Defunct groups
69-567: The Old Brethren Church is a Schwarzenau Brethren denomination in the Anabaptist tradition of Christianity. They are a believer's church made up of those who voluntarily choose to follow Jesus as His disciples, and are baptized at this time, during their teen or adult years. The Old Brethren Church dates back to Germany in 1708, when the Schwarzenau Brethren were formed in Berleburg under
138-633: A Calvinistic firm affirmation of eternal security became the National Fellowship of Brethren Churches, since renamed Fellowship of Grace Brethren Churches (FGBC). It is commonly called the Grace Brethren Church, and is headquartered in Winona Lake, Indiana . In 1992, because of doctrinal disagreements within the FGBC (primarily related to the connection between water baptism and church membership),
207-558: A florist, an I.T. business, a mechanic, insurance companies, restaurants, and a dime store candy shop that sells locally made maple syrup and jumbo jelly beans to a small but growing number of regional tourists. Once a year, the town hosts the Maple Syrup Festival and holds a parade as well as other activities associated with small-town celebrations. The festival was started in 1969 by the then Chamber of Progress. Originally held in March,
276-451: A mechanism for unifying the interpretation and application of Biblical teachings. There are several religious groups named Brethren that are not related to the Schwarzenau Brethren movement. The Moravian Brethren, Hutterian Brethren and Swiss Brethren are not related to the Schwarzenau Brethren, except as inspirational examples. The Plymouth Brethren arose in England and Ireland early in
345-659: A mill and started a textile-manufacturing workshop in an effort to make the community economically self-sufficient. The Eckerlins and Mack left Ephrata in September to establish Mahanaim ( Dunkard's Bottom, Virginia ) on the New River in western Virginia. In 1814 the Society was incorporated as the Seventh Day Baptists or Seventh Day German Baptist Church. Several branches were established, some of which still exist. A group called
414-747: A printer by trade, printed a Bible in German, the first published in a European language in North America. Many members of the Schwarzenau Brethren came from the Southwest of Germany, the same region where the Pennsylvania German dialect originated. Because they settled in Pennsylvania among other Germans, who mainly came from the Palatinate and adjacent regions, they took part in the dialect leveling , that
483-493: A time for worship, exhortation, problem solving and unity among the first several generations of dispersed, frontier living, German speaking Brethren families. Generally, the more conservative Old Brethren originally wanted more adherence to Annual Meeting decisions. After discussion through the years ultimately the Old Brethren chose to uphold the older form of Annual Meeting, which was simpler, more worship and Scripture based than
552-485: A total of 8 meeting houses in use. There are Old Brethren private church schools at Nappanee IN , Palestine, OH and Tuolumne, CA. Those children who do not attend Christian schools are home schooled. A weekly periodical, The Pilgrim , was started in 1870 by brothers Henry Boyer Brumbaugh and J. B. Brumbaugh in James Creek, Pennsylvania . This was later changed to monthly publication and came to be affiliated with
621-565: A town named Salem in Indiana, the name was changed to Wakarusa in 1859. The Mt. Olive Post Office was renamed for Wakarusa a year later. Railroad - In 1891 work began on the Wabash Railroad line through town, with the official opening of the line in the spring of 1893. The line, which connected Chicago with Montpelier, Ohio, became part of the Norfolk & Western Railway in 1964 and lasted until
690-511: A variant of universal salvation that foretold that after the judgment and harsh punishment described in the New Testament, God's love would one day restore all souls to God. Brethren typically kept this teaching to themselves, and it was largely abandoned by the late nineteenth century. They were among the first to take Christian universalism to America when they emigrated there. The church leaders are ministers, teachers, and deacons, though
759-644: Is a group within the Latter Day Saint movement and is not related to the Schwarzenau Brethren. Schwarzenau Brethren (German Baptists), an Anabaptist tradition, are not to be confused with non-Anabaptist groups such as Primitive , Separate , Southern , Particular , who are categorized as Baptists . Although both Anabaptists and Baptists agree on rudimentary doctrines such as believer's baptism and separation of church and state, they would have conflicting views in other areas, such as non-resistance , separation from worldly entertainment, literal interpretation of
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#1732852333296828-476: Is heard within their doors. The law of kindness is in their mouths; no sourness or moroseness, disgraces their religion; and whatsoever they believe their Savior commands, they practice without requiring or regarding what others do. The beliefs of the Schwarzenau Brethren include triple or trine immersion baptism , which provides that the candidate kneel in water and be immersed, face first, three times in
897-405: Is land and 0.077 square miles (0.20 km ) (or 3.38%) is water. In 1836, rural Olive Township was formed in western Elkhart County , and in 1849, as the population grew, a post office named Mt. Olive opened. After more population growth, a new village named Salem was established to prevent people from having to travel to either Goshen or Elkhart to conduct business. Since there is already
966-473: Is now Lancaster County, Pennsylvania . While celibate, the community also welcomed believing families; they lived nearby and participated in joint worship. The monastic features and celibacy were gradually abandoned after the American Revolution. In 1745, brothers Samuel, Israel and Gabriel Eckerlin protested against Beissel's leadership after Beissel condemned them for having planted an orchard, built
1035-580: Is often given as cause for division in the early 1900s was the changes brought by quick acceptance of telephones and automobiles among the Old German Baptist Brethren. Historically the Schwarzenau Brethren groups have believed in and practiced the independent authority of each local congregation. After immigration to North America, the Brethren spread west with the frontier and settled in mostly rural groups. Annual Meetings started out gradually as
1104-519: Is placed on exegesis of the Bible. Several of the groups maintain a larger "Doctrinal Statement" or treatise, but only for the purpose of clarifying their Biblical position. Most Brethren groups maintain that the Bible is the sole authority and will revise their statement of faith if they perceive any difference between it and sound Biblical doctrine. Some of the Old Order groups incorporate church authority as
1173-539: Is the Missionary Church denomination based out of Fort Wayne, Indiana . Other churches include a Bible Baptist Church, a Methodist church, Holdemen Mennonite Church, and Olive Mennonite Church just outside Wakarusa. Originally solely a farming community, a lumber mill opened in 1866. By the 1880s, several factories and businesses existed, despite the fact that the railroad would not roll into town until 1893. At one point, three different lumber mills operated in
1242-528: The American Revolution , as different groups sought their own ways. The first separatists became the Seventh Day Dunkers, whose distinctive principle was that they believed that Saturday was true Sabbath . They were founded by German immigrant Johann Conrad Beissel (1690–1768). In 1732, Beissel led establishment of a semi-monastic community with a convent and a monastery at Ephrata in what
1311-597: The Church of God or "New Dunkers" withdrew in 1848. They disbanded in August 1962. The Old Order Schwarzenau Brethren opposed 19th-century Brethren adoption of innovations in the United States such as revival meetings, Sunday Schools, and foreign missionary work. Stressing church discipline, Annual Meeting authority, and the preservation of the "ancient order" of church ordinances, worship, and simple unfashionable dress, they formed
1380-596: The Conservative Grace Brethren Churches, International (CGBCI) was formed. It has no centralized headquarters at this time. The paradigmatic conservative Schwarzenau Brethren denomination remains the Dunkard Brethren Church , in that they have preserved the distinctives of plain dress and headcovering while widely using modern conveniences. The Dunkard Brethren Church withdrew from the Church of
1449-572: The Holy Roman Empire as a result of the Radical Pietist revival movement of the late 17th and early 18th centuries, where people began to read and study their Bibles on their own- rather than just being told what to believe and do. Hopeful of the imminent return of Christ and desiring to follow Jesus in their daily life, the founding Brethren abandoned State churches and officially formed a new church in 1708. They thereby attempted to translate
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#17328523332961518-569: The Old Brethren German Baptists . Old Brethren do not use the German language in worship any longer, neither a German dialect in everyday life nor High German for Bible and church readings, because they had already begun giving up the everyday use of the German language when the first split of conservatives from the main body of German Baptist Brethren occurred in the 1880s. They have given up horse and buggy transportation and now accept
1587-583: The Old German Baptist Brethren (OGBB) in 1881. In 1882 the Progressives, who stressed outreach evangelism and objected to plain, distinctive dress and strong Annual Meeting authority, formed The Brethren Church , at the time of H. R. Holsinger. The largest body continued as German Baptist Brethren until 1908, when they adopted the title Church of the Brethren . Both the Brethren Church and
1656-485: The census of 2010, there were 1,758 people, 665 households, and 448 families residing in the town. The population density was 799.1 inhabitants per square mile (308.5/km ). There were 717 housing units at an average density of 325.9 per square mile (125.8/km ). The racial makeup of the town was 96.0% White , 1.0% African American , 0.1% Native American , 1.0% Asian , 0.9% from other races , and 1.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.4% of
1725-594: The 1923 Church of the Brethren Annual Conference. Variations on the Card were used by both the Old German Baptist Brethren and the Church of the Brethren. This is an early version that was widely circulated: Be it known unto all men, The 1923 version, influenced by both increasing formalism and by the Fundamentalist-modernist controversy of the 1910s differed in both tone and content: This version
1794-533: The 1980s. Today, the original Wabash depot along with two Norfolk & Western rail cars are featured along with many other displays at the Wakarusa Historical Museum. The etymology of the name "Wakarusa" is not known. According to tradition, the name Wakarusa is from a Native American language, meaning "knee-deep in mud". A more recent source claims a settler named it after a location in Kansas. As of
1863-644: The 19th century. The United Brethren originated in 18th-century Pennsylvania with William Otterbein and Martin Boehm. The River Brethren movement adopted the view of trine immersion and most other Anabaptist beliefs and practices from the Schwarzenau Brethren. Today, the Old Order River Brethren are very similar to the Old Brethren —both being part of the Anabaptist tradition. The Apostolic United Brethren
1932-838: The Brethren World Assembly: Church of the Brethren , Conservative Grace Brethren Churches, International , Dunkard Brethren Church , Fellowship of Grace Brethren Churches , Old German Baptist Brethren , and The Brethren Church . The first Assembly was held in Pennsylvania in 1992. They met at Elizabethtown College and celebrated the 250th anniversary of the first known Brethren Annual Meeting in 1742. That first meeting gathered near Conestoga in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania . The second Assembly met in 1998 at Bridgewater College in Bridgewater, Virginia . The third Assembly
2001-532: The Brethren in 1926 because of what some believed was a gradual drift away from apostolic standards. In 2019, after years of disagreement over New Testament standards of personal morality, some conservative congregations who were leaving the Church of the Brethren chose to form a new denomination called the Covenant Brethren Church. This fellowship has member congregations in Africa and Guatemala as well as
2070-766: The Brethren to take refuge in Friesland , the Netherlands. In 1719 Peter Becker brought a group to Pennsylvania . In 1720 forty Brethren families settled in Surhuisterveen in Friesland. They settled among the Mennonites and remained there until 1729, when all but a handful emigrated to America, in three separate groups from 1719 to 1733. Peter Becker organized the first American congregation at Germantown, Pennsylvania , on December 25, 1723. In 1743 Christoph Sauer, an early pastor and
2139-565: The Christian salutation, do not oppose war, and do not formally adhere to plain dress or modesty. Only the Conservative Grace Brethren Churches have retained a published use of the motto, "The Bible, the whole Bible, and nothing but the Bible". In the progressive and liberal Church of the Brethren, significant emphasis is placed on social action issues. In the Brethren (Ashland) and Grace Brethren groups, significant emphasis
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2208-435: The Church of the Brethren would be considered as mainline Schwarzaneu Brethren fellowships today. The Dunkard Brethren Church , a conservative Schwarzenau Brethren denomination, maintains traditional theological beliefs and practices (such as plain dress and headcovering), while widely using modern conveniences. It was formed when conservative Schwarzenau Brethren withdrew from the Church of the Brethren in 1926 and established
2277-779: The Dunkard Brethren Church. As such, the Dunkard Brethren Church would fall in between Old Order Brethren (such as the Old Brethren German Baptist ) and mainline Brethren denominations (such as The Brethren Church ). In 1913 and 1915 the Old Brethren , centered in Salida, California , Dayton, Ohio and Camden, Indiana , withdrew from the Old German Baptist Brethren (OGBB). In 1921, the Old Order German Baptist Brethren , centered in Dayton, Ohio broke with
2346-536: The German verb tunken ( Pennsylvania German : dunke ), ' to dip, to immerse ' . The Schwarzenau Brethren were first organized in 1708 under the leadership of Alexander Mack (1679–1735) in the Schwarzenau , Wittgenstein community of modern-day Bad Berleburg , North Rhine-Westphalia , Germany . They believed that the Roman Catholic , Lutheran and Reformed churches were taking extreme liberties with
2415-476: The Holy Spirit and moral persuasion to follow the Bible are now the basis for adherence to the church's order, rather than authoritative legislative decisions of Annual Meeting. In 1939, those Old Brethren who wished to stress following legislative decisions of Annual Meeting and also to maintain the rejection of automobiles, telephones, electricity and tractors formed a more conservative traditional group, called
2484-626: The Mennonites and the River Brethren , and influenced by their writings. As with many other Anabaptist traditions, the Schwarzenau Brethren are divided into Old Order groups (such as the Old Brethren German Baptist ) who practice a lifestyle without certain elements of modern technology, Conservative groups (such as the Dunkard Brethren Church and the Old Brethren Church ) who preserve traditional theological distinctives while allowing for
2553-419: The New Testament idea of brotherly love into concrete congregational ordinances for all the members. The Brethren rejected some Radical Pietists’ focus on emotionalism and direct revelation, and emphasized early ("Apostolic" or "primitive") New Testament Christianity as the binding standard for congregational practices. Founding and early Schwarzenau Brethren were also in fellowship with other Anabaptists such as
2622-509: The OGBB. Attempts in 1929–1930 to reunite the Old Brethren and OGBB were unsuccessful. The Old Brethren subsequently divided into two groups, the Old Order of which took the name of Old Brethren German Baptists and was centered in Camden, Indiana and Missouri. After 1996, a small conservative group calling themselves The German Baptist Brethren split from the OGBB. The most recent split came in 2009, with
2691-674: The Old Brethren Church. Schwarzenau Brethren Defunct groups The Schwarzenau Brethren , the German Baptist Brethren , Dunkers , Dunkard Brethren , Tunkers , or sometimes simply called the German Baptists , are an Anabaptist group that dissented from Roman Catholic , Lutheran and Reformed European state churches during the 17th and 18th centuries. German Baptist Brethren emerged in some German-speaking states in western and southwestern parts of
2760-690: The Old German Baptist Brethren; but are similar to them in aspects such as nonresistance, using the Trine Immersion mode of baptism and the three-part communion service including feetwashing and a love feast. In 1980 the Old Brethren numbered about 230 adult members. Old Brethren membership in 2000 was 350 in five congregations with a total population of 651. As of 2020 Old Brethren reside mainly near Salida, CA , Modesto, CA , Tuolumne, CA , Wakarusa, IN and Goshen, IN , between Bradford, OH , Dayton, OH , Greenville, OH , New Lebanon, OH , and Palestine OH ; and near Harrison, AR and Marble Falls, AR with
2829-605: The Scripture as their only guide, in matters both of faith and practice...such Christians I have never seen as they are: so averse are they to all sin, and to many things that other Christians esteem lawful, that they not only refuse to swear, go to war, etc. but are so afraid of doing any thing contrary to the commands of Christ, that no temptation would prevail upon them ever to sue any person at law, for either name, character, estate, or any debt, be it ever so just. They are industrious, sober, temperate, kind, charitable people; envying not
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2898-608: The Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5-7) as guidelines for those who are citizens of the Kingdom of God. Old Brethren have fewer written rules than the Old German Baptist Brethren, preferring to let the Holy Spirit convict hearts and lead people to live holy lives, according to the Scriptures. Old Brethren are more plain in dress and more conservative in lifestyle than some members of their parent group
2967-532: The Sermon on the Mount, etc. In addition, Schwarzenau Brethren are not to be confused with a recent, small, renewal movement of "Plain," or "Covered" Baptists, who share many comparable beliefs and practices with the historic German Baptists, but are of different origins. Wakarusa, Indiana Wakarusa is a town in Harrison and Olive townships in Elkhart County , Indiana , United States. The population
3036-527: The US states of Indiana, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, Washington and West Virginia. Unlike the Dunkard Brethren Church that formed in 1926, the Covenant Brethren Church encourages but does not universally practice traditional Brethren distinctives such as the veiling or nonresistance (nonparticipation in the military). Other associated churches which associate with the term German Baptist include: As of 2003, six Brethren bodies meet together in
3105-464: The Word, baptize, assist deacons in anointing, solemnize marriages, and officiate at communion. Deacons serve the church by reading Scripture, leading in song and prayer, arranging for visitation to members or their families during illness or crisis, and often function in the capacity of stewards. The first schism from the general body of German Baptist Brethren occurred in 1728. There were more divisions after
3174-421: The age of 18 living with them, 58.7% were married couples living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.2% were non-families. 25.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.04. In the town, the population was spread out, with 26.0% under
3243-460: The age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 27.5% from 25 to 44, 19.0% from 45 to 64, and 19.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.2 males. The median income for a household in the town was $ 41,515, and the median income for a family was $ 50,833. Males had a median income of $ 36,014 versus $ 25,300 for females. The per capita income for
3312-401: The closing of its Wakarusa production plant and laid off its approximately 1400 workers. Since then, the massive complex has been bought by Thor Industries, and they are using it for multiple operations for some of their RV brands. Currently, they employ around 700. Today, the historic town center has several antique shops, hair salons, a furniture store, a hardware store, a general contractor,
3381-454: The establishment of the Old German Baptist Brethren, New Conference , parishioners who left the OGBB. In 1939 the "Progressive" Brethren Church experienced another schism. Those seeking an open position to the issue of eternal security maintained the name Brethren Church , with headquarters in Ashland, Ohio (the traditional Anabaptist doctrine has been conditional security ). Those supporting
3450-449: The great, nor despising the mean, they read much, they sing and pray much, they are constant attendants upon the worship of God, their dwelling houses are all houses of prayer. They walk in the commandments and ordinances of the Lord blameless both in public and private. They bring up their children in the nurture and admonition of the Lord. No noise of rudeness, shameless mirth, loud vain laughter
3519-703: The industrial economy. Forest River employs nearly 600 in the RV industry. It was announced in February 2012 that Utilimaster, a manufacturer of walk-in vans and commercial truck bodies, was moving all of its manufacturing and headquarters to nearby Bristol , about 20 minutes to the northeast in Elkhart County. Since then, RV company Forest River has purchased nearly all of the buildings and currently employs around 600 in Wakarusa. On July 17, 2008, Monaco Coach Corporation announced
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#17328523332963588-445: The leadership of Alexander Mack . Soon they moved to Pennsylvania to escape religious persecution in Europe. As the American frontier moved west, the Schwarzenau Brethren followed to Ohio, Indiana and beyond. A schism within the Schwarzenau Brethren led to the Old Brethren splitting from the Old German Baptist Brethren in Carroll County, Indiana (Deer Creek), in 1913, and in Stanislaus County, California , in 1915. The issue which
3657-445: The legislative business model which had recently developed among the Old German Baptist Brethren. Attempts in 1929-30 to reunite the Old Brethren and Old German Baptist Brethren were not successful. After 1930, the Old Brethren placed less stress on Annual Meeting authority than did their parent body, believing it to be a simple gathering more for edification, fellowship and teaching, rather than for legislation. Individual conviction by
3726-438: The lost and hurting in Jesus' name and working together as equal brethren while awaiting Christ's return. A notable influence was Ernst Christopher Hochmann von Hochenau, a traveling Pietist minister. While living in Schriesheim , his home town, Mack invited Hochmann to come and minister there. Like others who influenced the Brethren, Hochmann considered the pure church to be spiritual, and did not believe that an organized church
3795-457: The name of God the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit ; the New Testament as the infallible guide in spiritual matters; communion service celebrated in the evening, accompanied by the love feast ; the ceremony of the washing of feet ; the salutation of the holy kiss ; prayer and anointing with oil over the sick; and nonresistance . See also The Brethren Card . Some of the early Schwarzenau Brethren believed in universal restoration ,
3864-405: The name of these servant positions may differ slightly in the various branches. The official role of elder, while no longer recognized in many congregations, was formerly the most respected position in the church and performed the overseeing function that other churches may call Bishop. Ministers and deacons are elected by the members of the congregation in which they hold membership. Ministers preach
3933-438: The population. There were 665 households, of which 33.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.0% were married couples living together, 10.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 32.6% were non-families. 29.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size
4002-442: The town was $ 19,615. About 3.2% of families and 4.0% of the population were below the poverty line , including 3.8% of those under age 18 and 5.8% of those age 65 or over. Neighboring Nappanee and Wakarusa combined their school systems in the 1970s to create the Wa-Nee Community Schools. The town has a free lending library, the Wakarusa-Olive & Harrison Township Public Library. Wakarusa has Wakarusa Missionary Church, which
4071-408: The town, though none exist today. Today, Wakarusa continues to have a thriving farming economy and has two grain mills within the town's limits. Wakarusa's location in Elkhart County places it within a strong industrial area, and because of this, multiple manufacturers are located in the area. Recreational vehicle manufacturing, modular home manufacturing and custom truck production are the base of
4140-481: The town. The population density was 716.0 inhabitants per square mile (276.4/km ). There were 618 housing units at an average density of 273.5 per square mile (105.6/km ). The racial makeup of the town was 97.34% White , 0.49% African American , 0.19% Asian , 0.06% Pacific Islander , 0.62% from other races , and 1.30% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.48% of the population. There were 595 households, out of which 35.3% had children under
4209-530: The true, pure message of Christianity as revealed in the New Testament. As they began to have the New Testament available in German and read it for themselves, they rejected the established state church liturgies and sacraments, including infant baptism and Eucharistic practices in favor of following plain New Testament practices. The founding Brethren were broadly influenced by Radical Pietism understandings of an invisible church of awakened Christians who would fellowship together in purity and love, reaching out to
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#17328523332964278-476: The usage of modern conveniences, and mainline groups (such as the Church of the Brethren and the Brethren Church ) who are assimilated into popular culture and society. In German-speaking Europe , the Brethren became known as Neue Täufer ( New Baptists ) , in distinction from the English Baptist groups with whom they had no formal ties. In the United States , they became popularly known as "Dunkers", "Dunkard Brethren", or "Tunkers", terms that stem from
4347-446: The use of automobiles, while they have retained plain dress (including the headcovering for women) and a simple lifestyle separated from worldly fads and entertainment. The Old Brethren prefer to allow time and space for the Holy Spirit to guide a person's life. Brotherly counsel according to Matthew 18 and other Scripture is also followed. Teachings of the New Testament are interpreted and applied literally, with special focus given to
4416-494: Was 1,758 at the 2010 census . Wakarusa is a small farming and manufacturing community located on Indiana 19 just north of Indiana 119 . The town is 12 miles (19 km) south of Elkhart , 25 miles (40 km) southeast of South Bend , 120 miles (190 km) east of Chicago , and 140 miles (230 km) north of Indianapolis . According to the 2010 census, Wakarusa has a total area of 2.277 square miles (5.90 km ), of which 2.2 square miles (5.70 km ) (or 96.62%)
4485-432: Was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.09. The median age in the town was 42 years. 24.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.1% were from 25 to 44; 23.7% were from 45 to 64, and 22.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 45.8% male and 54.2% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,618 people, 595 households, and 427 families residing in
4554-414: Was held by Grace College in Winona Lake, Indiana , in 2003. The Assembly represents some 600,000 members around the world. Brethren are noncreedal, but have summarized their beliefs in a variety of ways for the purpose of evangelical outreach. One such statement, developed and distributed during the late nineteenth century was the Brethren's Card . A later version was endorsed for general distribution by
4623-482: Was necessary. By 1708, the date of the first Brethren baptisms, Mack had rejected this position in favor of forming a separate church with visible rules and ordinances—including threefold baptism of repentant adults by immersion, a Love Feast (that combined communion with feetwashing and an evening meal), anointing, and church discipline according to Matthew 18 culminating in use of the "ban" against members who fall into sin and refuse to repent. Religious persecution drove
4692-406: Was officially circulated by the Church of the Brethren in its publications until the middle part of the twentieth century, and it continues to be issued through the efforts of Brethren Revival Fellowship. The teachings of some other groups are similar to this, but can differ widely in emphasis and scope. For example, the Grace Brethren are varied on the requirement of trine immersion, do not practice
4761-604: Was the cradle of Pennsylvania German. Their language therefore was or soon became what today is called Pennsylvania Dutch or sometimes Pennsylvania German. In 1782 the Brethren forbade slaveholding by its members. In 1871 these Brethren adopted the title German Baptist Brethren at their Annual Meeting. The group continued to expand and from Pennsylvania, they migrated chiefly westward. By 1908 they were most numerous in Pennsylvania , Maryland , Virginia , Ohio , Indiana , Illinois , Iowa , Missouri , Nebraska , Kansas , North Dakota Arkansas , and California . [Brethren] take
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