2 milliseconds . The focus of the engineering team was to deliver a very simple product, something that anyone could use. To take care of the ergonomics and aesthetics of a product that did not exist before, Roberto Olivetti called Mario Bellini , a young Italian architect: I remember that one day I received a call from Roberto Olivetti: "I want to see you for a complex project I'm building". It involved

520-416: A desktop computer, sort of, kind of, called an Olivetti Programma 101. It was a kind of supercalculator. It was probably a foot and a half square, and about maybe eight inches tall. It would add, subtract, multiply, and divide, but it would remember a sequence of these things, and it would record that sequence on a magnetic card, a magnetic strip that was about a foot long and two inches wide. So you could write

585-502: A mainframe and used in the finance sector. It was followed in 1977 by the TC1800 . During the 1970s Olivetti also manufactured and sold two ranges of minicomputers. The 'A' series started with the typewriter-sized A4 through to the large A8, and the desk-sized DE500 and DE700 series. Olivetti's first modern personal computer, the M20 , featuring a Zilog Z8000 CPU , was released in 1982. The M20

650-576: A roll of paper tape, similar to calculator or cash register paper. The Programma 101 was launched at the 1964 New York World's Fair , attracting major interest. A total of 40,000 units were sold; 90% of them in the United States where the sale price was $ 3,200 (increasing to about $ 3,500 in 1968. ) About 10 Programma 101 were sold to NASA and used to plan the Apollo 11 landing on the Moon. By Apollo 11 we had

715-527: A sequence, a programming sequence, and load it in there, and the if you would – the Lunar Module high-gain antenna was not very smart, it didn't know where Earth was. [...] We would have to run four separate programs on this Programma 101 [...] The P101 is mentioned as part of the system used by the US Air Force to compute coordinates for ground-directed bombing of B-52 Stratofortress targets during

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780-407: A significant purchaser of laser printers and laptops from Olivetti, but had begun to manufacture its own personal computers and planned to produce its own laptop products. Meanwhile, Olivetti had been slow to introduce Alpha-based products, eventually shipping models based on Digital's own products. With Digital's finances under pressure, posting quarterly losses and incurring costs around redundancies,

845-409: A simple machine language. The instructions or digits occupy eight bits, codified in binary-coded decimal . In instructions the left nibble stores the affected register and the right nibble the instruction, while in digits the first nibble stores information about the number, such as the sign or the decimal place, and the last nibble stores the actual digit. It prints programs and results onto

910-736: A team of 500 engineers, and decided to include transistors in the Elea 9003. Mario Bellini joined Sottsass at Olivetti in 1963. He designed the Programma 101 (1965), the Divisumma 18 (1973), and the Logos 68 (1973) calculators, and in 1966 the TCV-250 video display terminal . Mario Bellini and Ettore Sottsass , who by then directed design for Olivetti, hired designers such as George Sowden and James Irvine . Sowden worked for Olivetti from 1970 until 1990 and designed

975-610: Is a portable mechanical typewriter designed by Marcello Nizzoli in 1949 or, according to the company's current owner Telecom Italia , 1950. This typewriter was very popular in Italy , receiving the Compasso d'Oro prize in 1954. In 1959 the Illinois Institute of Technology chose the Lettera 22 as the best designed product of the last 100 years. The typewriter is about 27x37x8 cm (with

1040-462: Is no ribbon left on the feed reel; two mechanical sensors, situated next to each wheel, move when the ribbon is put under tension (indicating ribbon end), attaching the appropriate wheel to the ribbon transport mechanism and detaching the other. The Lettera 22 uses a basket shift or segment shift (that is, the unit including the typebars moves up and down when shifting, as opposed to the full carriage shift system or hinged carriage shift). The Lettera 22

1105-573: Is one of the first "all in one" commercial desktop programmable calculators , although not the first. Produced by Italian manufacturer Olivetti , based in Ivrea , Piedmont , and invented by the Italian engineer Pier Giorgio Perotto , the P101 used many features of large computers of that period. It was launched at the 1964 New York World's Fair ; volume production started in 1965. A futuristic design for its time,

1170-470: Is quite compact compared to other 1950s portable typewriters using a basket shift, such as the Smith Corona Sterling or Remington-Rand Quiet-Riter. The Lettera 22 also features a tabulator setting and clearing system that is controlled from the keyboard, and an innovative margin release that does double duty as a paragraph indentation key (it indents a paragraph when it is held down as the carriage

1235-516: Is returned). For the Italian market the keyboard is in the QZERTY layout, as with most Italian machines (excluding modern computer keyboards). Aside from the typing keys, the keyboard includes a space bar , two shift keys , one caps lock key, a backspace key and a margin release key. Of these, only the backspace key bears a mark on it (an arrow pointing right), while the other five mentioned are left anonymous. The character set conspicuously lacks

1300-497: The Elea 9003 . Although 40 large commercial 9003 and over 100 smaller 6001 scientific machines were completed and leased to customers to 1964, low sales, loss of two key managers and financial instability caused Olivetti to withdraw from the field in 1964. In 1965 Olivetti released the Programma 101 , considered one of the first commercial desktop programmable calculators. It was saved from

1365-849: The Telecom Italia group, maintaining a separate identity as Olivetti Tecnost. In 2005, Telecom Italia relaunched the company in the information technology sector, investing €200 million, at first restoring the original Olivetti brand, then replacing it with Olivetti Tecnost in 2003. In 2007, Olivetti launched the "LINEA_OFFICE", designed by Jasper Morrison for Olivetti; a new line of PCs, notebooks, printers, fax machines and calculators. Olivetti today operates in Italy and Switzerland , and has sales associates in 83 countries. Research and development are located in Agliè , Carsoli and Scarmagno in Italy, and Yverdon , Switzerland. In March 2011 Olivetti began producing

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1430-554: The Underwood Typewriter Company that year. In 1964 the company sold its electronics division to the American company General Electric . In order to qualify for new loans, bankers made it a condition that the company's electronic division be sold to General Electric. It continued to develop new computing products on its own; one of these was Programma 101 , one of the first commercially produced programmable calculators . In

1495-610: The carriage return lever adding another 1–2 centimeters in height), making it quite portable for the time's standards, even though its 3.7 kg (8.2 lb) weight may somewhat limit portability. The Lettera 22 was rebranded and marketed in the United States as the Sears Courier and Diplomat, with red bodywork and white keys. It was succeeded in 1963 by the Olivetti Lettera 32 . Many notable figures have used examples of

1560-567: The netbooks introduced 20 years later. Olivetti did attempt to recover its position by introducing the Envision in 1995, a full multimedia PC , to be used in the living room ; this project was a failure. Gateway also introduced a similar product in the U.S., called the Destination 2000, around the same period, to a similarly mixed commercial reception. The company continued to develop personal computers until it sold its PC business in 1997. In

1625-501: The 1950s, is dedicated to him and his Lettera 22. German writer Günter Grass had three Olivetti Letteras, which he used exclusively at his homes in Portugal, Germany ( Schleswig-Holstein ) and Denmark. American writer Joan Didion mentions her Olivetti Lettera 22 in her book Where I Was From (2003), recalling that she typed her first novel, Run, River (1963), on it. William S. Burroughs replaced his Remington typewriter with

1690-515: The 1970s and 1980s, they were the biggest manufacturer for office machines in Europe and 2nd biggest PC vendor behind IBM in Europe. Olivetti also inspired Thomas J. Watson Jr. to change IBM's approach to industrial design beginning in the 1950s. In 1980, Olivetti began distributing in Indonesia through Dragon Computer & Communication. In 1981, Olivetti installed the electronic voting systems for

1755-550: The 1980s and 1990s Olivetti continued to release PC compatible machines, facing mounting competition from other brands. It turned to laptops, introducing in 1991 the D33 , a laptop in a carry case, and continuing with the M111 , M211 , S20 , D33 , Philos and Echos series. A very interesting subnotebook was the Quaderno , about the same size as an A5 paper – it was the grandfather of

1820-568: The 1990s, Olivetti's computer businesses were in great difficulty, reportedly because of the competition from US vendors and new cheap manufacturers for PC components in Taiwan like ASUS , MSI , Gigabyte and others from which local system builders profited much to offer cheaper PCs than Olivetti did with their own designs. It was on the brink of collapse and had needed government support to stay afloat. In 1992, Digital Equipment Corporation announced its intention to invest in Olivetti, approximating to

1885-474: The American variant is in the QWERTY layout. Although the character set lacks the number "1", presumably to be replaced by the lowercase "l", the "0" is present. One key has the fractions ½ and (shifted) ¼, while another has ¢ (cents) and (shifted) @. A $ is present above the number "4". A British version varies in that it has the "@" placed above the number "4", as well as having the fractions ⅔ and (shifted) ⅓ where

1950-525: The American version has ¢ and (shifted) @. é " ' ( _ è ^ ç à ) -  q z e r t y u i o p ì   a s d f g h j k l m ù    w x c v b n , ; : ò 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 & ° +  Q Z E R T Y U I O P =   A S D F G H J K L M %    W X C V B N ? . / ! The Olivetti Lettera 22 is mentioned in Thomas Pynchon 's 2009 novel Inherent Vice . The Olivetti Lettera 22 typewriter

2015-509: The ETV series video typewriters based on CP/M operating system, ETV 240, ETV 250, ETV 300, ETV 350 and later MS-DOS operating system based ETV 260, ETV 500, ETV 2700, ETV 2900, ETV 4000s word processing systems having floppy drives or hard disks . Some of them (ETV 300, 350, 500, 2900) were external boxes that could be connected through an optional serial interface to many of the ET series office typewriters,

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2080-619: The European Parliament in Strasburg and Luxembourg. In 1986, the company acquired Triumph-Adler , a major office equipment manufacturer based in Germany that also produced typewriters, from Litton Industries of the United States. With this acquisition, Olivetti grabbed 50 percent of the European typewriter market. In September 1994, the company launched Olivetti Telemedia chaired by Elserino Piol. Since 2003, Olivetti has been part of

2145-457: The General Manual and only in some Programming Manual, it is possible to perform a "modified jump", which allows to go back to different part of the program from the same subroutine. There are 10 memory registers: three for operations (M, A, R); two for storage (B, C); three for storage and/or program (assignable as needed: D, E, F); and two for program only (p1, p2). Each full register holds

2210-580: The Lettera 22 as a work tool: The Lettera 22 is an oblique frontstroke typebar typewriter. The typebars strike a red/black inked ribbon, which is positioned between the typebar and the paper by a lever whenever a key is pressed; a small switch located near the upper right side of the keyboard can be used to control the strike position of the ribbon, in order to print with black, red, or no ink (for mimeograph stencils). Ribbon movement, which also occurs at every keypress, automatically reverses direction when there

2275-490: The Mario Bellini the Compasso d'Oro Industrial Design Award. The Programma 101 can calculate the four basic arithmetic functions (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division), plus square root , absolute value , and fractional part. It is equipped with memory registers with features such as clear, transfer, and exchange, plus printing and halt for input. Programming is a kind of assembly language , simpler than

2340-665: The OliPad, its first tablet computer , featuring a ten-inch screen, 3G, WiFi, Bluetooth connectivity, Nvidia Tegra 2, Android 2.2.2 and a 1024 x 600 display. It also features an application store, with apps specifically designed by Olivetti for 'business & government'. In 2014 the R&;D department in Arnad was sold to SICPA . In 2013, Olivetti launched a series of smartphones called Oliphone : Olivetti Lettera 22 The Olivetti Lettera 22 [oliˈvetti ˈlɛttera ˌventiˈduːe]

2405-515: The Praxis 35, Praxis 40 and 45D were some of the first portable electronic typewriters. Later, Olivetti added the Praxis 20, ET Compact 50, ET Compact 60, ET Compact 70, ET Compact 65/66, the ET Personal series and Linea 101. The top models were 8 lines LCD based portables like Top 100 and Studio 801, with the possibility to save the text to a 3.5-inch floppy disk . The professional line was upgraded with

2470-527: The Programma 101 was priced at $ 3,200 (equivalent to $ 30,900 in 2023). About 44,000 units were sold, primarily in the US. It is usually called a printing programmable calculator or desktop calculator because its arithmetic instructions correspond to calculator operations, while its instruction set (which allows for conditional jump) and structure qualifies it as a stored-program computer . The Programma 101

2535-486: The TIM Group (Telecom Italia) through a merger. [A] preoccupation with design developed into a comprehensive corporate philosophy, which embraced everything from the shape of a space bar to the color scheme for an advertising poster. Olivetti became famous for the meticulous attention it paid to the design of its products, through collaborations with notable architects and designers, over a nearly 60-year period starting in

2600-447: The assembly of the contemporary computers, as there are fewer options and allowed to use directly arithmetic functions. It directs the exchange between memory registers and calculation registers, and operations in the registers. There are 16 jump instructions and 16 conditional jump instructions. Thirty-two label statements were available as destinations for the jump instructions and/or the four start keys (V, W, Y, Z). While not stated in

2665-448: The companies, regarded as a way of supporting Olivetti whilst cementing a development relationship around Digital's Alpha platform, developed in the following two years, although the balance of revenue from selling products to each other was reported as being strongly in Olivetti's favour, it having generated 125.3 billion lire from Digital in 1993, but with Digital only selling products worth 9.9 billion lire to Olivetti. Digital remained

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2730-451: The company sold its stake – noted as amounting to 7.8% – for $ 150 million . A company in transition, it had moved out of the typewriter business into personal computers before embracing telecoms between 1997 and 1999, spinning off its personal computer business in 1997 and divesting its computer services business in 1998. In the process it had lost around three-quarters of its staff. In 1999, The Luxembourg -based company Bell S.A. acquired

2795-895: The company's first desktop computer , the Olivetti L1, in 1978 (following ergonomic research lasting two years). In 1991, Sowden's design for the Olivetti fax OFX420 won the ADI Compasso d'Oro Award . In 1999 Michele De Lucchi designed the Art Jet 10 inkjet printer , which was also awarded the Compasso d'Oro, and in 2001, the Gioconda calculator. In 1952, the Museum of Modern Art in New York (MoMA) held an exhibit titled "Olivetti: Design in Industry" Another exhibit

2860-432: The design not of a box containing mechanisms and stamped circuits, but a personal object, something that had to live with a person, a person with his chair sitting at a table or desktop and that had to start a relationship of comprehension, of interaction, something quite new because before then computers were as big as a wardrobe. With a wardrobe we don't have any relationship: in fact the most beautiful wardrobes disappear in

2925-513: The history of 20th-century design. Those designers also created the Olivetti Synthesis office furniture series which mainly were used to be installed in the firm's own headquarters, worldwide branch offices and showrooms. Olivetti also produced some industrial production machinery, including metalworking machines of the Horizon series. Olivetti began with mechanical typewriters when the company

2990-410: The instruction registers under some conditions. That was a common feature in the 1960s desktop computer/programmable calculator and only HP provided a true Von Neumann architecture which allowed for self-modifying code , similarly to the contemporary general-purpose mainframes and minicomputers. The stored programs can be recorded onto plastic cards approximately 5 cm × 20 cm that have

3055-503: The late 1930s. An early example is the portable 1932 Olivetti MP1 (Modello Portatile in Italian). From the 1940s to the 1960s, Olivetti industrial design was led by Marcello Nizzoli , who was responsible for the Lexicon 80 and the portable Lettera 22 typewriters, which were released in 1948 and 1950 respectively. The architect and designer Ettore Sottsass began consulting for Olivetti in

3120-548: The late 1950s and designed a series of products including the Tekne 3 typewriter in 1958, the Elea 9003 computer in 1959, and later, the Praxis 48 typewriter in 1964 and the Valentine portable typewriter in 1969. In 1954, Mario Tchou joined Olivetti and was in put in charge of a team responsible for creating a commercial computer. In 1957, the team created the Elea 9001. Tchou went on to lead

3185-452: The numbers 0 and 1 , which are supposed to be substituted by uppercase "O" and lowercase "l". Although this may seem like a strange absence today, this was actually common on older typewriters. Also lacking are the keys for uppercase accented vowels , some of which are present in Italian ; however, these characters are not typically found on modern keyboards, either. The keyboard for

3250-469: The others were fully integrated with an external monitor which could be installed on a holder over the desk. Most of the ET/ETV/Praxis series electronic typewriters were designed by Marion Bellini. By the 1970s and 1980s, the typewriter market had matured under the market dominance of large companies from Europe and the United States. Before the advent of dailywheel and electronic machines (and subsequently

3315-416: The ownership structure of the merged Olivetti / Telecom Italia was complex and multi-layered with Olivetti took on around $ 16 billion of extra debt. It was then referred to as the "Olivetti/Telecom Italia affair" because of the unpleasant secret affairs behind. After a 2003 reorganization, Olivetti became the office equipment and systems services subsidiary of Telecom Italia. In 2003 Olivetti was absorbed into

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3380-447: The personal computers and word processing software) — Olivetti and the other major manufacturers faced strong competition from typewriters from Asia, including Brother Industries and Silver Seiko Ltd. of Japan. By 1994, Olivetti stopped production of typewriters, as most users had transitioned to personal computers . Between 1955 and 1964 Olivetti developed some of the first transistorized mainframe computer systems, such as

3445-460: The sale of the computer division to GE thanks to an employee, Gastone Garziera, who spent successive nights changing the internal categorization of the product from "computer" to "calculator", so leaving the small team in Olivetti and creating some awkward situations in the office, since that space was now owned by GE. In 1974 the firm released the TC800 , an intelligent terminal designed to be attached to

3510-435: The wall. But this wasn't a wardrobe or a box, this was a machine designed to be part of your personal entourage. One of the direct results of the Programma 101 team focus on human-centered objectives was the invention of a removable magnetic card to store programmed calculation, a revolutionary item for that time, allowing anyone to just insert it and execute any program in a few seconds. The Programma 101's design would earn

3575-441: Was also considered pivotal to the company, which engaged architects and designers such as Gae Aulenti , Walter Ballmer  [ it ] , BBPR , Egon Eiermann , Figini e Pollini  [ it ] , Ignazio Gardella , Louis Kahn , Le Corbusier , Carlo Scarpa , Giovanni Pintori , Bob Noorda , and Lella and Massimo Vignelli to design factories, office buildings, showrooms, and publicity materials. Giovanni Pintori

3640-752: Was designed by Olivetti engineer Pier Giorgio Perotto in Ivrea . The styling, attributed to Marco Zanuso but in reality by Mario Bellini , was ergonomical and innovative for the time. Some of the design was based on a 1961 Olivetti computer co-developed by Federico Faggin that served as a model for the programmable calculator. The computational hardware consisted of standard (for its time) discrete devices (transistors, diodes, resistors and capacitors mounted on phenolic resin circuit card assemblies). The design predated microprocessors , and no integrated circuits were used since they were in their infancy. A total of 240 bytes of information were electrically stored in magnetostrictive delay-line memory , which had

3705-469: Was featured in the 1999 film The Talented Mr. Ripley . The novelist Will Self , poet and singer Leonard Cohen and actor Tom Hanks have expressed use and ownership of this typewriter. Italian journalist and newspaper director Indro Montanelli used his Lettera 22 almost everywhere. A monument in Milan's public gardens Giardini Pubblici Indro Montanelli , inspired from a famous photo of Montanelli from

3770-688: Was followed in 1983 by the M24 , a clone of the IBM PC using DOS and the Intel 8086 processor (at 8 MHz ) instead of the Intel 8088 used by IBM (at 4.77 MHz). The M24 was sold in North America as the AT&;T 6300 . Olivetti also manufactured the AT&;T 6300 Plus , which could run both DOS and Unix . The M24 in the US also was sold as Xerox 6060. The Olivetti M28

3835-464: Was founded as a typewriter manufacturer by Camillo Olivetti in 1908 in the Turin commune of Ivrea , Italy . The firm was mainly developed by his son Adriano Olivetti . Olivetti opened its first overseas manufacturing plant in 1930, and its Divisumma electric calculator was launched in 1948. Olivetti produced Italy's first electronic computer, the transistorised Elea 9003 , in 1959, and purchased

3900-454: Was founded in 1909, and produced them until the mid-1990s. Until the mid-1960s, they were fully mechanical, and models such as the portable Olivetti Valentine were designed by Ettore Sottsass. With the Tekne/Editor series and Praxis 48, some of the first electromechanical typewriters were introduced. The Editor series was used for speed typing championship competition. The Editor 5 from 1969

3965-405: Was hired by Adriano Olivetti in 1936 to work in the publicity department. Pintori was the creator of the Olivetti logo and many promotional posters used to advertise the company and its products. During his activity as Art Director from 1950, Olivetti's graphic design obtained several international awards, and he designed works that created the Olivetti image and became emblematic Italian reference in

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4030-834: Was mounted by the Musée des Arts Décoratifs in Paris in 1969 and later toured five other cities. Many Olivetti products and archival material related to design are held in museum collections including the MoMA design collection, the Cooper Hewitt in New York, and the Centre Pompidou in Paris. Between 1954 and 2001, Olivetti won 16 Compasso d'Oro awards for design. In May 2022, ADI Design Museum in Milan paid tribute to this achievement with an exhibition titled Podium 16. Olivetti paid attention to more than product design. Graphic design and architectural design

4095-478: Was one of the first manufacturers to introduce electronic daisywheel printer-based word processing machines, called TES 401 and TES 501. Later the ET series typewriters without (or with) LCD and different levels of text editing capabilities were popular in offices. Models in that line were ET 121, ET 201, ET 221, ET 225, ET 231, ET 351, ET 109, ET 110, ET 111, ET 112, ET 115, ET 116, ET 2000, ET 2100, ET 2200, ET 2250, ET 2300, Et 2400 and ET 2500. For home users in 1982

4160-508: Was the firm's first PC to have the Intel 80286 processor. The same year Olivetti produced its M10 laptop computer, a 8085 -based workalike of the successful Radio Shack TRS-80 Model 100 , which it marketed in Europe. These were the first laptops to sell in million-unit quantities, though the Olivetti M10  [ it ] itself only attained sales figures in the tens of thousands and went out of production within two years. During

4225-558: Was the top model of that series, with proportional spacing and the ability to support justified text borders. In 1972 the electromechanical typeball machines of the Lexicon 90 to 94C series were introduced, as competitors to the IBM Selectric typewriters , the top model 94c supported proportional spacing and justified text borders like the Editor 5, as well as lift-off correction. In 1978 Olivetti

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