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36-424: Oliveira may refer to: People [ edit ] Oliveira (surname) Oliveira (footballer, born 1981) , full name Ederaldo Antonio de Oliveira, Brazilian football goalkeeper Oliveira (footballer, born 1985) , full name Bruno Giglio de Oliveira, Brazilian football centre-back Places [ edit ] Brazil [ edit ] Oliveira, Minas Gerais ,

72-529: A seder , or obtaining a baking matzah . Conversas ensured that their household maintained similar dietary regulations as their Jewish counterparts, by eating only kosher birds and other animals. These women also financially contributed to the growth of the Jewish/Converso community and synagogue. The Jewish community and conversos exchanged books and knowledge, Jews taught conversos how to read to ensure constant growth of their Jewish heritage. To take

108-564: A 15th-century defence of conversos , Bishop Lope de Barrientos would list what Roth calls "a veritable 'Who's Who' of Spanish nobility" as having converso members or being of converso descent. He pointed out that given the near-universal conversion of Iberian Jews during Visigothic times, (quoting Roth) "[W]ho among the Christians of Spain could be certain that he is not a descendant of those conversos ?" With advances in science able to trace individuals' ancestry via their DNA, according to

144-544: A center for conversos who either stopped temporarily on their way to Turkey or stayed permanently as residents in the ghetto Jewish community port. Venetian leaders were convinced to openly accept conversos to practice Judaism because they recognised that if conversos were not welcome in Venice, they would take their successful trades to the country's economic rival of Turkey. A Portuguese converso in Venice, named Abraham de Almeda, connected strongly with Christianity, however, turned to

180-410: A civil parish in the municipality of Arcos de Valdevez Oliveira (Mesão Frio), a civil parish in the municipality of Mesão Frio Oliveira do Douro (Cinfães), a civil parish in the municipality of Cinfães Oliveira do Douro (Vila Nova de Gaia), a civil parish in the municipality of Vila Nova de Gaia Oliveira de Azeméis , a civil parish in the municipality of Aveiro Oliveira de Frades ,

216-639: A civil parish in the municipality of Viseu Oliveira do Bairro , a civil parish in the municipality of Aveiro Oliveira do Hospital , a civil parish in the municipality of Coimbra Stadiums [ edit ] Estádio Alberto Oliveira , multi-use stadium in Feira de Santana, Brazil Estádio Ary de Oliveira e Souza , multi-use stadium in Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil Estádio João Hora de Oliveira , multi-use stadium in Aracaju, Brazil Estádio Raulino de Oliveira ,

252-599: A football stadium in Volta Redonda, Brazil Football clubs [ edit ] F.C. Oliveira do Hospital , Portuguese football club in Oliveira do Hospital Oliveira do Bairro S.C. , Portuguese football club in Oliveira do Bairro Other uses [ edit ] Oliveira Elementary School , an elementary school in Fremont, California, USA Oliveira-Tanzi effect , an economic situation SuperCup Cândido de Oliveira ,

288-494: A football trophy Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Oliveira . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oliveira&oldid=1145803080 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

324-454: A municipality in the State of Minas Gerais Sales Oliveira , a municipality in the State of São Paulo Portugal [ edit ] Oliveira (Barcelos) , a civil parish in the municipality of Barcelos Oliveira (Póvoa de Lanhoso), a civil parish in the municipality of Póvoa de Lanhoso Oliveira (Amarante), a civil parish in the municipality of Amarante Oliveira (Arcos de Valdevez),

360-558: A stance against the church and its principles, some conversos performed professional work even on Sundays. The traditional Jewish Purim was kept by conversos still adhering to Jewish observances in the disguise of a Christian holiday, they named it " Festival of Santa Esterica ". Conversos were subject to suspicion and harassment from both what was left of the community they were leaving and that which they were joining. Both Christians and Jews called them tornadizo (renegade). James I , Alfonso X and John I passed laws forbidding

396-1082: A study published in Nature Communications . The possibly higher proportion of significant Jewish ancestry in the Latin American population could stem from increased emigration of Conversos to the New World to avoid persecution by the Spanish Inquisition . The Chuetas are a current social group on the Spanish island of Majorca , in the Mediterranean Sea , who are descendants of Majorcan Jews that either were conversos (forcible converts to Christianity) or were Crypto-Jews , forced to keep their religion hidden. They practiced strict endogamy by marrying only within their own group. The Chuetas has been stigmatized up until today in Balearic Islands. In

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432-611: A widely publicised study (December 2008) in the American Journal of Human Genetics , modern Spaniards (and Portuguese) have an average admixture of 19.8 percent from ancestors originating in the Near East during historic times (i.e. Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Jews and Levantine Arabs) – compared to 10.6 percent of North African – Berber admixture. This proportion could be as high as 23% in the case of Latin Americans, however, according to

468-636: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Oliveira (surname) de Oliveira was one of the Conversos surnames adopted by Sephardic families after converting (often forced) to Christianity. This practice was a means of avoiding the Portuguese Inquisition prosecution and possible torture if found as non-Catholics. Because the Portuguese Empire had been established around 1500, many of

504-734: The Netherlands . Others created crypto-Jewish communities to ensure the survival of Judaism in the Iberian Peninsula, although outwardly practicing Christianity. Conversas played a pivotal role in keeping Jewish traditions alive by observing many Jewish holidays such as Shabbat. They prepared traditional Jewish dishes in honor of the Sabbath (starting on Friday sundown), Yom Kippur , and other religious holidays. During festivals such as Sukkot and Passover , Conversas participated by giving clothing articles and ornaments to Jewish women, attending

540-851: The Old Christian population and make sure that the converso " New Christians " were true to their new faith, the Holy Office of the Inquisition was established in Spain in 1478. The Catholic Monarchs of Spain Ferdinand and Isabella expelled the remaining openly practising Jews by the Alhambra Decree of 1492, following the Christian Reconquista (reconquest) of Spain. However, a significant proportion of these remaining practising Jews chose to join

576-587: The University of São Paulo , a scholar of the Portuguese Inquisition , 1 out of every 3 Portuguese who arrived in Brazil in the first decades of the 16th century (after the discovery of Brazil by Pedro Álvares Cabral ) were of Jewish descent. The de Oliveira and their cousins Benveniste and Antunes arrived largely and concentrated mainly in the Northeast Region and Minas Gerais in southeast Brazil. The chronicles of

612-452: The gens Oliva. Conversos A converso ( Spanish: [komˈbeɾso] ; Portuguese: [kõˈvɛɾsu] ; feminine form conversa ), "convert" (from Latin conversus  'converted, turned around'), was a Jew who converted to Catholicism in Spain or Portugal , particularly during the 14th and 15th centuries, or one of their descendants. To safeguard

648-465: The Christian secular of general acceptance, yet they became targets of occasional pogroms during times of social tension (as during an epidemic and after an earthquake). They were subject to the Spanish and Portuguese inquisitions . While "pure blood" (so-called limpieza de sangre ), free of the "taint" of non-Christian lineage, would come to be placed at a premium, particularly among the nobility, in

684-562: The Jewish and New Christian populations fled to Brazil and other Portuguese colonies. Similar names in other languages include the Italian Olivetti and Oliveto and Spanish Olivares . The surname identifies this family with the olive tree and the symbolic characteristics existing on the tree. On the coats of arms where it appears, it is the symbol of peace, of victory, of fame and immortal glory. In archaic Portuguese, we find

720-502: The Jewish members of his family when in need of financing for moral support. As a result, many of the conversos during this period struggled with their Christian and Jewish identities. Conversos in the city of Ancona faced difficult lives living under the pope and eventually fled to Ferrara in 1555. Portuguese conversos in Ancona were falsely misled that they were welcome to Ancona and that they could openly convert back to Judaism. Their fate

756-547: The Jews with little to no opposition. He rallied non-Jews against the Jews, creating a constant state of fear through riots. Martínez's efforts led to a series of outbreaks of violence on 4 June 1391, where several synagogues in Seville were burned to the ground and churches were erected in their place. Amidst this outbreak, many Jews fled the country, some converted to Christianity in fear, and some were sold to Muslims. Martínez set in motion

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792-593: The Old Christians. Thus, the Crown established an office of the Inquisition in 1478, monitored the religious loyalty a newly-baptized Christian ( converso ). Such religious surveillance continued to the descendants of converts. Often due to continued oppression, some Jews and conversos fled Spain, going to Portugal, then when the Portuguese crown instituted similar anti-Jewish policies as Spain's, they migrated particularly for

828-511: The advantages they could seek in the Christian world. The first three cities to accept the conversos who openly converted back to Judaism, were Florence, Ferrara, and Ancona. Most of these conversos appeared after 1536 from Portugal, and most lived in Florence . In 1549, Duke Cosimo de' Medici allowed the Portuguese conversos to trade and reside within Florence. Most of the re-converted Jews lived in

864-460: The already large converso community rather than face exile. Conversos who did not fully or genuinely embrace Catholicism, but continued to practise Judaism in secrecy , were referred to as judaizantes " Judaizers " and pejoratively as marranos . New Christian converts of Muslim origin were known as moriscos . Unlike Jewish conversos , moriscos were subject to an edict of expulsion even after their conversion to Catholicism, which

900-607: The borders among the different countries accordingly to the laws of each State. Oliveira is also a Portuguese toponymic surname , locally originating in Paço de Oliveira, modern-day North province. Oliveira derives from Latin olīva , which ultimately derives from Proto-Indo-European *hloywom . Its first documented use dates back to the 13th century, from Évora noble Pedro de Oliveira, and his son, Braga archbishop D. Martinho Pires de Oliveira. Further tracing of its origins show that it derives from ancient Roman aristrocats from

936-603: The children of Its'har, who was uncle of the prophet Moshe Rabenu. 'De Oliveira' became internally among Judeans of the Diaspora the family name to be used exclusively by Judeans who could still trace and prove their genealogy to the tribe of Levy and to Judeans could trace and prove they were direct offspring of Hebronites so both the priesthood and royal lineage took 'De Oliveira' so they could be later traced. They were also allowed to marry only among Levites and Hebronites themselves following biblical paternal lineage. The offspring of

972-741: The complete elimination of rejection behaviors, as indicated by a survey carried out among Majorcans by the University of the Balearic Islands in 2001, in which 30% stated that they would never marry a Chueta and 5% declared that they do not even want to have Chueta friends. Specific groups of conversos left Spain and Portugal after the Spanish Inquisition in 1492, in search for a better life. They left for other parts of Europe, especially Italy, where they were inevitably looked at with suspicion and harassment, both in their old and new communities. Subsequently, many conversos who arrived in Italian cities did not openly embrace their Judaism, since they were tempted by

1008-503: The ghetto of Florence, and by 1705 there were 453 Jews in the city. Conversos arrived to Ferrara in 1535, and were able to assimilate with their neighbours, perform circumcisions, and return openly to Judaism, due to the Lettres Patentes issued by Duke Ercole II . After the plague in 1505 and the eventual fall of Ferrara in 1551, many of these Jews relocated North towards the economically stable ports in Venice. Venice slowly became

1044-456: The largest forced mass conversion of Jews in Spain. Both the Church and the Crown had not anticipated such a large-scale conversion stemming from the unplanned anti-Semitic campaign led by Martínez. The new converts represented a new problem. Their conversion temporarily resolved the friction between the Christian and Jewish populations in Spain; however, it led to the creation of a new group that

1080-480: The latter part of the 20th century, the spread of freedom of religion and laïcité reduced both the social pressure and community ties. An estimated 18,000 people in the island carry Chueta surnames in the 21st century. Traditionally, The church of Saint Eulalia and the church of Montesión ( Mount Zion ) in Palma de Mallorca have been used by the families of Jewish converts ( Xuetas ). All this, however, does not imply

1116-541: The register of surnames with variations of their spelling, such as Olveira and Ulveira. By the time of King Diniz I , king of Portugal in 1281, Oliveira was already "an old, illustrious and honorable family", as the king's books of Inquisitions show. Oliveira , De Oliveira or D'Oliveira have historically been used by Jews who settled in Portugal and Spain, and adopted a translated form of their family name to hide their Judean origin. According to historian Anita Novinsky of

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1152-516: The time themselves attest to the presence of Levi, Levy and de Oliveira families in large numbers in colonial Brazil. Rabbi Abraham Benveniste who was born in 1433, in Soria , Cáceres , adopted the De Oliveira family name in Portugal. He was a direct descendant of Rabbi Zerahiá ben-Its'haq ha-Levi and Gerona, who lived in the 12th century and was called ha-Its'hari, or Its'hari, because his genealogy goes to

1188-551: The tribe of Levy and Hebron intentionally settled between Spain, Galicia and Portugal for two reasons, first because it is inland and far from the great centers of Spain, where the first killings of Judeans or pogroms began, promoted by Catholic priests of the Dominican and Carmelite orders, which urged the old Christian population to kill the New Christian former-Jews and the unconverted Judeans and also gave them freedom to cross

1224-575: The use of this epithet. This was part of a larger pattern of royal oversight, as laws were promulgated to protect their property, forbid attempts to convert them back to Judaism or the Muslim faith, and regulate their behaviour, preventing their cohabitation or even dining with Jews, lest they convert back. Conversos did not enjoy legal equality. Alfonso VII prohibited the "recently converted" from holding office in Toledo . They had supporters and bitter opponents in

1260-656: Was implemented severely in Valencia and in Aragón and less so in other parts of Spain. Conversos played a vital role in the 1520–1521 Revolt of the Comuneros , a popular uprising in the Crown of Castile against the rule of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor . Ferrand Martínez , Archdeacon of Écija , directed a 13-year anti-Jewish campaign that began in 1378. Martínez used a series of provocative sermons, through which he openly condemned

1296-453: Was neither completely Catholic nor Jewish and new tensions resulted. Conversos , who were now fully privileged citizens, competed in all aspects of the economic sphere. This resulted in a new wave of racial anti-Semitism that targeted conversos . This anti-Semitism evolved into small and large riots in Toledo, 1449, that now oppressed not Jews by Christians, but New Christians ( conversos ) by

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