A thicket is a very dense stand of trees or tall shrubs , often dominated by only one or a few species , to the exclusion of all others. They may be formed by species that shed large numbers of highly viable seeds that are able to germinate in the shelter of the maternal plants.
41-552: The olallieberry ( / ˈ oʊ l ə l i ˌ b ɛr i / OH -lə-lee-berr-ee ), sometimes spelled ollalieberry , olallaberry , olalliberry , ollalaberry or ollaliberry , is the marketing name for the 'Olallie' blackberry released by the USDA-ARS (in collaboration with Oregon State University ). The berry was a selection from a cross between the 'Black Logan' (syn. 'Mammoth'), developed by Judge James Logan in California, and
82-532: A noxious weed . Blackberry fruits are red when unripe, leading to an old expression that "blackberries are red when they're green". Worldwide, Mexico is the leading producer of blackberries, with nearly the entire crop being produced for export into the off-season fresh markets in North America and Europe. Until 2018, the Mexican market was almost entirely based on the cultivar 'Tupy' (often spelled 'Tupi', but
123-595: A 100 grams (3.5 oz) reference amount, raw cultivated blackberries supply 43 calories and rich contents (20% or more of the Daily Value (DV) of dietary fiber , manganese (31% DV), vitamin C (25% DV), and vitamin K (19% DV) (table). Blackberries contain numerous large seeds that are not always preferred by consumers. The seeds contain oil rich in omega-3 ( alpha-linolenic acid ) and omega-6 ( linoleic acid ) fats as well as protein , dietary fiber, carotenoids , ellagitannins , and ellagic acid . The ripe fruit
164-640: A decade or more. These varieties have diverse flavors varying from sweet to tart. Trailing blackberries are vigorous and crown-forming, require a trellis for support, and are less cold-hardy than the erect or semi-erect blackberries. In addition to the Pacific Northwest , these types do well in similar climates, such as the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Chile, and the Mediterranean countries . Semi-erect, prickle-free blackberries were first developed at
205-452: A new stem, the primocane , reaches a full length of about 3–6 metres (9.8–19.7 feet) trailing on the ground and bearing large palmate compound leaves with 5–7 new leaves; it does not produce any flowers. In its second year, the cane is a floricane with a non-growing stem. The lateral buds open to produce flowering laterals. First- and second-year shoots produce short-curved, sharp thorns . Thornless cultivars have been developed during
246-605: A parent. The original cross was made in 1935 by George Waldo with the United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), who ran the cooperative blackberry breeding program between the USDA-ARS and Oregon State University from 1932 until the 1960s. Selected in 1937 and tested in Oregon , Washington and California as "Oregon 609" (OSC 609), it was named "Olallie" and released in 1950. During
287-569: A thicket's high plant density and resulting low visibility allows for predator species to succeed in tracking, stalking, and capturing their prey. Especially within the Albany thicket biome, thickets have traditionally been used for raising domestic livestock , although the popularity of doing so is declining over time. Recently, the primary human activity taking place in thickets is game hunting, both for recreational purposes and for ecotourism . The increase in game hunting within thickets has also led to
328-534: A thicket's lack of C4 grasses and relatively low fire exposure. While thickets tend to have a small number of plant species present, as they are often dominated by one species of tree or shrub, the biome provides ecological resources to a large group of species. Thickets frequently make up sections of the home ranges of native species, including ptarmigan and hares in the tundra, cheetahs and lions in Africa, and frogs and alligators in North America. In particular,
369-691: Is a serious pest of blackberries. Unlike its vinegar fly relatives, which are primarily attracted to rotting or fermented fruit, D. suzukii attacks fresh, ripe fruit by laying eggs under the soft skin. The larvae hatch and grow in the fruit, destroying the fruit's commercial value. Another pest is Amphorophora rubi , known as the blackberry aphid, which eats not just blackberries but raspberries as well. Byturus tomentosus ( raspberry beetle ), Lampronia corticella (raspberry moth) and Anthonomus rubi (strawberry blossom weevil) are also known to infest blackberries. Raw blackberries are 88% water, 10% carbohydrates , 1% protein , and 0.5% fat (table). In
410-474: Is abundant with annual volumes of 20,000 pounds (9,100 kg) per 1 acre (0.40 ha) possible, making this plant commercially attractive. Rubus armeniacus ("Himalayan" blackberry) is considered a noxious weed and invasive species in many regions of the Pacific Northwest of Canada and the United States, where it grows out of control in urban and suburban parks and woodlands. What distinguishes
451-598: Is an important cultivar that was selected from seedlings from a cross between 'Chehalem' and 'Olallie' (commonly called " Olallieberry ") berries. 'Olallie' in turn is a cross between loganberry and youngberry . 'Marion', 'Chehalem' and 'Olallie' are just three of many trailing blackberry cultivars developed by the United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) blackberry breeding program at Oregon State University in Corvallis, Oregon . The most recent cultivars released from this program are
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#1733269666081492-455: Is commonly used in desserts, jams, jelly, wine and liqueurs . It may be mixed with other berries and fruits for pies and crumbles . Blackberries contain numerous phytochemicals including polyphenols , flavonoids , anthocyanins , salicylic acid , ellagic acid , and fiber . Anthocyanins in blackberries are responsible for their rich dark color. One report placed blackberries at the top of more than 1,000 polyphenol-rich foods consumed in
533-482: Is not a berry in the botanical sense, as it is termed botanically as an aggregate fruit , composed of small drupelets . It is a widespread and well-known group of over 375 species, many of which are closely related apomictic microspecies native throughout Europe, northwestern Africa, temperate western and central Asia and North and South America. Blackberries are perennial plants bearing biennial stems (called canes ) from their roots. In its first year,
574-584: Is now dominated by the Brazilian 'Tupy' released in the 1990s. The 'Tupy' has the erect blackberry 'Comanche', and a "wild Uruguayan blackberry" as parents. Since there are no native blackberries in Uruguay, the suspicion is that the widely grown ' Boysenberry ' is the male parent. To produce these blackberries in regions of Mexico where there is no winter chilling to stimulate flower bud development, chemical defoliation and application of growth regulators are used to bring
615-482: Is some value in this legend as autumn's wetter and cooler weather often allows the fruit to become infected by various molds such as Botryotinia which give the fruit an unpleasant look and may be toxic. According to some traditions, a blackberry's deep purple color represents Jesus's blood and the crown of thorns was made of brambles, although other thorny plants, such as Crataegus (hawthorn) and Euphorbia milii (crown of thorns plant), have been proposed as
656-561: The John Innes Centre in Norwich , UK, and subsequently by the USDA-ARS in Beltsville, Maryland . These are crown forming and very vigorous and need a trellis for support. Cultivars include 'Black Satin', 'Chester Thornless', 'Dirksen Thornless', 'Hull Thornless', 'Loch Maree', 'Loch Ness', 'Loch Tay', 'Merton Thornless', 'Smoothstem', and 'Triple Crown'. 'Loch Ness' and 'Loch Tay' have gained
697-696: The RHS 's Award of Garden Merit . The cultivar 'Cacanska Bestrna' (also called 'Cacak Thornless') has been developed in Serbia and has been planted on many thousands of hectares there. The University of Arkansas has developed cultivars of erect blackberries. These types are less vigorous than the semi-erect types and produce new canes from root initials (therefore they spread underground like raspberries). There are prickly and prickle-free cultivars from this program, including 'Navaho', 'Ouachita', 'Cherokee', 'Apache', 'Arapaho', and 'Kiowa'. They are also responsible for developing
738-491: The dewberries ) Rubus subg. Eubatus The blackberry is an edible fruit produced by many species in the genus Rubus in the family Rosaceae , hybrids among these species within the subgenus Rubus , and hybrids between the subgenera Rubus and Idaeobatus . The taxonomy of blackberries has historically been confused because of hybridization and apomixis , so that species have often been grouped together and called species aggregates . Blackberry fruit production
779-541: The youngberry , which was developed by Byrnes M. Young in Louisiana. According to Judge Logan, 'Black Logan' was a cross between the eastern blackberry 'Crandall' and the western dewberry 'Aughinbaugh'. ' Youngberry ' was from 'Phenomenal' x 'Austin Mayes'. 'Phenomenal' in turn is a cross of the 'Aughinbaugh' western dewberry and 'Cuthbert' red raspberry and so has a similar background to Logan's ' Loganberry ' because it shares
820-798: The 20th century, the Olallieberry was hybridized with the Chehalem blackberry to produce the Marion blackberry or Marionberry , which – when used as the fruit in a pie – was named as the official state pie of Oregon in 2017. "Olallie" means berry in the Chinook Jargon . Olallie Lake in Oregon's Cascade Range is named after the Chinook term due to the abundance of berries in that area. Blackberry And hundreds more microspecies (the subgenus also includes
861-596: The EMBRAPA program in Brazil from which it was released prefers the 'Tupy' spelling), but Tupy fell out of favor in some Mexican growing regions. In the US, Oregon is the leading commercial blackberry producer, producing 19,300,000 kilograms (42,600,000 pounds) on 2,500 hectares (6,300 acres) in 2017. Numerous cultivars have been selected for commercial and amateur cultivation in Europe and
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#1733269666081902-597: The United States, but this concept of a health benefit from consuming dark-colored foods like blackberries remains scientifically unverified and not accepted for health claims on food labels. One of the earliest known instances of blackberry consumption comes from the remains of the Haraldskær Woman , the naturally preserved bog body of a Danish woman dating from approximately 2,500 years ago. Forensic evidence found blackberries in her stomach contents, among other foods. The use of blackberries to make wines and cordials
943-455: The United States. Since the many species form hybrids easily, there are numerous cultivars with more than one species in their ancestry. Modern hybridization and cultivar development took place mostly in the US. In 1880, a hybrid blackberry-raspberry named the loganberry was developed in Santa Cruz, California , by an American judge and horticulturalist , James Harvey Logan . One of
984-626: The berries is a common pastime. However, their vigorous growth and tendency to grow unchecked if not managed correctly means that the plants are also considered a weed, sending down roots from branches that touch the ground , and sending up suckers from the roots. In some parts of the world, such as in Australia, Chile, New Zealand, and the Pacific Northwest of North America, some blackberry species, particularly Rubus armeniacus (Himalayan blackberry) and Rubus laciniatus (evergreen blackberry), are naturalized and considered an invasive species and
1025-436: The blackberry from its raspberry relatives is whether or not the torus ( receptacle or stem) "picks with" (i.e., stays with) the fruit. When picking a blackberry fruit, the torus stays with the fruit. With a raspberry, the torus remains on the plant, leaving a hollow core in the raspberry fruit. The term bramble , a word referring to any impenetrable thicket , has in some circles traditionally been applied specifically to
1066-421: The blackberry or its products, though in the United States it applies to all members of the genus Rubus . In the western US, the term caneberry is used to refer to blackberries and raspberries as a group rather than the term bramble. Briar or brier may be used to refer to the dense vines of the plant, though this name is used for other thorny thickets (such as Smilax ) as well. The usually black fruit
1107-534: The early 21st century. Unmanaged plants tend to aggregate in a dense tangle of stems and branches, which can be controlled in gardens or farms using trellises . Blackberry shrubs can tolerate poor soils , spreading readily in wasteland, ditches, and roadsides. The flowers bloom in late spring and early summer on the tips of branches. Each flower is about 2–3 centimetres ( 3 ⁄ 4 – 1 + 1 ⁄ 4 inches) in diameter, with five white-pink petals . The fruit only develops around ovules fertilized by
1148-559: The first thornless varieties was developed in 1921, but the berries lost much of their flavor. Common thornless cultivars developed from the 1990s to the early 21st century by the US Department of Agriculture enabled efficient machine-harvesting, higher yields, larger and firmer fruit, and improved flavor, including the Triple Crown , Black Diamond , Black Pearl , and Nightfall , a marionberry . 'Marion' (marketed as " marionberry ")
1189-415: The genera Rosa ( Rose ), Rubus , and Smilax . Thickets are characterized by dense plant life, a low closed canopy, deep shale-derived soil, and high levels of soil carbon and nitrogen. Plants present within a thicket generally reach a maximum of 4 to 6 meters in height. The boundaries between a thicket and its nearby forest are defined by a lack of precipitation and overall dry environment within
1230-476: The leaves. Caterpillars of the concealer moth Alabonia geoffrella have been found feeding inside dead blackberry shoots. When mature, the berries are eaten and their seeds dispersed by mammals, such as the red fox, American black bear and the Eurasian badger, as well as by small birds. Blackberries grow wild throughout most of Europe. They are an important element in the ecology of many countries, and harvesting
1271-583: The male gamete from a pollen grain. The most likely cause of undeveloped ovules is inadequate pollinator visits. Incomplete drupelet development can signal infection with raspberry bushy dwarf virus . The loci controlling the primocane fruiting was mapped in the F Locus, on LG7, whereas thorns/thornlessness was mapped on LG4. Better understanding of the genetics is useful for genetic screening of cross-breds, and for genetic engineering purposes. Blackberry leaves are food for certain caterpillars ; some grazing mammals, especially deer, are also very fond of
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1312-448: The material for the crown. Thicket In some conditions, the formation or spread of thickets may be assisted by human disturbance of an area. Human disturbance and activity within thickets varies based on culture and location. Where a thicket is formed of briar (also spelled brier ), which is a common name for any of a number of unrelated thorny plants , it may be called a briar patch . Plants termed briar include species in
1353-785: The plants into bloom. Because blackberries belong to the same genus as raspberries, they share the same diseases, including anthracnose (a type of canker ), which can cause the berry to have uneven ripening. Sap flow may also be slowed. They also share the same remedies, including the Bordeaux mixture, a combination of lime, water and copper(II) sulfate . The rows between blackberry plants must be free of weeds, blackberry suckers and grasses, which may lead to pests or diseases. Fruit growers are selective when planting blackberry bushes because wild blackberries may be infected, and gardeners are recommended to purchase only certified disease-free plants. The spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii ,
1394-459: The primocane fruiting blackberries such as 'Prime-Jan' and 'Prime-Jim'. In raspberries, these types are called primocane fruiting, fall fruiting, or everbearing. 'Prime-Jim' and 'Prime-Jan' were released in 2004 by the University of Arkansas and are the first cultivars of primocane fruiting blackberry. They grow much like the other erect cultivars described above; however, the canes that emerge in
1435-400: The rise of manmade game farms , which has prompted discussion regarding the impact of game farms on the biome and its health. Conservationists and biologists pose concern about the decrease in biodiversity that game farms may create, especially when coupled with other anthropogenic threats to thickets such as land clearing and urbanization . Alternatively, farmers and many locals suggest that
1476-469: The spring will flower in midsummer and fruit in late summer or fall. The fall crop has its highest quality when it ripens in cool mild climate such as in California or the Pacific Northwest. 'Illini Hardy', a semi-erect prickly cultivar introduced by the University of Illinois , is cane hardy in zone 5, where blackberry production has traditionally been problematic, since canes often failed to survive
1517-451: The stems to make rope. The shrubs have also been used for barriers around buildings, crops and livestock. The wild plants have sharp, thick prickles, which offered some protection against enemies and large animals. Folklore in the United Kingdom and Ireland tells that blackberries should not be picked after Old Michaelmas Day (11 October) as the devil (or a Púca ) has made them unfit to eat by stepping, spitting or fouling on them. There
1558-692: The thicket area, while forests receive higher levels of precipitation. Forests also do not experience as much herbivory and browsing in comparison to thickets. The thicket biome has been identified in Africa, Madagascar, Australia, North America, and South America. One of the most studied and well-recognized thickets is the Albany thicket biome, located in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. Due to their overlapping ranges and similarity of plant species, thicket biomes may be misidentified as being portions of savannas . However, these areas can be differentiated through
1599-623: The thornless cultivars 'Black Diamond', 'Black Pearl', and 'Nightfall' as well as the early-ripening 'Obsidian' and 'Metolius'. 'Black Diamond' is now the leading cultivar being planted in the Pacific Northwest. Some of the other cultivars from this program are 'Newberry', 'Waldo', 'Siskiyou', 'Black Butte', ' Kotata ', 'Pacific', and 'Cascade'. Varieties with good commercial characteristics developed in Arkansas are grown in nurseries in Oklahoma . Such blackberries are easy to grow, and may produce fruit for
1640-509: The winter. Blackberry production in Mexico expanded considerably in the early 21st century. In 2017, Mexico had 97% of the market share for fresh blackberries imported into the United States, while Chile had 61% of the market share for American imports of frozen blackberries. While once based on the cultivar 'Brazos', an old erect blackberry cultivar developed in Texas in 1959, the Mexican industry
1681-568: Was documented in the London Pharmacopoeia in 1696. In the culinary world, blackberries have a long history of use alongside other fruits to make pies, jellies and jams. Blackberry plants were used for traditional medicine by Greeks, other European peoples, and aboriginal Americans. A 1771 document described brewing blackberry leaves, stem, and bark for stomach ulcers . Blackberry fruit, leaves, and stems have been used to dye fabrics and hair. Native Americans have even been known to use