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102-641: Oldeborg is an East Frisian village in Lower Saxony , Germany . It is the largest Ortsteil by area of the municipality of Südbrookmerland , in the district of Aurich . A dispersed settlement , the Orsteil includes four village cores: Engerhafe , Fehnhusen , Oldeborg, and Upende . Oldeborg is a former site of a castle belonging to the Tom Brok family of chiefs and was first mentioned in 1415 as Oldenborch . The current spelling has been in use since 1719. The name

204-458: A degree of autonomy in the rule of their territories. In their pastoral and religious capacity as Roman Catholic cleric the archbishops led their archdiocese as the hierarchical superior of all Roman Catholic clergy, including the suffragan bishops of Oldenburg-Lübeck , Ratzeburg and Schwerin . The Prince-Archbishopric often suffered from military supremacy of neighbouring powers. Having no dynasty, but prince-archbishops of different descent,

306-467: A feudalistic system in East Frisia during medieval times. Frisians regarded themselves as free people not obliged to any foreign authority. This period is called the time of the "Friesische Freiheit" (Frisian freedom) and is represented by the still well-known salute " Eala Frya Fresena " (Get Up, Free Frisian!) that affirmed the non-existence of any feudality. Frisian representatives of the many districts of

408-507: A new rule. As chieftains (in Low German : "hovedlinge"; in standard German : "Fürsten") they took control over villages, cities, and regions in East Frisia; however, they still did not establish a feudal system as it was known in the rest of Europe . Instead, the system implemented in Frisia was a system of fellowship which has some similarity to older forms of rule known from Germanic cultures of

510-533: A papal confirmation. De facto he ascended the See in 1568, gained an imperial liege indult in 1570, while de jure still represented by the Chapter until 1580, in order not to complicate a papal confirmation, which never materialised. While Maximilian II regarded Henry III a true Catholic, Pope Sixtus V remained a skeptic. Henry III was raised Lutheran, but educated Catholic and served before his election as Catholic canon of

612-455: A part of the diocese of Bremen , the other the diocese of Münster . With the decay of the Carolingian empire, East Frisia lost its former bindings, and a unity of independent self-governed districts was established. Their elections were held every year to choose the "Redjeven" (councillors), who had to be judges as well as administrators or governors. This system prevented the establishment of

714-524: A political body by the Gelnhausen Privilege . With the consent of Prince-Archbishop Hartwig II, of Uthlede the emperor declared the city to be governed by its burghers and the emperor, with the Prince-Archbishop waiving his say. The city of Bremen regarded and still regards this privilege to be constitutive for its status as a Free imperial city of imperial immediacy . Through the history

816-625: A satellite of the Netherlands, Dutch garrisons being stationed in different cities permanently. Important cities like Emden were autonomously administered by their citizens, the Prince not having much influence on them. A Frisian Parliament, the Ostfreesk Landschaft, was an assembly of different social groups of East Frisia, jealously protecting the traditional rights and freedoms of the Frisians against

918-635: Is "Geest" and Heathland . The original language of East Frisia was East Frisian , which now is almost extinct , largely replaced by East Frisian Low Saxon . Original East Frisian survived somewhat longer in several remote places as for example in the islands, such as Wangerooge . Today a modern variant of East Frisian can be found in the Saterland , a district near East Frisia. In former times people from East Frisia who left their homes under pressure had settled in that remote area surrounded by moors and kept their inherited language alive. This language which forms

1020-673: Is a chain of islands off the coast, called the East Frisian Islands ( German : Ostfriesische Inseln ). From west to east, these islands are Borkum , Juist , Norderney , Baltrum , Langeoog and Spiekeroog . The geographical region of East Frisia was inhabited in Paleolithic times by reindeer hunters of the Hamburg culture . Later there were Mesolithic and Neolithic settlements of various cultures. The period after prehistory can only be reconstructed from archaeological evidence. Access to

1122-416: Is also added to black tea in the winter. The tea is alleged to cure headaches, stomach problems, and stress, among many other ailments. The tea is not only a kind of beverage for the population, but also part of its cultural tradition. Over the years the region developed a unique tea ceremony that can be strictly observed in older households. As a part of these rules, the oldest woman in the round has to serve

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1224-426: Is also used to flavour the tea. The tea is generally served in traditional small cups, with little cookies during the week and cake during special occasions or on weekends as a special treat. Some of the most common traditional cakes and pastries to accompany tea are apple strudel , black forest cake , and other cakes flavored with chocolate and hazelnut. Brown rum , mixed with kluntjes and left for several months,

1326-521: Is composed of the Middle Low German olt or olde , "old", and borg , "castle". As early as 1938, the formerly independent rural communities of Engerhafe, Fehnhusen, Oldeborg, and Upende were united to form the larger municipality of Oldeborg, which together covered roughly the area of the medieval parish of Engerhafe. As of 1 July 1972, this municipality merged with surrounding municipalities to form Südbrookmerland. East Frisia There

1428-634: Is located in Emden. The former nautical academy in Leer merged with Fachhochschule Emden in 2009. The people of East Frisia have close cultural ties to those of West Frisia , in the Netherlands , and of North Frisia , on the Jutland peninsula . Diocese of Bremen The Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen ( German : Fürsterzbistum Bremen ) — not to be confused with the modern Archdiocese of Hamburg , founded in 1994 —

1530-531: Is the dominant church, while in Leer, Norden and Aurich the Lutherans are the dominant church. However, the main church of the Reformed Christians is in Leer. There are 266,000 Lutherans and about 80,000 Reformed – so about 346,000 of the approximately 465,000 citizens of East Frisia profess one of the two denominations. The Concordat of Emden in 1599 set rules for the cooperation of Lutherans and Calvinists in

1632-529: The Bishop Elect of Bremen , to gain the see of Bremen , with part of the diocesan territory being upgraded to form the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen ( German : Erzstift Bremen ). Thus the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen became one of the successor states of the old Duchy of Saxony , holding only a small part of its former territory. In 1186 Frederick I Barbarossa recognised the city of Bremen as

1734-468: The Catholic League already operating in the neighboured Lower Rhenish-Westphalian Circle and dangerously approaching their region. The concomitant effects of the war, debasements and dearness, had already caused an inflation also in the region. The population suffered from billeting and alimenting Baden-Durlachian , Danish, Halberstadtian , Leaguist , and Palatine troops, whose marching through

1836-608: The Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg (north of Elbe), the Lower Saxon counties of Aurich (northerly), Cuxhaven , Diepholz (northerly), Frisia , Nienburg (westerly), Oldenburg in Oldenburg (easterly), Osterholz , Rotenburg upon Wümme (northerly), Stade (except of an eastern tract of land), Wesermarsch , Wittmund , the Lower Saxon urban counties Delmenhorst and Wilhelmshaven ,

1938-666: The Holy Roman Empire in order to stay with Henry II of England . Frederick I Barbarossa partitioned Saxony in some dozens of territories of Imperial Immediate status allotting each territory to that one of his allies who had conquered them before from Henry the Lion and his remaining supporters. In 1168 the Saxon clan of the Ascanians , allies of Frederick I Barbarossa , had failed to install their family member Count Siegfried of Anhalt , on

2040-483: The Holy Roman Empire . A prerequisite for being an imperial estate was imperial immediacy ( German : Reichsunmittelbarkeit , or Reichsfreiheit ) of the rulers or ruling bodies, meaning that they had no other authority above them except of the Holy Roman Emperor himself. Furthermore, such rulers or ruling bodies (such as Chapters or city councils) possessed several important rights and privileges, including

2142-624: The Land of Wursten as well as to the district of Bederkesa and abandoned the lawsuit, which he had brought to the Imperial Chamber Court to this end. In his election capitulations Henry III covenanted to accept the privileges of the Estates and the existing laws. Due to his minority he agreed, that Chapter and Estates would rule the Prince-Archbishopric. In this time he should work towards

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2244-560: The Schleswig-Holsteinian counties of Ditmarsh , Pinneberg , Rendsburg-Eckernförde (southerly), Segeberg (easterly), Steinburg , Stormarn (easterly) as well as the Schleswig-Holsteinian urban counties of Kiel and Neumünster . The see of Hamburg-Bremen attained its greatest prosperity and later had its deepest troubles under Archbishop Adalbert of Hamburg (1043–1072). He was after Hamburg-Bremen's upgrade to

2346-581: The hereditary aristocracy , the service gentry , non-capitular clergy , free peasants and burghers of chartered towns. The modus vivendi of interplay of the Estates and the archiepiscopal authority, being in itself divided into the Prince-Archbishop and the Chapter , became the quasi constitution of the Prince-Archbishopric . However, the interplay was not determined by fixed standards of behaviour. While

2448-588: The "second apostle of the north," was troubled by onslaughts first by Normans and then by Wends , and by Cologne's renewed claims to supremacy. At Archbishop Adalgar 's (888–909) instigation Pope Sergius III confirmed the amalgamation of the Diocese of Bremen with the Archdiocese of Hamburg to form the Archdiocese of Hamburg and Bremen , colloquially called Hamburg-Bremen , and by so doing he denied Cologne's claim as metropolia over Bremen. Sergius prohibited

2550-544: The Anglo-Dutch war coalition. In 1625 Tilly warned the Prince-Archbishop John Frederick to further accept the stationing of Danish troops and Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor , demanded the immediate end of his and Verden's alliance with Denmark , with Verden being already ruled by Christian's son Frederick , being as well the provided successor of John Frederick . He declared again his loyalty to

2652-564: The Bremen Chapter again ignored the Hamburg capitulars, fearing their Danish partisanship and elected Gebhard of Lippe archbishop. In 1223 Archbishop Gebhard reconciled the Hamburg chapter and confirmed that three of its capitulars were enfranchised to elect with the Bremen chapter, to wit the provost , presiding the chapter, the dean (Domdechant) and the scholaster , in charge of the education at

2754-660: The Bremian Chapter to elect his son John Adolphus of Schleswig-Holstein at Gottorp (*1575-1616*) to the See. To this end, Adolf paid 20,000 rixdollars and promised to work towards the restitution of Ditmarsh to the Prince-Archbishopric. In 1585 John Adolf covenanted at his election in the obligatory election capitulations , that he would accept the privileges of the Chapter as well as the existing laws and that he would work - at his own expense - towards gaining either papal confirmation or - in default thereof - an imperial liege indult . From 1585 to 1589 Chapter and Estates ruled

2856-808: The Bremian city of Stade , officially on behalf of his son the provided to be Administrator successor, suppressing an unrest of its burghers. In 1620 Christian, the Younger , titular duke of Brunswick and Lunenburg-Wolfenbüttel , the Lutheran Administrator of the Prince-Bishopric Halberstadt requested that the Lutheran Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen would join the war coalition of the Protestant Union . The Administrator and

2958-600: The Chapters of the prince-bishoprics of Osnabrück (1574–1585) and Paderborn (1577–1585), without ever gaining papal confirmation. In 1575 Henry III and Anna von Broich (Borch) married in Hagen im Bremischen . As to the interior Henry III still had to repay debts from his pre-predecessor Christopher the Spendthrift . In 1580 Henry introduced a Lutheran church constitution for the Prince-Archbishopric. Thus Henry III would not exercise

3060-456: The East Frisian people drink more tea than any other people group, about 300 litres per person every year. Strong black tea is served whenever there are visitors to an East Frisian home or other gathering, as well as with breakfast, in mid-afternoon and mid-evening. The tea is sweetened with kluntjes , a rock candy sugar that melts slowly, allowing multiple cups to be sweetened. Heavy cream

3162-686: The Emperor and neutrality in the conflict. But all in vain. Now Christian IV ordered his troops to capture all the important traffic hubs in the Prince-Archbishopric and entered into the Battle of Lutter am Barenberge , on 27 August 1626, where he was defeated by the Leaguist troops under Tilly . Christian IV and his surviving troops fled to the Prince-Archbishopric and took their headquarters in Stade . Administrator John Frederick , in personal union also Administrator of

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3264-560: The Estates (1566–1568), and considered the opportunities. In 1524 the Prince-Archbishopric had subjected the autonomous farmers' republic of the Land of Wursten , but the Wursteners still hoped for a liberation and support from the neighbouring Saxe-Lauenburgian exclave of the Land of Hadeln . Thus on 17 February 1567 the Chapter elected Duke Henry III of Saxe-Lauenburg (*1550-1585*, ruled from 1568 on) prince-archbishop. In return his father Francis I waived any Saxe-Lauenburgian claim to

3366-404: The Estates of the Prince-Archbishopric met in a Diet and declared for their territory their loyalty to Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor , and their neutrality in the conflict. With Danish troops within his territory and Christian the Younger's request Administrator John Frederick tried desperately to keep his Prince-Archbishopric out of the war, being in complete agreement with the Estates and

3468-511: The Holy Roman Empire provided, that the Emperor may only enfeoff a prince-bishop elect with the regalia , if the Pope would have confirmed his election to the respective See. In default thereof the Emperor could grant a liege indult ( German : Lehnsindult ), often restricted to some years only, and then notwithstanding enfeoff the prince-bishop elect with the regalia of restricted legitimacy to

3570-549: The North Sea shore. This had a great effect on establishing a feeling of national identity and independence. Until the late Middle Ages Ostfriesland resisted the attempts of German states to conquer the coasts. During the 14th century adherence to the Redjeven constitution decayed. Catastrophes and epidemics such as pestilence intensified the process of destabilization. This provided an opportunity for influential family-clans to establish

3672-566: The North. There was a specific relation of dependence between the inhabitants of the ruled area and the chieftain, but the people retained their individual freedom and could move where they wanted. The Frisians controlled the mouth of the Ems river and threatened the ships coming down the river. For this reason the County of Oldenburg made several attempts to subjugate East Frisia during the 12th century. Thanks to

3774-592: The Prince-Archbishopric became a pawn in the hands of the powerful. The establishment of a constitution, which would bind the conflicting Estates, failed. Schisms in Church and State marked the next two centuries, and in spite of the labours of the Windesheim and Bursfelde congregations, the way was prepared for the Reformation , which made rapid headway, partly because the last Roman Catholic prince-archbishop, Christopher

3876-509: The Prince-Archbishopric had adopted Lutheranism and partially Calvinism, as did the city of Bremen and the territories under its influence downstream the Weser and in the district of Bederkesa , also most capitulars, recruited from burghers of the city of Bremen and rural noble families, turned out to be Calvinists and Lutherans. Thus the capitulars preferred to elect Protestant candidates. The Bremian prince-archbishop elects could only occasionally gain

3978-571: The Prince-Archbishopric had to tolerate in order to prevent entering into armed conflict. In 1623 the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands , diplomatically supported by James I, King of England and of Ireland and as James IV King of Scotland , the brother-in-law of Christian IV of Denmark , started a new anti- Habsburg campaign. Thus the troops of the Catholic League were bound and the Prince-Archbishopric seemed relieved. But soon after

4080-581: The Prince-Archbishopsric in custodianship for the minor John Adolf. At the beginning of the Thirty Years' War the Prince-Archbishopric maintained neutrality, as did most of the territories in the Lower Saxon Circle . After 1613 King Christian IV of Denmark and Norway , being in personal union Duke of Holstein within the Holy Roman Empire , turned his attention to gain grounds by acquiring

4182-457: The Prince. East Frisian independence ended in 1744, when the region was taken over by Prussia after the last Cirksena prince had died without issue. There was no resistance to this takeover, since it had been arranged by contract beforehand. Prussia respected the traditional autonomy of the Frisians, governed by the Frisian chancellor Sebastian Homfeld. In 1806 East Frisia (now called Oostfreesland)

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4284-556: The Saint Simon Petrus , has become the symbol of the city of Bremen (see Coat of arms of Bremen ), the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen (two criss-crossed argent (silver) keys on a gules (red) background, see in the left part of the Bremen-Verden's seal ) and of the Bremian city of Stade . The territory of the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen consisted of a number of sub-entities. The only thing they all had in common was, that

4386-469: The Spendthrift , was in permanent conflict with the Chapter and the Estates . Being simultaneously the Prince-Bishop of Verden , he preferred to reside in the city of Verden . By the time he died (1558), in the Prince-Archbishopric nothing was left of the old denomination apart from a few monasteries – such as Harsefeld , Himmelpforten , Lilienthal , Neuenwalde , Osterholz as well as Zeven under

4488-475: The area of East Frisia, the tea can also be poured out of the cup into its saucer and drunk from there. If you don't want any more tea, you have to put your spoon into the cup or else the host will refill your cup immediately after everyone in the round finished their current cup of tea. East Frisia is predominantly Protestant. In Rheiderland , Krummhörn and around Emden , the Reformed Church ( Calvinism )

4590-407: The autocratic and prodigal Prince-Archbishop Christopher the Spendthrift , Duke of Brunswick and Lunenburg-Wolfenbüttel . Especially the Chapter used its power to elect very old candidates, to minimise the time a ruler can be harmful, or to elect minors, which it hoped to dress and tame in time. Once in a while the Chapter took up time and protracted elections for years, being itself the ruler for

4692-599: The cathedral in Cologne . The schism wasn't so definite, as it looks in retrospect. The Holy See still hoped the Reformation would be a merely temporary phenomenon, while its protagonists still expected all the Roman church to reform, so that there would be no schism. So Sixtus V tested Henry III once in a while, demanding the succession of Catholic candidates for vacancies in the Bremian Chapter - which it sometimes accepted, sometimes denied -, while Henry succeeded to be also elected by

4794-438: The cathedral school. Pope Honorius III confirmed this settlement in 1224, also affirming the continued existence of both chapters. The fortified city of Bremen held its own guards, not allowing prince-archiepiscopal soldiers to enter it. The city reserved an extra very narrow gate, the so-called Bishop's Needle (Latin: Acus episcopi , first mentioned in 1274), for all clergy including the Prince-Archbishop. The narrowness of

4896-774: The chapter at Hamburg's Concathedral to found suffragan dioceses of its own. After the Obodrite destruction of Hamburg in 983 the Hamburg chapter was dispersed. So Archbishop Unwan appointed a new chapter with twelve canons, with three each taken from Bremen Cathedral chapter, and the three colleges of Bücken , Harsefeld and Ramelsloh . In 1139 Archbishop Adalbero had fled the invasion of Count Rudolph II of Stade and Count Palatine Frederick II of Saxony , who destroyed Bremen, and established in Hamburg also appointing new capitular canons there by 1140. Hamburg-Bremen's diocesan territory covered about today's following territories: The Bremian cities of Bremen and Bremerhaven ,

4998-615: The chieftains. Some clans achieved a predominant state. One of these was the Tom Broks from the Brokmerland (nowadays: Brookmerland ) who ruled a large part of Eastern Friesland over several generations until a former follower, Focko Ukena from Leer , defeated the last Tom Brok. But a party of opposing chieftains under the leadership of the Cirksenas from Greetsiel defeated and expelled Fokko, who later died near Groningen. After 1465 one of

5100-470: The city boundary in a district of immunity and extraterritorial status ( German : Domfreiheit , literally: Cathedral Liberty ) around the Cathedral of St. Peter , where the city council would refrain to interfere. The Hamburg Concathedral with chapterhouse and capitular residential courts formed a Cathedral Immunity District of the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen too. The key, the epithet symbol of

5202-524: The city of Bremen . When in 1623 the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands , fighting in the Eighty Years' War for its independence against Habsburg 's Spanish and imperial forces, requested its Calvinist co-religionist of the city of Bremen to join, the city refused, but started to enforce its fortifications. In 1623 the territories comprising the Lower Saxon Circle decided to recruit an army in order to maintain an armed neutrality, with troops of

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5304-407: The concerned and disfavoured entity's defence against such annexation or usurpation, plenty of documents have been completely forged or counterfeited or backdated, in order to corroborate one's arguments. "These forgeries have drawn a veil before the early history of the [archbishopric of] Hamburg-Bremen." The foundation of the diocese belongs to the period of the missionary activity of Willehad on

5406-582: The consecutive Archbishops worked on discarding the bishopric's Estates from the political landscape, the latter fought for the enforcement of the modus vivendi to become a real constitution. The Chapter often swung between increasing its influence by fighting the Estates jointly with the Prince-Archbishop and repelling his absolutist intentions by making common cause with the Estates . All parties made use of means like bluffing, threat, obstructionism, corruption, horse-trading and even violence. In 1542/1547 - 1549 Chapter and Estates managed to dismiss

5508-652: The county of East Frisia. Since then it is a special feature of the Protestant Landeskirchen in East Frisia, that Lutherans and Calvinists are members of each other's local church communities in places, where only one of both exists. East Frisia is a rural area. However, there are some industrial sites such as the Volkswagen car factory in Emden and the Enercon (windturbine) company in Aurich . Leer is, after Hamburg ,

5610-409: The death of Bishop Leuderich (838–45), the see was given to Ansgar , it lost its independence, and from that time on was permanently united with the Archdiocese of Hamburg . The new combined see was regarded as the headquarters for missionary work in the Nordic countries , and new sees to be erected were to be its suffragans , meaning subject to its jurisdiction. Ansgar's successor, Rimbert ,

5712-409: The destruction of the Hanseatic League . In May 1625 Christian IV of Denmark, Duke of Holstein was elected – in the latter of his functions – by the Lower Saxon Circle 's member territories commander-in-chief of the Lower Saxon troops. More troops were recruited and to be billeted and alimented in the Lower Saxon territories, including the Prince-Archbishopric. In the same year Christian IV joined

5814-442: The early history of East Frisia is possible in part through archaeology and in part through the studying of external sources such as Roman documents. The first proven historical event was the arrival of a Roman fleet under Drusus in 12 BC; the ships sailed into the course of the Ems river and returned. The earlier settlements, known solely through material remnants but whose people's name for themselves remains unknown, led up to

5916-416: The effect that the elect could rule with princely power within the prince-bishopric, bearing only title of Administrator , but would be banned from participating in the Diets . Lacking papal confirmation and imperial liege indult could bring a prince-bishop elect into the precarious situation to be dismissed by the Emperor or by any of his vassals powerful enough and keen to do so. Once the inhabitants of

6018-413: The emperor had to accept Edzard and his descendants as counts of East Frisia . East Frisia played an important role in the Reformation period. Menno Simons , founder of the Mennonite church, found refuge there. In 1654 the counts of East Frisia, seated at Aurich, were elevated to the rank of princes. Their power, however, remained limited because of a number of factors. Externally East Frisia became

6120-463: The famous Klaus Störtebeker and Gottfried Michaelsen , who were a threat to the ships of the powerful Hanseatic League which they attacked and robbed. In 1400 a punitive expedition of the Hanseatic League against East Frisia succeeded. The chieftains had to promise to discontinue their support for the pirates. In 1402 Störtebeker, who was not a Frisian by birth, was captured and executed in Hamburg. The range of power and influence differed between

6222-399: The formal constitution of the diocese took place only after the subjugation of the Saxons in 804 or 805, when Willehad' s disciple, Willerich , was consecrated bishop of Bremen, with the same territory. The diocese was conceivably at that time a suffragan of the archbishops of Cologne , this is at least how they later corroborated their claim to supremacy over the Bremian see. When, after

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6324-401: The gate made it technically impossible to come accompanied by knights. Therefore, the Prince-Archbishops rather preferred to reside outside of the city, first in Bücken and later in the Vörde Castle , which became the principal fortress of Prince-Archbishop Gerhard II, Edelherr zur Lippe in 1219. The Chapters of Bremen Cathedral (see below) and part of the administration were located within

6426-407: The imperial liege indult . Many princely houses, such as the House of Guelf ( Brunswick and Lunenburg-Wolfenbüttel ), the House of Nikloting ( Mecklenburg-Schwerin ), the House of Wettin ( Electorate of Saxony ), and the House of Ascania ( Saxe-Lauenburg ) applied for the See. Before electing a new prince-archbishop the Chapter took its time, ruling the Prince-Archbishopric in accordance with

6528-409: The imperial troops under Albrecht von Wallenstein headed for the North in an attempt to destroy the fading Hanseatic League , in order to subject the Hanseatic cities of Bremen , Hamburg and Lübeck and to establish a Baltic trade monopoly, to be run by some imperial favourites including Spaniards and Poles. The idea was to win Sweden 's and Denmark 's support, both of which since long were after

6630-438: The invasion of Germanic tribes belonging to the Ingvaeonic group. Those were Chauci mentioned by Tacitus , and Frisians . The region between the rivers Ems and Weser was thereupon inhabited by the Chauci; however, after the second century AD there is no mention of the Chauci. They were partly displaced by Frisian expansion after about 500, and were later partially absorbed into the Frisian society. Saxons also settled

6732-403: The islands and the coast is unique in the world: the tide leaves a broad stretch of mudflat with creeks that attract an extraordinary number of species, worms and crabs as well as birds or seals . For this reason, the UNESCO World Heritage Fund declared the Wadden Sea , which had already been a national park, a global heritage site. Away from the coastal area, much of the physical geography

6834-478: The jurisdiction of the Bremian archdiocese and Altkloster  [ nds ] as well as Neukloster under the jurisdiction of Verden's See – and the districts served by them. While between 1523 and 1551 the cities of Bremen and Stade had dissolved all the urban monasteries, except of St Mary's in Stade, which transformed until 1568 into a Lutheran convent, and conveyed their buildings to uses by schools, hospitals, alms houses and senior homes. The constitution of

6936-484: The last chieftains from the house of Cirksena was made a count by Emperor Frederick III and accepted the sovereignty of the Holy Roman Empire . However, in 1514 the emperor ordered that a duke of Saxony should be the heir to the count of East Frisia. Count Edzard of East Frisia refused to accept this order and was outlawed. Twenty-four German dukes and princes invaded Frisia with their armies. Despite their numerical superiority they failed to defeat Edzard, and in 1517

7038-439: The latter. In 1260, with effect from 1296 on, its rulers split the younger Duchy into the Duchies of Saxe-Wittenberg ( German : Herzogtum Sachsen-Wittenberg ) and Saxe-Lauenburg ( German : Herzogtum Sachsen-Lauenburg ), the latter holding the unconnected two northern territories, belonging both to the archdiocese of Bremen . Otto and Bernhard helped their second brother Siegfried , who since 1168 had called himself

7140-405: The lower Weser . It was erected on 15 July 787 at Worms , on Charlemagne 's initiative, his jurisdiction being assigned to cover the Saxon territory on both sides of the Weser from the mouth of the Aller , northwards to the Elbe and westwards to the Hunte , and the Frisian territory for a certain distance from the mouth of the Weser. Willehad fixed his headquarters at Bremen , though

7242-447: The other guests with tea, starting with the second oldest and then going down in age regardless of gender. The "kluntje" must be placed inside the teacup before the tea is poured right on top of it. After that some heavy cream is added carefully just as a top layer so it can make "clouds" (wulkjes) that swim on the tea itself. It's then forbidden to stir the tea, so the layers stay mild, strong and then sweet from top to bottom. Depending on

7344-521: The particular power, which the archiepiscopal authority had achieved in them. The Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen's former territory consists about of today's following Lower Saxon counties ( German : Landkreis , or Kreis ) of Cuxhaven (southerly), Osterholz , Rotenburg upon Wümme and Stade as well as of the Bremian exclave of the city of Bremerhaven and from 1145 to 1526 today's Schleswig-Holsteinian county of Ditmarsh . The city of Bremen

7446-752: The pastoral functions of a Roman Catholic bishop any more. In 1584 the Holy See founded the Roman Catholic Nordic Missions , an endeavour for pastoral care and mission in the area of the de facto ceased archdioceses of Bremen and of Lund . In 1622 the Nordic Missions were subordinated to the Congregatio de Propaganda Fide in Rome. The Holy See conveyed to the Nuncio to Cologne , Pietro Francesco Montoro ,

7548-459: The prince-archbishopric. Most of the prince-archbishopric lay rather in the area to the north of the city of Bremen , between the Weser and Elbe rivers. Even more confusingly, parts of the prince-archbishopric belonged in religious respect to the neighbouring Diocese of Verden , making up 10% of its diocesan territory. In the different historical struggles for expansion of territory or privileges and

7650-535: The prince-bishoprics of Bremen, Verden , Minden and Halberstadt . He skillfully took advantage of the alarm of the German Protestants after the Battle of White Mountain in 1620, to stipulate with Bremen's Chapter and Administrator John Frederick, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp , his cousin of second degree, to grant coadjutorship of the See of Bremen for his son Frederick , later crown prince of Denmark (September 1621). Coadjutorship usually included

7752-401: The prior archbishops or capitulars or the Chapter as a collective obtained some secular power in them by way of purchase, application of force, usurpation, commendation, pledge, donation etc. The prior archiepiscopal authorities didn't have succeeded in almost any of the sub-entities to gain all the power, be it judicial, patrimonial, parochial, fiscal, feudal or else what. Almost everywhere

7854-836: The rank of a Patriarchate of the North and failed completely. Hamburg stopped being used as part of the diocese's name. The next two archbishops, Liemar and Humbert , were determined opponents of Pope Gregory VII . Under the latter in 1104 Bremen's suffragan Diocese of Lund (DK) was elevated to an archdiocese supervising all of Bremen's other Nordic former suffragan sees, to wit Århus (DK) , Faroe Islands (FO) , Gardar (Greenland) , Linköping (S) , Odense (DK) , Orkney (UK) , Oslo (N) , Ribe (DK) , Roskilde (DK) , Schleswig (D) , Selje (N) , Skálholt (IS) , Skara (S) , Strängnäs (S) , Trondheim (N) , Uppsala (S) , Viborg (DK) , Vestervig (DK) , Västerås (S) and Växjö (S) . Bremen's remaining suffragan sees at that time were only existing by name, since insurgent Wends had destroyed

7956-565: The region and the East Frisian population of medieval times is based on a mixture of Frisian and Saxon elements. Nevertheless, the Frisian element is predominant in the coastal area, while the population of the higher Geest area expresses more Saxon influence. Historical information becomes clearer by early Carolingian time, when a Frisian kingdom united the whole area from present-day West Frisia (the Dutch provinces of Friesland and Groningen and part of North Holland ) throughout East Frisia up to

8058-465: The region is again suffering from the loss of young educated people, who go away to find better employment in, for example, southern Germany. Many communities face a rising number of aged people, creating structural problems in the future. There are few academic jobs in the area, and those are focused on engineering. The closest universities are the University of Oldenburg and Groningen . A Fachhochschule

8160-404: The respective rulers of the Prince-Archbishopric and its successor state Bremen-Verden often denied the city's status. And also the city could and did not always cling to its claim of imperial immediacy , which made the city's status somewhat ambiguous. Through most of the history the city participated in the Prince-Archbishopric's Diets as part of the Estates (see below) and paid its share in

8262-564: The river Weser . It was ruled by kings like the famous Radbod whose known names were still mentioned in folk tales until recent times. Frisia was a short-lived kingdom, and it was crushed by Pippin of Herstal in 689. East Frisia then became part of the Frankish Empire . Charles the Great then divided East Frisia into two counties. At this time, Christianization by the missionaries Liudger and Willehad started; one part of East Frisia became

8364-431: The river Elbe, from north west to south east, (1) Hadeln around Otterndorf , (2) around Lauenburg upon Elbe and (3) around Wittenberg upon Elbe . Except of the title, Duke of Saxony, Angria and Westphalia , which this younger Duchy of Saxony granted its rulers, even after its dynastic partition in 1296, this territory, consisting only of territorial fringes of the old Duchy of Saxony , had little in common with

8466-412: The rule was to be shared with one or more competing bearers of authority, e.g. aristocrats, outside ecclesiastical dignitaries, autonomous corporations of free peasants ( German : Landsgemeinden ) or chartered towns and the like. Therefore, the archiepiscopal authority used to refer to each sub-entity by different terms like county, parish, shire, bailiwick or patrimonial district, each according to

8568-582: The second most important location for shipping companies in Germany. Although just on the other side of the border to Emsland , the Meyer Werft is an important employer for East Frisians as well. Main industrial sites are the harbours of Emden and Leer , and Wilhelmshaven east of East Frisia. Around 1900, many people left East Frisia due to lack of jobs and emigrated to the United States or elsewhere. Today

8670-559: The see of Bremen . But in 1180 the Ascanians prevailed twofoldly. The chief of the House of Ascania , Margrave Otto I of Brandenburg , son of Albert the Bear , a maternal cousin of Henry the Lion , provided his sixth brother Bernhard, Count of Anhalt , from then on Bernhard III, Duke of Saxony , with the later on so-called younger Duchy of Saxony (1180 - 1296) , a radically belittled territory consisting of three unconnected territories along

8772-541: The seven coastal areas of Frisia met once a year at the Upstalsboom, located at Rahe (near Aurich ). In the early Middle Ages, people could only settle on the higher situated Geest areas or by erecting in the marsh-areas " Warften ", artificial hills to protect the settlement, whether a single farming estate or a whole village, against the North Sea floods. In about 1000 AD the Frisians started building large dikes along

8874-484: The smallest language-island in Europe is called Saterland Frisian or, by its own name, Seeltersk . It is spoken by about 1000 people. East Frisian Low Saxon (or Eastern Friesland Low Saxon, as some people prefer to say for a better distinction from East Frisian, which is Frisian but not Low Saxon) is a variant of Low German with many of its own features due to the Frisian substrate and some other influences originating in

8976-467: The so-called Wendish dioceses of Oldenburg-Lübeck , Ratzeburg and Schwerin and they were only to be reestablished later. At the stripping of the Duchy of Saxony (7th century - 1180) in 1180 all of these suffragan bishops achieved for parts of their diocesan territories the status of imperially immediate prince-bishoprics. The Bishopric of Livonia (first at Uexküll then Riga ) was a suffragan of Bremen in

9078-597: The southern part of today's County of Rotenburg , both in Lower Saxony . In relation to the interior the archiepiscopal authority, consisting of Prince-Archbishop and cathedral chapter , had to find ways to interact with the other bearers of authority. These were gradually transforming into the Bishopric's Estates ( German : Stiftsstände ), a prevailingly advisory body, but decision-taking in fiscal and tax matters. The bishopric's Estates again were by no means homogenous and therefore often quarreled for they consisted of

9180-653: The succession of a See. A similar arrangement was reached in November for the Prince-Bishopric of Verden with its Chapter and Administrator Philip Sigismund . In 1623 Christian's son succeeded the late Philip Sigismund as Frederick II, Administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Verden , only to flee the troops of the Catholic League under Count Johan 't Serclaes of Tilly in 1626. In November 1619 Christian IV of Denmark, Duke of Holstein stationed Danish troops in

9282-478: The swampy terrain, the Frisian peasants defeated the Oldenburgian armies every time. In 1156 even Henry the Lion failed to conquer the region. The conflicts lasted for the next few centuries. In the 14th century Oldenburg gave up on plans to conquer Ostfriesland, restricting their attacks to irregular invasions, killing livestock then leaving. The East Frisian chieftains used to provide shelter for pirates such as

9384-643: The task to look after the Nordic Missions in - among others - the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen and the Prince-Bishopric of Verden . In 1667 the Holy See further institutionalised the Nordic Missions by establishing the Vicariate Apostolic of the Nordic Missions . On 22 April 1585 Henry III died in his residence in Beverstedterm ühlen after a riding accident. After Henry's early death, Duke Adolf of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp wielded influence at

9486-460: The taxes, at least when it had consented to the levying before. Since the city was the major taxpayer, its consent was mostly searched for. Like this the city wielded fiscal and political power within the Prince-Archbishopric, while the city would rather not allow the Prince-Archbishop or his representatives to rule in the city against its consent. After the Bremen Cathedral chapter, overlooking

9588-681: The three enfranchised Hamburg capitulars, had elected Valdemar of Denmark , the deposed Bishop of Schleswig , archbishop in 1207, Bremen's cathedral dean Burchard of Stumpenhusen , who had opposed this election, fled to Hamburg, then under Danish influence. King Valdemar II of Denmark , in enmity with his father's cousin Archbishop Valdemar, gained the Hamburg chapter to elect Burchard as anti-archbishop in early 1208. Lacking papal support, King Valdemar II himself invested him as Archbishop Burchard I, however, only accepted in North Elbia. In 1219

9690-454: The time of sede vacante . During the dismissal of Prince-Archbishop Christopher the Spendthrift the chapter ruled together with the Estates which had gained at that time substantial power. In relation to the outside the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen had the status of an imperial estate ( German : Reichsstand , plural: Reichsstände ) with a vote in the Diet ( German : Reichstag ) of

9792-488: The varied history of East Frisia. It is similar to the Gronings dialect spoken in the adjacent Netherlands province of Groningen. In modern Germany, East Frisians in general are the traditional butt of ethnic jokes similar to Polish jokes in the United States. This is mainly the case in the North. In an otherwise coffee drinking country, East Frisia is noted for its consumption of tea and its tea culture . Per capita,

9894-592: The years 1186–1255. Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa and his allies, many of them vassals and former supporters of his paternal cousin Duke Henry III, the Lion , had defeated the Duke of Saxony and Bavaria . In 1180 Frederick I Barbarossa stripped Henry the Lion of his duchies. In 1182 he and his wife Matilda Plantagenêt , the daughter of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine and sister of Richard Lionheart left from Stade to go into exile from

9996-509: Was an ecclesiastical principality (787–1566/1648) of the Holy Roman Empire and the Catholic Church that after its definitive secularization in 1648 became the hereditary Duchy of Bremen ( German : Herzogtum Bremen ). The prince-archbishopric, which was under the secular rule of the archbishop, consisted of about a third of the diocesan territory. The city of Bremen was de facto (since 1186) and de jure (since 1646) not part of

10098-715: Was annexed by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland and later became part of the French Empire . Most of East Frisia was renamed the Département Ems-Oriental, while a small strip of land, the Rheiderland, became part of the Dutch Département Ems-Occidental. The French Emperor Napoléon I undertook the greatest reform of Frisian society in history: He introduced mayors, where the local administration

10200-449: Was it was re-annexed by Prussia. However, in 1815, Prussia had to cede East Frisia to the Kingdom of Hanover , which itself was annexed by Prussia in 1866. The landscape is influenced by its proximity to the North Sea. The East Frisian Islands stretch for 90 kilometres along the coast. They offer dunes and sand beaches, though in their center they have grass and woods as well. The area between

10302-401: Was legally a part of the bishopric until 1646, but de facto ruled by its burghers and didn't tolerate the prince-archbishop's residence within its walls any more since 1313. Therefore, the prince-archbishop moved to Vörde ( German pronunciation: [ˈføːɐdə] ). Verden's former prince-bishopric's territory is represented about by the eastern part of the modern County of Verden and

10404-700: Was still in the hands of autonomous groups of elders (like the Diekgreven, Kerkenolderlings etc.), introduced the Code Civil and reformed the ancient Frisian naming system by newly introducing family names in 1811. In the following years the East Frisians registered their family names, often depending on their father's name, area or (if unfree) master. After the Napoleonic Wars East Frisia was occupied first by Prussian and then by Russian soldiers and in 1813

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