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42-658: This article is about the surname. For the Antarctic nunatak, see Olander Nunatak . Olander or Ölander is a Swedish surname. Notable people with the surname include: Arne Ölander (1902-1984), Swedish chemist Cliff Olander (born 1955), American football player Emelie Ölander (born 1989), Swedish international female football player Jere Ölander (born 1989), Finnish professional ice hockey defender Jim Olander (born 1963), American Major League Baseball player Jimmy Olander (born 1961), American guitarist and banjo player for

84-434: A computer-generated technique for mapping terrain inspired by Raisz's work, called plan oblique relief . This tool starts with a shaded relief image, then shifts pixels northward proportional to their elevation. The effect is to make mountains "stand up" and "lay over" features to the north, in the same fashion as hill profiles. Some viewers are able to see the effect more easily than others. Hachures , first standardized by

126-829: A member of the USGS satellite surveying team at the South Pole Station, winter party 1978. 74°25′S 72°07′W  /  74.417°S 72.117°W  / -74.417; -72.117 . One of several somewhat scattered nunataks which rise above the ice of eastern Ellsworth Land, lying 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) east of Tollefson Nunatak and 27 nautical miles (50 km; 31 mi) north-northwest of Sky-Hi Nunataks . Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1961-67. Named by US-ACAN for R.E. Olander, electronics technician at Eights Station in 1963. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of

168-625: A moonscape. One solution is to incorporate multiple lighting directions to imitate the effect of ambient lighting, creating a much more realistic looking product. Multiple techniques have been proposed for doing this, including using Geographic information systems software for generating multiple shaded relief images and averaging them together, using 3-d modeling software to render terrain , and custom software tools to imitate natural lighting using up to hundreds of individual sources. This technique has been found to be most effective for very rugged terrain at medium scales of 1:30,000 to 1:1,000,000. It

210-440: A picture closely resembling the location of the real world. There are a number of ways to texture the terrain surface. Some applications benefit from using artificial textures, such as elevation coloring, checkerboard , or other generic textures. Some applications attempt to recreate the real-world surface to the best possible representation using aerial photography and satellite imagery . In video games , texture splatting

252-507: A two-dimensional medium) of the surface of the Earth, along with the geographic features resting on it. Imagined aerial views of cities were first produced during the late Middle Ages , but these "bird's eye views" became very popular in the United States during the 1800s. The advent of GIS (especially recent advances in 3-D and global visualization) and 3-D graphics modeling software has made

294-499: A variety of methods of depicting real-world or imaginary world surfaces . Most common terrain rendering is the depiction of Earth 's surface. It is used in various applications to give an observer a frame of reference . It is also often used in combination with rendering of non-terrain objects, such as trees , buildings , rivers , etc. There are two major modes of terrain rendering: top-down and perspective rendering. Top-down terrain rendering has been known for centuries in

336-521: Is a hybrid technique developed by NPS cartographer Tom Patterson to mitigate this problem. A fine-resolution DEM is averaged with a heavily smoothed version (i.e., significantly coarser resolution). When the hillshading algorithm is applied to this, it has the effect of blending the fine details of the original terrain model with the broader features brought out by the smoothed model. This technique works best at small scales and in regions that are consistently rugged. A three-dimensional view (projected onto

378-444: Is also very time-consuming. In addition, the terraced appearance does not look appealing or accurate in some kinds of terrain. Hypsometric tints (also called layer tinting, elevation tinting, elevation coloring, or hysometric coloring) are colors placed between contour lines to indicate elevation . These tints are shown as bands of color in a graduated scheme or as a color scheme applied to contour lines themselves; either method

420-595: Is configured to start at initial location in the world space . The output of the application is screen space representation of the real world on a display. The software application uses the CPU to identify and load terrain data corresponding to initial location from the terrain database, then applies the required transformations to build a mesh of points that can be rendered by the GPU, which completes geometrical transformations, creating screen space objects (such as polygons ) that create

462-399: Is considered a type of Isarithmic map . Hypsometric tinting of maps and globes is often accompanied by a similar method of bathymetric tinting to convey differences in water depth. Shaded relief , or hill-shading, shows the shape of the terrain in a realistic fashion by showing how the three-dimensional surface would be illuminated from a point light source. The shadows normally follow

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504-541: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Olander Nunatak The Yee Nunataks are in eastern Ellsworth Land , to the south of the English Coast of George VI Sound . They are north of the Lyon Nunataks , Merrick Mountains and Sky-Hi Nunataks . Individual nunataks include, from west to east, Staack Nunatak, Horner Nunatak, Tollefson Nunatak and Olander Nunatak. The Yee Nunataks were mapped by

546-535: Is in synthetic vision systems. Pilots flying aircraft benefit greatly from the ability to see terrain surface at all times regardless of conditions outside the aircraft. Emphasizes hydrological drainage divide and watershed streams. Portrayal of relief is especially important in mountainous regions. The Commission on Mountain Cartography of the International Cartographic Association

588-531: Is more blue), enhances the sense of the three-dimensional nature of the terrain, and make the map more aesthetically pleasing and artistic-looking. Much work has been done in digitally recreating the work of Eduard Imhof , which has been fairly successful in some cases. A common criticism of computer-generated analytical hillshading is its stark, artificial look, in which slopes facing the light are solid white, and slopes facing away are solid black. Raisz called it "plastic shading," and others have said it looks like

630-436: Is most useful at producing realistic maps at relatively large scales, 1:5,000 to 1:50,000. One challenge with shaded relief, especially at small scales (1:500,000 or less), is that the technique is very good at visualizing local (high-frequency) relief, but may not effectively show larger features. For example, a rugged area of hills and valleys will show as much or more variation than a large, smooth mountain. Resolution bumping

672-464: Is possible to make the terrain look more realistic by imitating the three-dimensional look of not only the bare land surface, but also the features covering that land surface, such as buildings and plants. Texture mapping or bump mapping is a technique adapted from Computer graphics that adds a layer of shaded texture to the shaded surface relief that imitates the look of the local land cover. This texture can be generated in several ways: This technique

714-423: Is used to texture the terrain surface. There are a great variety of methods to generate terrain surfaces. The main problem solved by all these methods is managing number of processed and rendered polygons. It is possible to create a very detailed picture of the world using billions of data points. However such applications are limited to static pictures. Most uses of terrain rendering are moving images, which require

756-813: The United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and United States Navy aerial photographs, 1961–68, and United States Landsat imagery, 1973–74. They were named in 1994 by United States Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) after Virginia Yee-Wray, cartographer and air brush specialist in the Shaded Relief and Special Maps Unit, Branch of Special Maps, USGS, who for many years prepared USGS shaded relief maps of Antarctica. Download coordinates as: 74°21′S 73°07′W  /  74.350°S 73.117°W  / -74.350; -73.117 . A small nunatak 1.5 nautical miles (2.8 km; 1.7 mi) southwest of Jurassic Nunatak in

798-803: The United States Geological Survey . Shaded Relief Terrain cartography or relief mapping is the depiction of the shape of the surface of the Earth on a map, using one or more of several techniques that have been developed. Terrain or relief is an essential aspect of physical geography , and as such its portrayal presents a central problem in cartographic design , and more recently geographic information systems and geovisualization . The most ancient form of relief depiction in cartography, hill profiles are simply illustrations of mountains and hills in profile, placed as appropriate on generally small-scale (broad area of coverage) maps. They are seldom used today except as part of an "antique" styling. In 1921, A.K. Lobeck published A Physiographic Diagram of

840-444: The surname Olander . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olander&oldid=1191297789 " Categories : Surnames Swedish-language surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description

882-824: The American band Diamond Rio Joan Lucille Olander (born 1931), birthname of American film actress Mamie Van Doren Mårten Olander (born 1971), Swedish professional golfer Mikael Olander (born 1963), Swedish decathlete and former Olympic competitor Milton Olander , (1899–1961), American football player and coach Rolf Olander (1934–2023), Swedish Olympic swimmer Ronny Olander (born 1949), Swedish politician Tom Ölander (1954-2002), Finnish pioneer in fandom culture See also [ edit ] Marcus Falk-Olander (born 1987), Swedish footballer Elsi Hetemäki-Olander (born 1927), Finnish politician Maaren Olander-Doyle (born 1975), Estonian footballer [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with

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924-498: The Austrian topographer Johann Georg Lehmann in 1799, are a form of shading using lines. They show the orientation of slope, and by their thickness and overall density they provide a general sense of steepness. Being non-numeric, they are less useful to a scientific survey than contours, but can successfully communicate quite specific shapes of terrain. They are especially effective at showing relatively low relief, such as rolling hills. It

966-537: The Jurassic Period in geological time and in association with Triassic Nunatak. The name does not imply the age of the rock constituting this feature. 74°21′S 72°48′W  /  74.350°S 72.800°W  / -74.350; -72.800 . A nunatak rising to about 1,375 metres (4,511 ft) high, 6 nautical miles (11 km; 6.9 mi) south-southwest of Staack Nunatak. Named by US-ACAN in 1987 after Mont C. Crutcher, USGS cartographer who worked in

1008-1553: The Merrick Mountains. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1961-67. Named by US-ACAN for Karl J. Staack, meteorologist at Byrd Station, summer 1965-66. 74°16′S 72°45′W  /  74.267°S 72.750°W  / -74.267; -72.750 . A nunatak 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) east of Staack Nunatak. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1961-67. Named by US-ACAN for Stanley Horner, radioscience researcher at Byrd Station, summer 1962-63. 74°26′S 72°46′W  /  74.433°S 72.767°W  / -74.433; -72.767 . A nunatak rising to about 1,670 metres (5,480 ft) high, 5.5 nautical miles (10.2 km; 6.3 mi) west-southwest of Tollefson Nunatak. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy aerial photographs, 1961-68, and from Landsat imagery taken 1973-74. Named in 1987 by US-ACAN after Robert N. Gardner, USGS cartographer, who participated in surveys at Cape Crozier (Ross Island), South Pole Station, and Palmer Station, 1973-74. 74°22′S 72°27′W  /  74.367°S 72.450°W  / -74.367; -72.450 . A nunatak rising to about 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) high, 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) north-northwest of Tollefson Nunatak. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy aerial photographs 1961-68. Named by US-ACAN in 1987 after William M. Voight, USGS cartographer, who worked in

1050-618: The Merrick Mountains. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1961-67. Named by US-ACAN for T.W. Tollefson, construction electrician at Eights Station in 1963. 74°28′S 72°25′W  /  74.467°S 72.417°W  / -74.467; -72.417 . A nunatak rising to about 1,700 metres (5,600 ft) high, 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) south of Tollefson Nunatak. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy aerial photographs, 1961-68, and from Landsat imagery taken 1973-74. Named in 1987 by US-ACAN after John M. Metzgar, Jr., USGS cartographer,

1092-661: The United States , using an advanced version of the hill profile technique to illustrate the distribution of landforms on a small-scale map. Erwin Raisz further developed, standardized, and taught this technique, which uses generalized texture to imitate landform shapes over a large area. A combination of hill profile and shaded relief, this style of terrain representation is simultaneously idiosyncratic to its creator—often hand-painted—and found insightful in illustrating geomorphological patterns. More recently, Tom Patterson developed

1134-586: The angle between that vector and the vector pointing to the illumination using the Dot product ; the smaller that angle, the more illumination that location is receiving. However, most software implementations use algorithms that shorten those calculations. This tool is available in a variety of GIS and graphics software, including Photoshop , QGIS , GRASS GIS or ArcMap 's Spatial Analyst extension. While these relatively simple tools have made shaded relief almost ubiquitous in maps, many cartographers have been unhappy with

1176-457: The color of the contour lines is used to indicate the type of ground: black for bare rock and scree , blue for ice and underwater contours, and brown for earth-covered ground. The Tanaka (relief) contours technique is a method used to illuminate contour lines in order to help visualize terrain. Lines are highlighted or shaded depending on their relationship to a light source in the Northwest. If

1218-427: The convention of top-left lighting in which the light source is placed near the upper-left corner of the map. If the map is oriented with north at the top, the result is that the light appears to come from the north-west. Although this is unrealistic lighting in the northern hemisphere, using a southern light source can cause multistable perception illusions, in which the topography appears inverted. Shaded relief

1260-427: The entire area of coverage, calculating only spot elevations at survey points. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) topographical survey maps included contour representation of relief, and so maps that show relief, especially with exact representation of elevation, came to be called topographic maps (or "topo" maps) in the United States , and the usage has spread internationally. On maps produced by Swisstopo ,

1302-402: The field at Ross Ice Shelf, South Pole Station, Byrd Glacier, and Dome Charlie in 1974-75. 74°16′S 72°49′W  /  74.267°S 72.817°W  / -74.267; -72.817 . A nunatak lying 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) west of Horner Nunatak, being one of several scattered and somewhat isolated nunataks located 40 nautical miles (74 km; 46 mi) north of

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1344-490: The field in support of the Ross Ice Shelf Project, at Byrd and Siple Stations and at Dome Charlie in 1974-75. 74°25′S 72°25′W  /  74.417°S 72.417°W  / -74.417; -72.417 . A nunatak lying 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) west of Olander Nunatak, being one of several scattered and somewhat isolated nunataks located 40 nautical miles (74 km; 46 mi) north of

1386-522: The invention of vacuum-formed plastic maps , and computerized machining to create molds efficiently. Machining is also used to create large custom models from substrates such as high-density foam, and can even color them based on aerial photography by placing an inkjet printhead on the machining device. The advent of 3D printing has introduced a much more economical means to produce raised-relief maps, although most 3D printers are too small to efficiently produce large dioramas. Terrain rendering covers

1428-415: The object being illustrated would shadow a section of contour line, that contour would be represented with a black band. Otherwise, slopes facing the light source would be represented by white bands. This method was developed by Professor Tanaka Kitiro in 1950, but had been experimented with as early as 1870, with little success due to technological limitations in printing. The resulting terrain at this point

1470-413: The product, and have developed techniques to improve its appearance, including the following: Imhof's contributions included a multi-color approach to shading, with purples in valleys and yellows on peaks, which is known as “illuminated shading.” Illuminating the sides of the terrain facing the light source with yellow colors provides greater realism (since direct sunlight is more yellow, and ambient light

1512-465: The production of realistic aerial views relatively easy, although the execution of quality Cartographic design on these models remains a challenge. This is a map in which relief is shown as a three-dimensional object. The most intuitive way to depict relief is to imitate it at scale. Hand-crafted dioramas may date back to 200BCE in China, but mass production did not become available until World War II with

1554-542: The software application to make decisions on how to simplify (by discarding or approximating) source terrain data. Virtually all terrain rendering applications use level of detail to manage number of data points processed by CPU and GPU. There are several modern algorithms for terrain surfaces generating. Terrain rendering is widely used in computer games to represent both Earth's surface and imaginary worlds. Some games also have terrain deformation (or deformable terrain). One important application of terrain rendering

1596-410: The way of cartographic maps. Perspective terrain rendering has also been known for quite some time. However, only with the advent of computers and computer graphics perspective rendering has become mainstream. A typical terrain rendering application consists of a terrain database , a central processing unit (CPU), a dedicated graphics processing unit (GPU), and a display. A software application

1638-650: The west extremity of the Yee Nunataks. Named by US-ACAN in 1987 after the Triassic Period in geological time and in association with Jurassic Nunatak. The name does not imply the age of the rock constituting this feature. 74°20′S 73°04′W  /  74.333°S 73.067°W  / -74.333; -73.067 . A small nunatak 1.5 nautical miles (2.8 km; 1.7 mi) northeast of Triassic Nunatak. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy aerial photographs, 1961-68. Named by US-ACAN in 1987 after

1680-416: Was a grayscale image. Cartographer Berthold Horn later created software to digitally produce Tanaka Contours, and Patrick Kennelly, another cartographer, later found a way to add color to these maps, making them more realistic. There are a number of issues with this method. Historically, printing technology did not reproduce Tanaka contours well, especially the white lines on a gray background. This method

1722-536: Was a standard on topographic maps of Germany well into the 20th Century. There have been multiple attempts to recreate this technique using digital GIS data, with mixed results. First developed in France in the 18th Century, contour lines (or isohypses) are isolines of equal elevation. This is the most common way of visualizing elevation quantitatively, and is familiar from topographic maps . Most 18th- and early 19th-century national surveys did not record relief across

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1764-412: Was traditionally drawn with charcoal , airbrush and other artist's media. The Swiss cartographer Eduard Imhof is widely regarded as a master of manual hill-shading technique and theory. Shaded relief is today almost exclusively computer-generated from digital elevation models (DEM). The mathematical basis of analytical hillshading is to calculate the surface normal at each location, then calculate

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