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37-615: Ogden Valley ( Shoshone : Ink-ah-we-in-da, “Red Pass Basin”) is a high mountain valley and ski resort community in Weber County , Utah , United States. The population was 6,855 at the 2010 census . Planning in the valley is managed by a special county-level planning division, the Ogden Valley Planning Commission. The valley is a popular vacation and tourism destination with three ski resorts, Pineview Reservoir , Causey Reservoir , and national forest lands. Despite its name,

74-452: A "scene...cheering in the highest degree". In November of 2024 voters decided to incorporate much of Ogden Valley as a new, independent city. The Valley has three towns: Eden , Huntsville , and Liberty . Only Huntsville is incorporated as a town. Eden and Liberty are census-designated places. The Valley is centered around Pineview Reservoir, which is fed by the North, Middle and South forks of

111-703: A falcon" The accusative case and possessive case are marked with suffixes . Adverbial relationships are marked with postpositions on nouns as well as with true adverbs . For example: kahni-pa'a house-on kahni-pa'a house-on "on the house" Adjectives are usually prefixed to the nouns they modify, unless the relationship is temporary when they are independent words with special suffixes. Compare tosa-kapayu , 'white-horse', "palomino or other pale-colored breed" and tosapihtü kapayu , 'white/pale horse', "white or pale horse" (who happens to be white or pale, but whose siblings may be any color). Verbs are marked for grammatical aspect with suffixes . Valence

148-599: A general loss of h as one moved west across Timbisha territory with h virtually gone in Owens Valley varieties. McLaughlin's grammar is based on the far eastern variety from Beatty, Nevada , while Dayley's is based on a central variety from Death Valley . Timbisha also has a typical Numic vowel inventory of five vowels. In addition, there is the common diphthong ai , which varies rather freely with e , although certain morphemes always contain ai and others always contain e . (The official orthography

185-408: A typical Numic vowel inventory of five vowels. In addition, there is the common diphthong /ai/ , which functions as a simple vowel and varies rather freely with [e] ; however, certain morphemes always contain [ai] and others always contain [e] . All vowels occur as short or long, but [aiː] / [eː] is rare. Shoshoni has a typical Numic consonant inventory. Shoshoni syllables are of

222-478: A word; however, primary stress tends to fall on the second syllable if that syllable is long. For instance, natsattamahkantɨn [ˈnazattamaxandɨ] "tied up" bears primary stress on the first syllable; however, kottoohkwa [kotˈtoːxˌwa] "made a fire" bears primary stress on the second syllable, with long vowel [oː] , instead of the first syllable with short vowel [o] . As in other Numic languages, stress in Shoshoni

259-567: Is a nonprofit emergency preparedness organization that "focuses on public education and awareness to help increase the emergency preparedness". Local businesses are represented by the Ogden Valley Business Association. Three ski resorts are located in Ogden Valley: Snowbasin, Powder Mountain, and Nordic Valley. The Wasatch–Cache National Forest is found at all edges of the valley, with public access points throughout

296-406: Is a primarily suffixing language. Many nouns in Shoshoni have an absolutive suffix (unrelated to the absolutive case ). The absolutive suffix is normally dropped when the noun is the first element in a compound, when the noun is followed by a suffix or postposition, or when the noun is incorporated into a verb. For instance, the independent noun sɨhɨpin "willow" has the absolutive suffix -pin ;

333-475: Is based on Dayley and uses the Roman alphabet. Ü is used for ɨ and ng for ŋ . Study of Timbisha has been carried on by Jon Dayley and John McLaughlin, both of whom wrote grammatical descriptions. Dayley has published a dictionary. Timbisha word order is usually SOV as in: taipo white-man kinni'a falcon punittai saw taipo kinni'a punittai white-man falcon saw "The white man saw

370-438: Is commonly marked through reduplication of the first syllable of the verb stem, so that singular kimma "come" becomes kikimma in the dual (and remains kima in the plural). A suppletive form is often used for the dual or plural forms of the verb; for instance, singular yaa "carry" becomes hima in both the dual and plural. Suppletion and reduplication frequently work in tandem to express number: singular nukki "run" becomes

407-423: Is distributed based on mora-counting. Short Shoshoni vowels have one mora, while long vowels and vowel clusters ending in [a] have two morae. Following the primary stress, every other mora receives secondary stress. If stress falls on the second mora in a long vowel, the stress is transferred to the first mora in the long vowel and mora counting continues from there. For example, natsattamahkantɨn "tied up" bears

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444-420: Is marked by suffixes on all human nouns and optionally on other animate nouns. The regular suffixes for number are listed in the table below. The Shoshoni singular is unmarked. Case is also marked by suffixes, which vary depending on the noun. Subjective case is unmarked. Many nouns also have a zero objective case marker; other possible objective markers are -tta , -a , and -i . These suffixes correspond with

481-421: Is relatively free but shows a preference toward SOV order. The endonyms newe ta̲i̲kwappe and Sosoni' ta̲i̲kwappe mean "the people's language" and "the Shoshoni language," respectively. Shoshoni is classified as threatened, although attempts at revitalization are underway. Shoshoni is the northernmost member of the large Uto-Aztecan language family, which includes nearly sixty living languages, spoken in

518-518: Is shown in parentheses.) Timbisha has a typical Numic consonant inventory. (The official orthography is shown in parentheses.): Timbisha stops (including the affricate) and nasals are voiced and lenited between vowels, are voiced in nasal-stop clusters, and are lenited (but not voiced) following h . Voiceless vowels are less common in Timbisha than in Shoshoni and Comanche . Timbisha spelling

555-602: Is the language of the Native American people who have inhabited the region in and around Death Valley , California, and the southern Owens Valley since late prehistoric times. There are a few elderly individuals who can speak the language in California and Nevada , but none are monolingual, and all use English regularly in their daily lives. Until the late 20th century, the people called themselves and their language "Shoshone." The tribe then achieved federal recognition under

592-412: Is the typical word order for Shoshoni. nɨ I hunanna badger puinnu see nɨ hunanna puinnu I badger see "I saw a badger" nɨwɨ person sakkuhtɨn there paittsɨkkinna was hollering nɨwɨ sakkuhtɨn paittsɨkkinna person there {was hollering} "the person was making a fuss there" In ditransitive sentences, the direct and indirect object are marked with

629-523: Is used with verb stems to form nouns used for the purpose of the verb: katɨnnompɨh "chair" is derived from katɨ "sit"; puinompɨh "binoculars" is derived from pui "see". The characterization suffix -kantɨn be used with a root noun to derive a noun characterized by the root: hupiakantɨn "singer" is derived from hupia "song"; puhakantɨn "shaman" is derived from puha "power", as one characterized by power. Shoshoni verbs may mark for number, mainly through reduplication or suppletion . The dual

666-714: The Beatty community in Nevada. It was also the language spoken at the former Indian Ranch reservation in Panamint Valley. Timbisha is one of the Central Numic languages of the Numic branch of Uto-Aztecan . It is most closely related to Shoshoni and Comanche . Timbisha was formerly spoken in the region between the Sierra Nevada mountains of eastern California and the region just to

703-541: The Bible were translated in 1986. As of 2012, Idaho State University offers elementary, intermediate, and conversational Shoshoni language classes, in a 20-year project to preserve the language. Open-source Shosoni audio is available online to complement classroom instruction, as part of the university's long-standing Shoshoni Language Project. The Shoshone-Bannock Tribe teaches Shoshoni to its children and adults as part of its Language and Culture Preservation Program. On

740-856: The Ogden River . The Utah Geological Survey studied the water resources of the Valley and published their results in 2019. As of 2020, the Valley has eight churches, a grocery store, two post offices, three gas stations, an elementary school, and a junior high school. The county uses a master plan, published in 2016, as a guide for development. Eden and Liberty share a post office. The Valley has one local newspaper, Ogden Valley News. Several nonprofit organizations serve Ogden Valley. The Ogden Valley Land Trust preserves open space through conservation easements. The Community Foundation of Ogden Valley distributes funds to charities and causes that help Ogden Valley's community interests. The Ogden Valley Emergency Response Team

777-596: The Oregon Country . The HBC band left the Valley a few days later, but returned on May 25 after American trappers drove them away from Mountain Green at Deserter Point. In 1849 Captain Howard Stansbury of the U.S. Army explored the valley during an expedition to Northern Utah with Jim Bridger . Stansbury described the area as a "most lovely, broad, open valley" with its "numerous bright little streams of pure running water"

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814-812: The Wind River Reservation in Wyoming, elders have been active in digital language archiving. Shoshoni is taught using Dr. Steven Greymorning's Accelerated Second Language Acquisition techniques. A summer program known as the Shoshone/Goshute Youth Language Apprenticeship Program (SYLAP), held at the University of Utah 's Center for American Indian Languages since 2009, has been featured on NPR 's Weekend Edition . Shoshoni youth serve as interns, assisting with digitization of Shoshoni language recordings and documentation from

851-874: The Central Numic languages Timbisha and Comanche . Timbisha, or Panamint, is spoken in southeastern California by members of the Timbisha Shoshone Tribe , but it is considered a distinct language from Shoshoni. The Comanche split from the Shoshone around 1700, and consonant changes over the past few centuries have limited mutual intelligibility of Comanche and Shoshoni. Principal dialects of Shoshoni are Western Shoshoni in Nevada, Gosiute in western Utah, Northern Shoshoni in southern Idaho and northern Utah, and Eastern Shoshoni in Wyoming. The main differences between these dialects are phonological. The number of people who speak Shoshoni has been steadily dwindling since

888-551: The Western United States down through Mexico and into El Salvador . Shoshoni belongs to the Numic subbranch of Uto-Aztecan. The word Numic comes from the cognate word in all Numic languages for "person". For example, in Shoshoni the word is neme [nɨw̃ɨ] or, depending on the dialect, newe [nɨwɨ] , in Timbisha it is nümü [nɨwɨ] , and in Southern Paiute, nuwuvi [nuwuβi] . Shoshoni's closest relatives are

925-592: The Wick R. Miller collection, in order to make the materials available for tribal members. The program released the first Shoshone language video game in August 2013. In July 2012, Blackfoot High School in Southeastern Idaho announced it would offer Shoshoni language classes. The Chief Tahgee Elementary Academy, a Shoshone-Bannock charter school teaching English and Shoshoni, opened at Fort Hall in 2013. Shoshoni has

962-445: The area. Pineview Reservoir is located at the center of the valley. Shoshoni language The consonant inventory of Shoshoni is rather small, but a much wider range of surface forms of these phonemes appear in the spoken language. The language has six vowels, distinguished by length. Shoshoni is a strongly suffixing language, and it inflects for nominal number and case and for verbal aspect and tense using suffixes. Word order

999-558: The city of Ogden is not located in the Ogden Valley. Peter Skene Ogden entered the valley on May 16, 1825 with a band of trappers employed by the Hudson's Bay Company . William Kittson was in the group as well and drew a map of the area. They were trapping beaver as part of the company's campaign to eliminate all the furbearing animals between British-controlled territories and U.S. territory in order to keep American fur hunters from entering

1036-513: The east of Death Valley in Nevada . Principal valleys where villages were located were (from west to east) Owens Valley , Indian Wells Valley , Saline Valley , Panamint Valley , and Death Valley . In addition, there were villages along the southern slopes of the Kawich Range in Nevada. Each valley had its own variety of Timbisha with mostly lexical differences between them. There was, however,

1073-413: The form (C)V(V)(C). For instance: nɨkka "dance" (CVC CV), ɨkkoi "sleep" (VC CVV), and paa "water" (CVV). Shoshoni does not allow onset clusters. Typical Shoshoni roots are of the form CV(V)CV(V). Examples include kasa "wing" and papi "older brother." Stress in Shoshoni is regular but not distinctive. Primary stress usually falls on the first syllable (more specifically, the first mora ) of

1110-399: The late 20th century. In the early 21st century, fluent speakers number only several hundred to a few thousand people, while an additional population of about 1,000 know the language to some degree but are not fluent. The Duck Valley and Gosiute communities have established programs to teach the language to their children. Ethnologue lists Shoshoni as "threatened" as it notes that many of

1147-476: The name Death Valley Timbisha Shoshone Band of California . This is an Anglicized spelling of the native name of Death Valley , tümpisa , pronounced [tɨmbiʃa] , which means "rock paint" and refers to the rich sources of red ochre in the valley. Timbisha is also the language of the so-called "Shoshone" groups at Bishop , Big Pine , Darwin , Independence , and Lone Pine communities in California and

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1184-536: The objective case. The indirect object can occur before the direct object, or vice versa. For example, in nɨ tsuhnippɨha satiia uttuhkwa "I gave the bone to the dog", tsuhnippɨh "bone" and satii "dog" take the objective case suffix -a . The subject is not a mandatory component of a grammatical Shoshoni sentence. Therefore, impersonal sentences without subjects are allowed; those sentences have an object-verb word order. ɨtɨinna Timbisha language Timbisha ( Tümpisa ) or Panamint (also called Koso )

1221-572: The possessive case markers -n , -ttan or -n , -an , or -n (in Western Shoshoni; this last suffix also appears as -an in Gosiute and is replaced by -in in Northern Shoshoni). These case markers can be predicted only to a degree based on phonology of the noun stem. Nominal derivational morphology is also often achieved through suffixing. For instance, the instrumental suffix -(n)nompɨh

1258-534: The reduplicated nunukki in the dual and the suppleted nutaa in the plural; singular yɨtsɨ "fly" is reduplicated, suppleted dual yoyoti and suppleted plural yoti . Shoshoni uses prefixes to add a specific instrumental element to a verb. For instance, the instrumental prefix to"- "with the hand or fist" can be used with the verb tsima "scrape" to yield tottsima "wipe," as in pɨn puihkatti tottsimma yakaitɨn "he wiped at his eyes, crying". Common instrumental prefixes include: Subject-object-verb (SOV)

1295-443: The root loses this suffix in the form sɨhɨykwi "to gather willows". The correlation between any particular noun stem and which of the seven absolutive suffixes it has is irregular and unpredictable. The absolutive suffixes are as follows: Shoshoni is a nominative-accusative language. Shoshoni nouns inflect for three cases ( subjective , objective , and possessive ) and for three numbers (singular, dual, and plural). Number

1332-511: The speakers are 50 and older. UNESCO has classified the Shoshoni language as "severely endangered" in Idaho, Utah, and Wyoming. The language is still being taught to children in a small number of isolated locations. The tribes have a strong interest in language revitalization, but efforts to preserve the language are scattered, with little coordination. However, literacy in Shoshoni is increasing. Shoshoni dictionaries have been published and portions of

1369-586: The stress pattern [ˈnazatˌtamaˌxandɨ] , with stress falling on every other mora. With some dialectical variation, mora counting resets at the border between stems in compound words. Final syllables need not be stressed and may undergo optional final vowel devoicing. Given here are a few examples of regular, well-documented phonological rules in Shoshoni: Shoshoni is a synthetic , agglutinative language, in which words, especially verbs, tend to be complex with several morphemes strung together. Shoshoni

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