The Oker ( pronounced [ˈoːkɐ] ) is a river in Lower Saxony , Germany , that has historically formed an important political boundary. It is a left tributary of the River Aller , 128 kilometres (80 mi) in length and runs in a generally northerly direction.
33-498: The river's name was recorded around 830 as Obacra and, later, as Ovokare und Ovakara . The origin of the name is derived from the roots ov- and -akara meaning “upper” (cf. New High German ober- ) and “onward rushing” (rendered in German as “Vorwärtsdrängende”) as distinct from its tributary, the Ecker , whose name means only “onward rushing”. The Oker rises at about 910 metres in
66-529: A Prince-bishopric ( Hochstift ) by Emperor Frederick II . As a negative consequence of this success, Hildesheim began to interfere with the neighbouring Welf duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg , culminating in the Hildesheim Diocesan Feud 1519-1523 with the warlike Brunswick duke Henry the Younger that led to a significant loss of territories. In the 16th century, most of the diocese as well as most of
99-593: A culvert under the Mittelland Canal before it is joined by the Schunter from the east near Groß Schwülper. It then flows down to its mouth into the River Aller , which is located between Gifhorn and Celle at Müden . Since the early ninth century the middle Oker river has formed the diocesan boundary between the bishoprics of Halberstadt and Hildesheim , established by Emperor Charlemagne and his son Louis
132-506: A flowering rose bush with the relic in his branches, which it would not let go. Louis had a chapel built by the side of the rose, the later St. Mary's Cathedral . A rosa canina is still growing at the apse of the cathedral, called the Thousand-year Rose ( Tausendjähriger Rosenstock ). His son King Louis the German appointed the former archbishop of Rheims , Ebbo , as bishop between 845 and 847. Ebbo's successor Altfrid began
165-686: A missionary diocese at his eastphalian court in Elze ( Aula Caesaris ), about 19 km (12 mi) west of Hildesheim. His son King Louis the Pious established the bishopric at Hildesheim in 815, dedicated to Virgin Mary . According to legend delivered by the Brothers Grimm , the king was hunting in the wintery woods of Elze, when he realized that he had lost his pendant with the relic of Blessed Virgin Mary. Distraught he sent out his attendance who finally discovered
198-441: A root is a morphologically simple unit which can be left bare or to which a prefix or a suffix can attach. The root word is the primary lexical unit of a word , and of a word family (this root is then called the base word), which carries aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents. Content words in nearly all languages contain, and may consist only of, root morphemes . However, sometimes
231-1020: A tendency to have words that are identical to their roots. However, such forms as in Spanish exist in English such as interrupt , which may arguably contain the root -rupt , which only appears in other related prefixd forms (such as disrupt , corrupt , rupture , etc.). The form -rupt cannot occur on its own. Examples of ( consonantal roots ) which are related but distinct to the concept developed here are formed prototypically by three (as few as two and as many as five) consonants. Speakers may derive and develop new words (morphosyntactically distinct, i.e. with different parts of speech) by using non-concatenative morphological strategies: inserting different vowels . Unlike 'root' here, these cannot occur on their own without modification; as such these are never actually observed in speech and may be termed 'abstract'. For example, in Hebrew ,
264-458: Is morphologically similar to the production of frequentative (iterative) verbs in Latin , for example: Consider also Rabbinic Hebrew ת-ר-מ √t-r-m ‘donate, contribute’ (Mishnah: T’rumoth 1:2: ‘separate priestly dues’), which derives from Biblical Hebrew תרומה t'rūmå ‘contribution’, whose root is ר-ו-מ √r-w-m ‘raise’; cf. Rabbinic Hebrew ת-ר-ע √t-r-' ‘sound
297-629: The Arabic language : Similar cases occur in Hebrew , for example Israeli Hebrew מ-ק-מ √m-q-m ‘locate’, which derives from Biblical Hebrew מקום måqom ‘place’, whose root is ק-ו-מ √q-w-m ‘stand’. A recent example introduced by the Academy of the Hebrew Language is מדרוג midrúg ‘rating’, from מדרג midrág , whose root is ד-ר-ג √d-r-g ‘grade’." According to Ghil'ad Zuckermann , "this process
330-643: The Expo 2000 bridges over the Oker in Braunschweig and its surrounding area were artistically designed; after 2004 this was carried out as part of the Okerlicht project. Left tributaries (from source to mouth): Right tributaries: Oste class fleet service ship Root (linguistics) A root (also known as root word or radical ) is the core of a word that is irreducible into more meaningful elements. In morphology ,
363-691: The Harz National Park in a boggy area on the Bruchberg in the Harz mountains of central Germany . This early section is known as the Große Oker ("Great Oker") and it is impounded below Altenau by the Oker Dam . From the dam wall to the former village of Oker , which is today part of Goslar , the Oker is on certain occasions suitable for canoeing . This section, often called the "Oker Valley" ( Okertal ), includes
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#1732852177955396-535: The Michaeliskirche , and commissioned bronze doors for the cathedral. During the tenure of his successor Gotthard (1022-1038), the cathedral school became a center for learning. Bernward and Gotthard added much to the architectonic and cultural tradition of the present-day World Heritage Site . At the Reichstag at Mainz of August 15, 1235 Bishop Conrad II reached the official acknowledgement of Hildesheim as
429-650: The Romkerhall Waterfall. Here the Romke stream drops about 64 metres (210 ft) in height over a waterfall laid out in 1863 into the Oker. Downstream in the river's fast-flowing waters, the Verlobungsinsel ("Betrothal Island") is to be found. Left and right of the Oker in this area are many crags that are popular with climbers . In the Goslar vicinity of Oker the river is seriously polluted with heavy metals from
462-638: The slag heaps as well as groundwater and surface runoff from the metal smelters there. From the village of Oker the River Oker flows away in a northeasterly direction to Vienenburg , where it is joined from the south by the Radau and then from the southeast by the Ecker . After these two confluences the river continues southeast past the Harly Forest , after which it bends north to flow through Schladen and Wolfenbüttel to Braunschweig . In south Braunschweig
495-511: The Oker is dammed by the Eisenbüttel Weir. In the Bürgerpark shortly before Braunschweig's old town the Oker divides into the western and eastern bypass channels ( Umflutgraben ) which circumnavigate the historic city centre at a slightly higher level. These channels were laid in the 16th century as the external moats of the town's defences. The actual course of the Oker through the centre of
528-599: The Pious in the Duchy of Saxony . North of Schladen the royal palace ( Königspfalz ) of Werla was established on the banks about 20 metres (66 ft) above the river bed. From the High Middle Ages the Oker between the villages of Ohrum and Börßum formed the eastern boundary of the Prince-Bishopric of Hildesheim with the Duchy of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel , and further south to Wiedelah (today part of Vienenburg ) with
561-738: The Prince-Bishopric of Halberstadt, which became the Prussian Principality of Halberstadt following its secularization in 1648. The Bishopric of Halberstadt was likewise mediatised in 1803, and according to the Final Act of the 1815 Vienna Congress , the Oker was the eastern border of the Kingdom of Hanover with the Duchy of Brunswick and the Prussian Province of Saxony . When the Kingdom of Prussia annexed Hanover in 1866, it became
594-462: The Sanskrit root " √bhū- " means the root " bhū- ". English verb form running contains the root run . The Spanish superlative adjective amplísimo contains the root ampli- . In the former case, the root can occur on its own freely. In the latter, it requires modification via affixation to be used as a free form. English has minimal use of morphological strategies such as affixation and features
627-439: The building blocks for affixation and compounds . However, in polysynthetic languages with very high levels of inflectional morphology, the term "root" is generally synonymous with "free morpheme". Many such languages have a very restricted number of morphemes that can stand alone as a word: Yup'ik , for instance, has no more than two thousand. The root is conventionally indicated using the mathematical symbol √; for instance,
660-410: The category-neutral approach, data from English indicates that the same underlying root appears as a noun and a verb - with or without overt morphology. In Hebrew , the majority of roots consist of segmental consonants √CCC. Arad (2003) describes that the consonantal root is turned into a word due to pattern morphology. Thereby, the root is turned into a verb when put into a verbal environment where
693-534: The construction of the cathedral . A close adviser to Louis the German, Altfrid founded Essen Abbey . During the reign of the Saxon Ottonian dynasty Hildesheim, together with the neighbouring bishoprics of Halberstadt and Magdeburg , became the central ecclesiastical territory of the Holy Roman Empire . Bishop Bernward (993-1022) built up the cathedral district with a strong twelve-towered wall, built
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#1732852177955726-436: The forms derived from the abstract consonantal roots , a major Hebrew phonetics concept ג-ד-ל ( g-d-l ) related to ideas of largeness: g a d o l and gd o l a (masculine and feminine forms of the adjective "big"), g a d a l "he grew", hi gd i l "he magnified" and ma gd e l et "magnifier", along with many other words such as g o d e l "size" and mi gd a l "tower". Roots and reconstructed roots can become
759-400: The head bears the "v" feature (the pattern). Consider the root √š-m-n (ש-מ-נ). Although all words vary semantically, the general meaning of a greasy, fatty material can be attributed to the root. Furthermore, Arad states that there are two types of languages in terms of root interpretation. In languages like English, the root is assigned one interpretation whereas in languages like Hebrew,
792-580: The inner Prussian border between the provinces of Hanover and Saxony as well as the border, north of Börßum to Ohrum between the Province of Hanover in the west and the Duchy of Brunswick in the east. From 1945 to 1990 the Inner German border between East and West Germany ran down the centre of the Oker between Wiedelah and Schladen, today between the German states of Saxony-Anhalt and Lower Saxony . Since
825-672: The root can form multiple interpretations depending on its environment. This occurrence suggests a difference in language acquisition between these two languages. English speakers would need to learn two roots in order to understand two different words whereas Hebrew speakers would learn one root for two or more words. Alexiadou and Lohndal (2017) advance the claim that languages have a typological scale when it comes to roots and their meanings and state that Greek lies in between Hebrew and English. Prince-Bishopric of Hildesheim The Prince-Bishopric of Hildesheim ( German : Hochstift Hildesheim, Fürstbistum Hildesheim, Bistum Hildesheim )
858-480: The roots' vowels, by adding or removing the long vowels a , i , u , e and o . (Notice that Arabic does not have the vowels e and o .) In addition, secondary roots can be created by prefixing ( m− , t− ), infixing ( −t− ), or suffixing ( −i , and several others). There is no rule in these languages on how many secondary roots can be derived from a single root; some roots have few, but other roots have many, not all of which are necessarily in current use. Consider
891-577: The state of Hildesheim switched to Protestantism . But the Bishopric managed not only to retain its independence from the surrounding Protestant states of Brunswick-Lüneburg , but also to retrieve large parts of the lost estates, mostly because its bishops were members of the powerful House of Wittelsbach from 1573 until 1761, the last Clemens August of Bavaria from 1723, who also was archbishop and prince-elector of Cologne , prince-bishop of Münster , Osnabrück and Paderborn as well as Grand Master of
924-551: The syntactic environment. The ways in which these roots gain lexical category are discussed in Distributed Morphology and the Exoskeletal Model . Theories adopting a category-neutral approach have not, as of 2020, reached a consensus about whether these roots contain a semantic type but no argument structure, neither semantic type nor argument structure, or both semantic type and argument structure. In support of
957-479: The term "root" is also used to describe the word without its inflectional endings, but with its lexical endings in place. For example, chatters has the inflectional root or lemma chatter , but the lexical root chat . Inflectional roots are often called stems . A root, or a root morpheme , in the stricter sense, may be thought of as a monomorphemic stem. The traditional definition allows roots to be either free morphemes or bound morphemes . Root morphemes are
990-434: The tools of etymology . Secondary roots are roots with changes in them, producing a new word with a slightly different meaning. In English, a rough equivalent would be to see conductor as a secondary root formed from the root to conduct . In abjad languages, the most familiar of which are Arabic and Hebrew , in which families of secondary roots are fundamental to the language, secondary roots are created by changes in
1023-450: The town was covered and, today, runs through pipes emerging again north of the old town. The water level in the city area is controlled by the St. Peter's Gate Weir ( Petritorwehr ) in the western and the " Wends Weir" ( Wendenwehr ) in the eastern ditch. Following the merger of the two channels northwest of the city centre the Oker runs north of the district of Watenbüttel [ de ] in
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1056-460: The trumpet, blow the horn’, from Biblical Hebrew תרועה t'rū`å ‘shout, cry, loud sound, trumpet-call’, in turn from ר-ו-ע √r-w-`." and it describes the suffix. Decompositional generative frameworks suggest that roots hold little grammatical information and can be considered "category-neutral". Category-neutral roots are roots without any inherent lexical category but with some conceptual content that becomes evident depending on
1089-577: Was an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire from the Middle Ages until its dissolution in 1803. The Prince-Bishopric must not be confused with the Diocese of Hildesheim , which was larger and over which the prince-bishop exercised only the spiritual authority of an ordinary bishop. After the Duchy of Saxony had been conquered by the Frankish Kingdom , Emperor Charlemagne in 800 founded
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